2022年中考英语语法复习被动语态语法专项讲义
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被动语态
一、语态分类
英语中时态很多,但语态不多,只有两种,即:主动语态和被动语态。所谓“被动语态”,相当于中文中常说的“被……”、“由……” 的句式。
二、被动语态的结构
“被动语态”的构成是:be + 过去分词 + (by+动作执行者)
例:His bicycle was stolen.他的自行车被偷。
The building has been built in 2000.那个大楼 2000 年就被建筑了。
三、常用被动语态的用法及构成
类别 | 构成 | 例句 |
一般现在时的被动语态 | am/is/are + 过去分词 | He is loved by all his pupils. |
一般过去时的被动语态 | was/were + 过去分词 | Many trees were planted last year. |
一般将来时的被动语态 | will/shall/be going to + be + 过去分词 | Children will be taken good care of by her |
现在完成时的被动语态 | have/has + been + 过去分词 | The door has been painted. |
含情态动词的被动语态 | can/must/should + be 过去分词 | The problem must be solved soon. |
四、主动语态变被动语态的方法
转换图示:
主动语态:They planted a tree.
主语 谓语 宾语
被动语态:A tree was planted by them.
宾语变主语/ be+过去分词/主语变为by
五、使用被动语态的情况
(1)不知道动作的执行者是谁。
例:Rice is grown in the south of China.
(2)没有必要指出动作的执行者。
例:Smoking isn’t allowed in the gas station.
(3)需要强调和突出动作的承受着。
例:Your work must be finished today.
(4)句子的主语时物。
例:Many houses were washed away by the flood.
六、主动结构表被动的意义情况
(1)open, lock, write, read, sell, clean, watch, cut, burn, drive 等词作不及物动词时,它们的主语为物,可用主动语态表被动意义。
例:This kind of pen writes very smoothly.
This kind of shirts sells well here.
(2)look, sound, taste, smell 等系动词用主动结构表被动意义。
例:Uniforms look ugly on us. Mooncakes taste delicious.
(3)be worth doing 用主动形式表示被动意义。
例:This book is worth reading.
不规则动词变化表
①A-B-B 型变化
动词原形 过去式 过去分词 基本意义
bend bent bent 使变曲
bring brought brought 带来;引起;产生
buy bought bought 购买;采购
catch caught caught 接住;抓住;赶上;染上
deal dealt dealt 分配;分给
dig dug dug 挖(土);掘地
feel felt felt 触摸(某物);感觉到
fight fought fought 搏斗;奋斗;斗争;
find found found 发现;找到;
get got got/gotten 收到;接到;得到;成为
have had had 有;吃;喝;进行;经受
hear heard heard 听见;听说;得知
hold held held 拿住;抓住;抱;举行
keep kept kept 留下;保留;继续
lay laid laid 放置;产(卵)
leave left left 离开;把……留下;剩下
Learn learnt/ learned learnt/ learned 学;学习;获悉;得知
lend lent lent 借出;借给
lose lost lost 失去;丧失;损失
make made made 做;制作;制造;使得
meet met met 遇见;碰见;相遇
babysit babysat babysat 照顾婴儿
pay paid paid 付钱;给……报酬
say said said 说,讲
sell sold sold 卖;销售
shine shone shone 发光;照耀;照射
sit sat sat 坐;就座
sleep slept slept 睡,睡觉;睡着
smell smelt smelt 闻出;嗅;发出气味
spend spent spent 用(钱);花(时间);度过
stand stood stood 站立;直立;位于;经受
teach taught taught 教,教授;传授
tell told told 告诉;讲述;吩咐
think thought thought 想,思考,认为
understand understood understood 懂;理解;领会
win won won 赢;获胜;赢得,获得
build built built 建筑,建造
feed fed fed 喂养
hang hung hung 悬挂,吊
sweep swept swept 打扫
send sent sent 送,派
shoot shot shot 射击
spit spat spat 吐(痰)
spoil spoilt spoilt 溺爱,损坏,破坏
flee fled fled 逃离
lead led led 引导;致便;领导
mislead misled misled 把…引错方向;给…带错路
mean meant meant 意思是…
② A-B-A 型变化
动词原形 过去式 过去分词 基本含义
overcome overcame overcome 克服,战胜
become became become 变为,成为
come came come 到来;出现
run ran run 跑,奔跑;
③A-B-C 型变化
动词原形 过去式 过去分词 基本含义
Be was/were been 有;存在;是;成为
begin began begun 开始
blow blew blown 吹,刮;吹响
break broke broken 打破;损坏,撕开
choose chose chosen 选择,挑选,选取
do did done 做,干
drink drank drunk 喝;饮
drive drove driven 驾驶(车):驱赶
eat ate eaten 吃
fall fell fallen 落下;跌落;变为
fly flew flown 飞;飞行;
forget forgot forgotten 忘记;遗忘;忽视
freeze froze frozen (使)结冰;冷冻
give gave given 送给;授予;供给;
go went gone 去;离去;行驶;到达
grow grew grown 变成;生长;发育;种植
know knew known 知道,懂得;了解;认识
lie lay lain 躺;平卧;平放
ride rode ridden 骑马、自行车等;搭乘
ring rang rung (铃等)鸣响;打电话
rise rose risen 上升;上涨;起立
see saw seen 看见;察觉;领会
show showed shown/showed 给……看;展出;表明
shake shook shaken 颤抖
sing sang sung 唱,唱歌
speak spoke spoken 说话;会说(语言);发言
steal stole stolen 偷;窃取
swim swam swum 游水;游泳
take took taken 拿;服用;乘坐;花费
throw threw thrown 投,抛,扔,掷
wake woke woken 醒,醒来,叫醒
wear wore worn 穿,戴
write wrote written 写,书写;写作,著述
forgive forgave forgiven 原谅
hide hid hidden/hid 躲,藏
dive dove dived 跳水
sink sank sunk/sunken 下沉
④A-A-A 型
动词原形 过去式 过去分词 基本含义
cost cost cost 价值为,花费;使付出
cut cut cut 切;割;剪;砍;削
hurt hurt hurt 使受伤痛;刺痛;伤害
let let let 允许,让
put put put 放,摆;装入
read read read 阅读,朗诵
shut shut shut 关上,封闭;紧闭;合拢
upset upset upset 使人不舒服
bet bet bet 确信,打赌
hit hit hit 击中
set set set 放置