中考专题复习之被动语态

一、语态概念英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态 A. 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。I wrote a letter to my father last night.B. 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。A letter was written to my father by me last night.注：后面能接宾语的动词（及物动词vt.）才有被动语态。 二、被动语态用法类型1.不知道谁是动作的执行者eg.The window is broken yesterday.2.没必要指出动作的执行者时eg.Many buildings are built in every year.3.只需强调动作的承受者时eg.English is taught in our school.4.动作的发出者不是人eg.Many houses were destroyed in the earthquake. 三、被动语态的构成1.被动语态的基本结构：be＋动词的过去分词 2.各种时态的被动语态结构（以动词do为例）列表如下： 时态结构例句一般现在时am/is/are + doneEnglish is taught in our school.一般过去时was/were + doneEnglish was taught in our school last year.现在进行时am/is/are being + doneEnglish is being taught in our school.过去进行时was/were being+ doneEnglish was being taught at this time yesterday.一般将来时will/shall /be going to be + doneEnglish will be taught in our school next year.现在完成时have/has been + doneEnglish has been taught in our school.  四、主动语态和被动语态的转换1.主动句变为被动句所遵循的4个步骤：①把原主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语；②把动词变为被动形式即be +过去分词, 并注意其人称和数随主语的变化, 而动词的时态则保持不变。③原主动句的主语如需要则放在by后面以它的宾格形式出现（注代词的宾格）, 不需要则可省略。 ④其它的成分（定语、状语）不变。eg. He writes a letter every day.   A letter is written by him every day.2.带双宾语的谓语动词变被动语态 谓语动词带双宾语时，既可以将间接宾语转化成主语，也可将直接宾语转化成主语。若将间接宾语转化成主语，则保留直接宾语；若将直接宾语转化成主语，则保留间接宾语，且在被保留的间接宾语前加上介词to或者for。eg. She gives me a book.   I am given a book.   A book is given to me.3.动词短语变为被动语态 许多由不及物动词和其他词构成的动词短语，相当于及物动词，可以有宾语，也可以有被动语态。注意：动词短语是一个不可分割的整体，在变为被动语态时，不可省略构成动词短语的介词或副词。eg. We should take care of our students.Our students should be taken care of.4.带复合宾语的动词变为被动语态宾语加上宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。变被动语态时，只把宾语变为被动句的主语，宾语补足语保留在原处，成为主语补足语。eg. I saw some boys playing football in the playground.Some boys were seen playing football in the playground.5.使役动词和感官动词的被动用法主动句中的感官动词see/hear/watch/feel/notice等，以及以及使役动let/make/have等后面跟不带to的不定式作宾补时，在变为被动语态后则应该把to加上；如果跟的是动词ing形式作宾补，则在被动语态中保持不变即可。eg. My mother makes me clean the house every Sunday.    I am made to clean the house evey Sunday.   He heard the girl singing when he opened the door.   The girl was heard singing when he opened the door. ★★★五、被动语态特殊用法1.主动表被动：①某些作表语的形容词后，用不定式主动形式表示被动意义。eg. The conversation is hard to understand. ②动名词的主动形式表示被动语态。如：need，require，want可相互转化。need doing = need to be doneeg.The children need looking after.=The children need to be looked after.③表示主语的某种属性特征的动词（短语），如write, sell, wash，open，read和副词连用，主动表被动意义，而且这类动词一般不单独使用，常有一个修饰语。eg.The pen writes smoothly.  ④be worth doing用主动形式表示被动意义。eg.The book is worth reading.  ⑤感官系动词：feel/smell/look/sound/taste用主动形式表达被动。eg.The chocolate tastes good.⑥表示开始、结束、运动的动词，如begin/start/finish/stop/end/open/close等。eg.The shop closes at 9 p.m. every day. 2.不用被动语态的情况①不及物动词不用于被动语态，如rise, come out, happen, lie, take place,break down等不及物动词不能用于被动语态。eg.  Great changes have taken place in our county in recent years②主动句的宾语是each other或反身代词时，不能用被动语态。eg.  They help each other study their Math.③主动句的宾语是不定式或doing时，则该宾语不能作被动语态的主语。eg. He likes reading books.    He wants to have a try. 真题演练一、句子改写1.Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.(改成被动语态）________________________________________________2.He has written two novels so far. (改成被动语态）________________________________________3.They will plant ten trees tomorrow. (改成被动语态）__________________________________________4.Lucy is writing a letter now. (改成被动语态）____________________________________1.The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning.2.Two novels have been written by him so far.3.Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow.4.A letter is being written by Lucy now.二、单项选择1.---Can you sing this English song?  ---Of course, I can. It _________many times on the radio.A.taught         B. is taught       C. has taught       D. has been taught2. Bob_______ to be one of the best students in his class.A.has thought     B. is thought     C. was thinking   D. thought3.Smart phones can be used to_______for information. But I am not used to____information on such a small screen.A.search; reading   B. searching; reading C. search; read    D. searching; read 4.The sick boy needs_________________at once.A.to be operated        B.to operate      C. to operate on        D.to be operated on5. Tom___________by his classmates because he made a careless mistake. A.laughed at      B. was laughed at   C. laughed      D. was laughed 6. You may go fishing if your work_____________.A.is done         B. will be done     C. has done         D. have done7. ---Do you like the flower?        --- Yes, it_________ sweet.A.smells       B.is smelling         C.smelt          D. is smelt8. ---I want to be a doctor.  ---Doctors _______ greatly in every part of the world, I think.A.need        B.are needing      C. are needed      D. will need9. It is reported that New Culture Square ________ in our city next year.A.will be built   B. were built        C. have built      D. will build10.At last, the girl was made _______ and began to do her homework.A. stop listening to music     B. to stop to listen to musicC. stop to listening to music    D. to stop listening to musicBBADB  AACAD三、动词填空1. Sorry, you can’t go home before your work ____________ (finish) successfully.2. If your clothes ____________ (wash) well, I will buy them again later.3. My head __________ (hurt) badly by a kid yesterday and was treated with cold ice.4. To make the classroom safe, all the windows and doors must _________ (lock) up.5. The education needs _______ (develop) to make sure they will have a better future.6.The leaflets ____ (hand) out to people in the street tomorrow afternoon, aren’t they?1.is finished   2.wash    3.was hurt4.be locked   5.developing   6.are going to be handed