2022年北京中考英语模拟试卷3 (word版含答案)

这是一份2022年北京中考英语模拟试卷3 (word版含答案)，共64页。试卷主要包含了5分），64亿人受到抑郁症的影响等内容，欢迎下载使用。

2022年北京中考英语模拟试卷3
一．选择题（共12小题，满分6分，每小题0.5分）
1．（.5分）（2020•西城区二模）﹣May I use your phone， Sally？ I left at home．
﹣Sure， here you are．（　　）
A．yours B．his C．hers D．mine
2．（.5分）（2020•西城区校级开学）Yesterday I helped an old man _______ lost his way．（　　）
A．what B．which C．who D．when
3．（.5分）（2020•北京一模）It is raining heavily， we have our P．E． class in the classroom．（　　）
A．for B．so C．but D．or
4．（.5分）（2020•海淀区一模）We all studied at home______March this year．（　　）
A．in B．on C．at D．to
5．（.5分）（2020•江苏一模）Of all the subjects， English is ________for me．（　　）
A．interesting B．more interesting
C．most interesting D．the most interesting
6．（.5分）（2010•密云县二模）My brother goes to school ________ than any other student in his class．（　　）
A．early B．earlier
C．earliest D．the earliest
7．（.5分）（2020秋•北京期末）Every year birds come here.（　　）
A．million B．million of
C．millions of D．millions
8．（.5分）（2020•密云区一模）I called Sarah last night， there was no answer．（　　）
A．and B．but C．or D．so
9．（.5分）（2017秋•昌平区校级期中）May I smoke here？
No，you___．This is a no﹣smoking room．（　　）
A．needn't B．mustn't C．couldn't D．wouldn't
10．（.5分）（2020秋•临沭县期中）I've five pounds because I ate too much meat．（　　）
A．put up B．put off C．put away D．put on
11．（.5分）（2021•通州区一模）Twenty thousand books ________ last week. You can buy them in the bookstore now.
A．print B．printed
C．is printed D．were printed
12．（.5分）（2021•门头沟区二模）—Lily，could you tell me ___________ ？
—Yes，you can read more English books.（　　）
A．how can I improve my English
B．how I can improve my English
C．how did I improve my English
D．how I improved my English
二．完形填空（共1小题，满分8分，每小题8分）
13．（8分）（2020•海淀区二模）Why Can't We Be Friends？
John Stewart was a poor but very smart kid and he always got top grades at school．He was shy，so he didn't have any（1）　 　．His classmate，Kevin，was a mean kid，who bullied（欺负）almost everyone including John．He did well in most subjects，but always failed math．
The two kids couldn't be more different，but an act of（2）　 　connected them．
One day，John saw a lady drop a purse on his way to school．The lady didn't notice that．John caught up with her and handed the purse to her．
The lady happened to be Kevin's mother．That evening，she told Kevin about the kind little boy who（3）　 　the purse to her．She said， "His name's John Stewart．I guess he goes to your school．"
"What？" Kevin said（4）　 　．"Did you mean poor John，my classmate？"
To thank John，Kevin and his mom decided to invite him over for some snacks．
The next day，when John saw big Kevin running towards him，he got really scared．He thought Kevin was going to（5）　 　him．Unexpectedly，Kevin gave him a big hug， "Thank you for returning my mom's purse yesterday!"
"You mean that nice lady？" John asked．
"Yes．She wants to invite you over for some home﹣baked cookies．"
"Well，I have to get my mother's （6）　 　first．"
After school，they walked together to John's home．John's mom was more than happy to see his son with a friend for a（7）　 　．She agreed at once after asking Kevin if his parents were OK with that．
The two kids enjoyed the freshly baked cookies Kevin's mom served．Then，they did the homework together．Kevin was amazed how John explained the usually very difficult math homework and made it look so easy．
With John's help，Kevin（8）　 　math tests successfully，and he seldom bullied anyone．They became best friends as well．

（1）A．luck
B．trouble
C．friends
D．classmates
（2）A．bravery
B．kindness
C．trust
D．friendship
（3）A．left
B．showed
C．lent
D．returned
（4）A．angrily
B．worriedly
C．surprisedly
D．impatiently
（5）A．beat
B．thank
C．wake
D．help
（6）A．plan
B．permission
C．offer
D．invitation
（7）A．prize
B．challenge
C．protection
D．change
（8）A．passed
B．presented
C．predicted
D．picked
三．阅读理解（共4小题，满分26分）
14．（6分）（2020•怀柔区开学）
Welcome to the 2016 Brazil Olympic Games!
Archery

Archery has a 10，000 year history，when bows and arrows were first used for hunting and war．It first appeared at the Paris Olympics in 1990．
Did you know？
In the 14th century，archery was so important that as English law required every man，aged seven to 60，to practice it．
Badminton

This sport was invented by British soldiers in India who called it Poono，the same name as the town in which they lived．It was first played at the Olympics in 1992 at Barcelona．
Did you know？
The best balls are said to be made from the feathers of the left wing of goose．
Football

There are two medal competitions for Olympic football，one for men's teams and one for women's．Football was first played in 1908 at the Olympic Games．
Did you know？
Hungary has won three football gold medals﹣more than any other country．
Taekwondo

This Korean sports name means "the way of the hand and foot．" Taekwondo first appeared at 2000 Sydney Games．The players get points by hitting each other with these two parts of the boy only．
Did you know？
Hundreds of thousands of people from about 200 countries around the world regularly take part in this sports．
（1）Which of these sports has a 10，000 year history？ 　 　
A．Archery．
B．Badminton．
C．Taekwondo．
D．Football．
（2）Who invented the sports of badminton？ 　 　
A．Hungarian．
B．British．
C．Indian．
D．Korean．
（3）When was football first played at the Olympic Games？ 　 　
A．In 1990．
B．In 1992．
C．In 1908．
D．In 2000．
15．（6分）（2021•顺义区一模）
Passing happiness on
I was standing in the checkout line behind a woman who looked to be in her 60s.When it was her turn to pay，the cashier（收银员） greeted her by name and asked her how was she doing？
The woman looked down，shook her head and said "Not so good.My husband just lost his job and my son is up to his old tricks again.The truth is，I don't know how I am going to get through the holidays."
Then she gave the cashier food stamps.
My heart ached.I wanted to help but didn't know how .Should I offer to pay for her groceries.ask for her husband's resume（简历）.
As I walked into the parking lot，I spotted the woman returning her shopping cart.I remembered something in my purse that I thought could help her.maybe it would make her life better.
My heart pounded as I approached（逐渐靠近） the woman.
"Excuse me，" I said ，my voice trembling a bit. "I couldn't help overhearing what you said to the cashier.It sounds like you're going through a really hard time right now.I'm so sorry .I'd like to give you something."
I handed her the small card from my purse.
When the woman read the cards only two words，she began to cry .And through her tears，she said， "you have no idea how much this means to me."
I was a little startled（吓一跳） by her reply.Having never done anything like this before，I didn't know what kind of reaction I might receive.All I could think to say was： "Would it be okay to give you a hug？"
After we embraced，I walked back to my car and began to cry，too.
The words on the card？
"You Matter."
A few weeks earlier，a colleague gave me a similar card as encouragement for a project I was working on.When I read the card.I felt a warm glow spread inside of me .Deeply touched.I ordered my own box of You Matter cards and started sharing them.

（1）Where did the story probably happen？ 　 　
A.In a working place.
B.At a restaurant.
C.In a post office.
D.At a grocery store.
（2）What did the writer give to the old woman？ 　 　
A.Food stamps.
B.Some money.
C.A small card.
D.A job offer.
（3）The old woman cried，probably because 　 　.
A.She could make her son better.
B.She could use the card to pay the bill.
C.The writer could help her husband get a job.
D.The words on the card greatly encouraged her.
16．（6分）（2020•北京）There are millions of recipes（菜谱） hidden in the boxes and hearts of grandmother and parents．These family recipes are a special part of our family history．Some of them have been passed down from generation（一代人） to generation．
"I realized I couldn't go home every weekend for my mom's delicious dishes，" says Shreya，who is about to enter university．Shreya has recently started following her mother around the kitchen，taking notes on how to make her "masala chai" and tasty kachoris．
"Those special tastes can immediately unlock a whole flood of emotions，memories and feelings of family，love，and comfort，" says she．
She adds， "I am looking to the day when my kids will come to know of their grandmothers through the dishes they cooked．"
But many of us find it difficult to keep the food connection with our busy life．Even if we have time，not many of us take the effort to collect and record the recipes from our grandmothers and parents．We often get a recipe on the phone and take it down quickly on a piece of paper．We just stick it onto the fridge for a week or two and forget about it as soon as the paper disappears from there．
Actually，there are simple ways to keep family recipes，Scrapbooks（剪贴薄）are easily found in the market．You can even add photos to record every detail of your memories about the recipe．With the help of some popular apps like Story Scans，recording family recipes has never been easier．What is needed is to scan（扫描） the recipes and record the story behind each of them．It can become the most meaningful work you have ever done with and for your family．
Keeping family recipes is saving and honoring our tradition so that future generations can continue to make family ties stronger．Every time you remember your loved ones，recreate one of the dishes from your collection and let the memories from the good old days comfort you．So why not gift your kids a family recipe book when they are starting a new life？

（1）Why does Shreya follow her mother around the kitchen？ 　 　
A．To clean up the kitchen．
B．To note down recipes．
C．To prepare family dinners．
D．To talk about family rules．
（2）What can we learn from the passage？ 　 　
A．Ways to record recipes can be easy．
B．Most people like writing recipe books．
C．Recipes have become popular with kids．
D．People often buy recipe books in the market．
（3）Which of the following would be the best title for the passage？ 　 　
A．Family Recipes：Secrets of Cooking
B．Family Recipes Are at a Crossroads
C．Family Recipes：Connections to Interests
D．Family Recipes Are More than Just Recipes
17．（8分）（2021•北京二模）Liu Qing hasn't slept well for months.Every day，the 13﹣year﹣old middle school student wakes up with dark circles around her eyes.She has lost interest in everything and doesn't want to talk to anyone. " Living like this is such a torture for me.I can't feel happy at all， " Liu told Xinhua.
Liu is one of many who suffer from depression.According to World Health Organization（WHO），about 264 million people around the world are affected by depression.In China，depression affects 54 million people and is one of the leading causes of suicide （自杀）.To bring this issue to people's attention，Zhang Nan，a photo studio owner in Wuhan，Hubei province，started a photo project called Crinkled Fog.Over the last three years，he has taken pictures of over 100 people struggling with mental health，mostly girls or women，aged 14 to 30.
" Although things have been better with people talking openly about it nowadays，there are still misunderstandings about mental illness，" the 27﹣year﹣old told China Daily.
The 100th person Zhang spotlight （聚焦）for the series is a 23﹣year﹣old girl from Nanjing，Jiangsu province，nicknamed Yaya.She was diagnosed （诊断）with depression in 2013 during her first year in senior high school when her grandfather，who raised her，passed away.
Her parents，who do business in another city and only see her a few times a year，didn't take her struggle seriously and believed that depression is just like a cold and will go away on its own.
But for Yaya，it was painful.During her darkest period，she received electroconvulsive therapy （电休克治疗）10 times within six weeks.
Yaya applied for the photo shoot when she got better this year because she wanted to record the moment and tell people that they can recover.
Depression is，in fact，a real illness. "Just like your body，your moods can fall ill，too，" said Li Songwei，Tsinghua University assistant professor of psychology. " When depression can be diagnosed，no matter how terrible it is，there are effective treatments."
"A major problem is that people are ashamed （羞耻）of the illness and don't seek professional help，'‘ Lu Lin，an expert of the China Academy of Sciences said.
"We must remove the stigma （污名）and the shame by actively and openly supporting our friends and family members who are experiencing depression，" Bernhard Schwartlander，former WHO representative in China，told China Daily.

（1）The word "torture" in Paragraph 1 probably means " 　 　.
A.anger
B.tiredness
C.pain
D.disappointment
（2）Why did Zhang Nan start the photo project Crinkled Fog？ 　 　
A.To encourage patients to see a doctor.
B.To draw people's attention of depression.
C.To provide scientific facts about depression.
D.To avoid misunderstandings about the illness.
（3）The last paragraph tells us 　 　.
A.that depression can be treated
B.why people are afraid of depression
C.what is the key problem of depression
D.how people should deal with depression
（4）Which of the following would be the best title for the passage？ 　 　
A.Stepping Into the Spotlight.
B.Effective Treatment.
C.Active Supporting.
D.Experiencing a Dark Period.

四．阅读表达（共1小题，满分10分，每小题10分）
18．（10分）（2021•大兴区一模）
World Water Day

World Water Day is celebrated on March 22 every year.It draws attention to the important role of water in our lives，the difficulties people face in getting water and solutions to these problems.It is reported by scientists that between 55 and 60 percent of the adult body is made of it.In normal conditions，the human body can only stay alive three or four days without water.We need water to stay alive，yet there are billions of people all over the world who do not have access（使用） to safe drinking water.
The problems facing communities without water
Except for the obvious health problems，a shortage of clean water means that some people in some areas﹣often women and children﹣have to spend hours every day walking to and from distant water supplies（供应）.This means they don't have time to focus their attention on their work，studies and other duties.So the search for water becomes their main jobs.For many people，the access to water has become increasingly difficult because of the increasing need for a limited resource.
What are the solutions？
In fact，many governments and organizations have already taken actions to offer good solutions.Waste﹣water recycling，storing rainwater，more efficient irrigation techniques（灌溉技术） and reforestation are good examples of how water can be used more efficiently.There are also many other charities working on creating sustainable（可持续性） supplies of clean water for different communities around the world，but this important work needs to continue.
What we can do to help
The theme（主题） of World Water Day 2021 is valuing water.The value of water is about much more than its price.Without an understanding of water's true value，we will be unable to safeguard it.What we can do to help is to support charities，take part in the World Water Day events，be careful with how we use water in our own lives.We can also visit the UN World Water Day website to find out about an event near us and help spread around the world about the importance of saving water.
（1）When is the World Water Day？
　 　
（2）How long can human stay alive without water？
　 　
（3）Why has the access to water become increasingly difficult？
　 　
（4）Who has taken actions to offer good solutions to save water？
　 　
（5）What can we do in our daily life to save water？
　 　

五．书面表达（共2小题，满分20分，每小题10分）
19．（10分）（2021秋•昌平区期末）当今科技日新月异，各种发明不断涌现。高科技产品在我们生活中不可或缺，如智能手机、自动语音识别技术（ASR）、二维码（QR code）等；服务类产品也蓬勃发展，如网上购物、共享经济（sharing economy）、外卖服务（ take﹣away service） 等。
假如你是李华，你校英语报社近期计划开设"科技改变生活"版面，现面向全校学生征集相关素材。请你以"An Important Invention" 为题投稿，介绍一款你认为重要的发明，简单描述它并说明你选择它的原因。
提示词语：search and store information，benefit，provide，convenient
提示问题：
●In your opinion，what is an important invention for people？Please describe it.
●Why do you think it is important？

I'm Li Hua，from Class 3，Grade 9.
I hope my idea can be taken.Thanks!
20．（10分）（2021秋•朝阳区期末）绿色生活是我们追求的目标，倡导绿色低碳生活是我们义不容辞的责任。某英文网站正在开展以"My Green Life"为主题的征文活动。假如你是李华，请用英语写一篇短文投稿，谈谈你对绿色生活的看法，在日常生活中你的做法及建议。
提示词语：important，ride，turn off，better
提示问题：What do you think of green life？
What do you do in your daily life？
What are your suggestions？
My Green Life
Green lifestyle is my goal.______

2022年菁优北京中考英语模拟试卷3
参考答案与试题解析
一．选择题（共12小题，满分6分，每小题0.5分）
1．（.5分）（2020•西城区二模）﹣May I use your phone， Sally？ I left at home．
﹣Sure， here you are．（　　）
A．yours B．his C．hers D．mine
【考点】物主代词．
【分析】﹣萨莉，我能用一下你的电话吗？我把我的忘在家里了．
﹣当然，给你．
【解答】yours你的；his他的；hers她的；mine我的．根据"我能用一下你的电话吗"可知"我把我的忘在家里了"．
故选：D．
【点评】了解各选项的含义及用法，根据语境选择合适的选项．
2．（.5分）（2020•西城区校级开学）Yesterday I helped an old man _______ lost his way．（　　）
A．what B．which C．who D．when
【考点】关系代词．
【分析】昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人．
【解答】考查定语从句．what，意为"什么"，引导名词性从句；which指物，作主语或宾语；who指人，作主语或宾语；when指时间，作状语．根据题干可知，先行词是an old man，在从句中作主语，因此who符合句意，引导定语从句．
故选：C．
【点评】四个疑问词的含义及用法熟知，结合题干语境，排除错误选项，最终得出正确答案．
3．（.5分）（2020•北京一模）It is raining heavily， we have our P．E． class in the classroom．（　　）
A．for B．so C．but D．or
【考点】常用介词的辨析．
【分析】雨下得很大，所以我们在教室上体育课．
【解答】考查介词．结合选项A、 为了（表示原因）；B、 所以（表示结果）；C、 但是（表示转折）；D、 或者（表示选择）．根据句意可知表示"结果"．
故选：B．
【点评】解答这类试题时，应该充分理解句子的含义，找到解题的依据，根据关键词，找到合适的单词形式，准确解答．
4．（.5分）（2020•海淀区一模）We all studied at home______March this year．（　　）
A．in B．on C．at D．to
【考点】时间介词．
【分析】今年三月份我们都在家里学习．
【解答】in表示一段时间，用于年、月、世纪、四季或泛指一天的上午、下午、晚上等前；on用于具体某一天或某一天的早、中、晚前，星期或节日前；at用于具体的时间点或黎明、正午、黄昏、午夜前；to表示时间范围，通常与from 连用，意为"从……到……"．空白处位于月份前，故用介词in．
故选：A．
【点评】掌握时间介词的用法是解答本题的关键．
5．（.5分）（2020•江苏一模）Of all the subjects， English is ________for me．（　　）
A．interesting B．more interesting
C．most interesting D．the most interesting
【考点】形容词的比较级和最高级．
【分析】在所有学科中，英语对我来说是最有趣的．
【解答】A interesting 有趣的，形容词原级；B more interesting 更有趣的，形容词比较级；C most interesting 最有趣的，形容词最高级；D the most interesting 最有趣的，形容词最高级．根据of all the subjects，是所有学科进行比较，用形容词的最高级．形容词最高级前要加定冠词the．
故选：D．
【点评】三者以上对比用形容词的最高级．
6．（.5分）（2010•密云县二模）My brother goes to school ________ than any other student in his class．（　　）
A．early B．earlier
C．earliest D．the earliest
【考点】副词的比较级和最高级．
【分析】在他的班上，我的弟弟比其他任何一个学生到校都早．
【解答】答案：B
early早的，是原级；earlier早的，是比较级；earliest和the earliest最早的，都是最高级．根据句意和后面句子中出现的than可知本句应用比较级，earlier符合句子意思，故选B．
【点评】本题考查副词的比较级的用法．在熟知词义的基础上，再联系句子中出现的关键词，从而选出正确的答案．
7．（.5分）（2020秋•北京期末）Every year birds come here.（　　）
A．million B．million of
C．millions of D．millions
【考点】数词的用法．
【分析】每年有数百万只鸟到这里来。
【解答】million百万，当其被具体的数字修饰时，用单数形式；当其与of连用时用复数形式，表示约数。故四个选项中只有C项正确。
故选：C。
【点评】掌握数词的用法是解答本题的关键。
8．（.5分）（2020•密云区一模）I called Sarah last night， there was no answer．（　　）
A．and B．but C．or D．so
【考点】连词辨析．
【分析】我昨天晚上给Sarah打电话了，但是没回应．
【解答】and，和，又，而，标书顺接，but但是，表示转折，or或者，so因此．根据题意，我昨天晚上给Sarah打电话了，但是没回应，可知，只有but符合题意．
故选：B．
【点评】掌握连词的含义和用法，根据题意选出正确答案．
9．（.5分）（2017秋•昌平区校级期中）May I smoke here？
No，you___．This is a no﹣smoking room．（　　）
A．needn't B．mustn't C．couldn't D．wouldn't
【考点】情态动词．
【分析】略
【解答】略
【点评】略
10．（.5分）（2020秋•临沭县期中）I've five pounds because I ate too much meat．（　　）
A．put up B．put off C．put away D．put on
【考点】动词短语．
【分析】我增加了五磅，因为我吃了太多的肉．
【解答】put up张贴，悬挂，put off推迟，put away收起来，放好，put on增加体重，穿上；根据原因状语从句的句意"因为我吃了太多的肉"可以推测，主句句意为"我增加了五磅"，其它选项语意不通．
故选：D．
【点评】考查动词短语，要牢记动词短语的词义及用法，进行比较分析，选择正确答案．
11．（.5分）（2021•通州区一模）Twenty thousand books ________ last week. You can buy them in the bookstore now.
A．print B．printed
C．is printed D．were printed
【考点】一般过去时的被动语态．
【分析】上周印了两万本书。现在你可以在书店买它们。
【解答】根据"last week"可知，此处用一般过去时，主语books与谓语动词print（印刷）之间是被动关系，应用一般过去时被动结构，且主语是复数形式，谓语用复数形式，即were printed。
故选：D。
【点评】英语题目中常常将时态和语态结合起来进行考查，学生在解答时，需判断主语和谓语之间的主被动关系，还应联系实际判断所用的时态。
12．（.5分）（2021•门头沟区二模）—Lily，could you tell me ___________ ？
—Yes，you can read more English books.（　　）
A．how can I improve my English
B．how I can improve my English
C．how did I improve my English
D．how I improved my English
【考点】宾语从句．
【分析】—莉莉，你能告诉我如何提高我的英语吗？
—是的，你可以读更多的英语书籍。
【解答】根据题干 "could you tell me ________？"和选项可知，此题考查宾语从句，宾语从句要用陈述句语序，选项AC都为疑问句语序，排除。结合答语"你可以读更多的英语书籍"可知选项B符合题意。选项D的时态为一般过去时态，不符合题意，排除。
故选：B。
【点评】考查宾语从句，做题时一般先观察是否使用陈述语序；结合语境可确定句子的时态；最后根据答句来确定最终答案。
二．完形填空（共1小题，满分8分，每小题8分）
13．（8分）（2020•海淀区二模）Why Can't We Be Friends？
John Stewart was a poor but very smart kid and he always got top grades at school．He was shy，so he didn't have any（1）　C　．His classmate，Kevin，was a mean kid，who bullied（欺负）almost everyone including John．He did well in most subjects，but always failed math．
The two kids couldn't be more different，but an act of（2）　B　connected them．
One day，John saw a lady drop a purse on his way to school．The lady didn't notice that．John caught up with her and handed the purse to her．
The lady happened to be Kevin's mother．That evening，she told Kevin about the kind little boy who（3）　D　the purse to her．She said， "His name's John Stewart．I guess he goes to your school．"
"What？" Kevin said（4）　C　．"Did you mean poor John，my classmate？"
To thank John，Kevin and his mom decided to invite him over for some snacks．
The next day，when John saw big Kevin running towards him，he got really scared．He thought Kevin was going to（5）　A　him．Unexpectedly，Kevin gave him a big hug， "Thank you for returning my mom's purse yesterday!"
"You mean that nice lady？" John asked．
"Yes．She wants to invite you over for some home﹣baked cookies．"
"Well，I have to get my mother's （6）　B　first．"
After school，they walked together to John's home．John's mom was more than happy to see his son with a friend for a（7）　D　．She agreed at once after asking Kevin if his parents were OK with that．
The two kids enjoyed the freshly baked cookies Kevin's mom served．Then，they did the homework together．Kevin was amazed how John explained the usually very difficult math homework and made it look so easy．
With John's help，Kevin（8）　A　math tests successfully，and he seldom bullied anyone．They became best friends as well．

（1）A．luck
B．trouble
C．friends
D．classmates
（2）A．bravery
B．kindness
C．trust
D．friendship
（3）A．left
B．showed
C．lent
D．returned
（4）A．angrily
B．worriedly
C．surprisedly
D．impatiently
（5）A．beat
B．thank
C．wake
D．help
（6）A．plan
B．permission
C．offer
D．invitation
（7）A．prize
B．challenge
C．protection
D．change
（8）A．passed
B．presented
C．predicted
D．picked
【考点】记叙文．
【分析】文章是一篇记叙文．主要讲述了John捡到了一个钱包归还了失主．而这个钱包的主人恰恰是常在学校欺负他的Kevin的妈妈．经过这件事之后，Kevin和John成为了好朋友．
【解答】（1）C 考查名词．A．luck运气 B．trouble麻烦 C．friends朋友 D．classmates同班同学，根据He was shy，可知John没有朋友．故选C．
（2）B 考查名词．A．bravery勇敢 B．kindness善良 C．trust信任 D．friendship友谊，根据后文One day，John saw a lady drop a purse on his way to school．The lady didn't notice that．John caught up with her and handed the purse to her．可知约翰把钱包还给Kevin的妈妈．这是一个善良的行为，故选B．
（3）D 考查动词．A．left离开 B．showed展示 C．lent借 D．returned归还，根据前文John caught up with her and handed the purse to her追上她，把钱包递给她．可知此处是指约翰把钱包归还给Kevin的妈妈．故选D．
（4）C 考查副词．A．angrily生气地 B．worriedly担心地 C．surprisedly惊讶地 D．impatiently无耐性地，根据"Did you mean poor John，my classmate？"可知Kevin听说是他的同班同学John，感到很惊讶，故选C．
（5）A 考查动词．A．beat打 B．thank感谢 C．wake叫醒 D．help帮助，根据he got really scared他真的吓坏了，推出他以为Kevin要打他．故选A．
（6）B 考查名词．A．plan计划 B．permission允许 C．offer提议 D．invitation邀请，根据I have to get my mother's…first．可知此处是指：我的现得到妈妈的允许．故选B．
（7）D 考查名词．A．prize奖励 B．challenge挑战 C．protection保护 D．change改变，根据John's mom was more than happy to see his son with a friend for a…，结余语境，可知此处是指：约翰的妈妈看到他的儿子和朋友关系的改变感到非常高兴，故选D．
（8）A 考查动词．A．passed通过 B．presented赠送 C．predicted预言 D．picked捡起，根据With John's help，Kevin…math tests successfully，可知是指：在John的帮助下，Kevin通过了数学测试．故选A．
【点评】解答完形填空题需要快速阅读全文，了解文章大意，再带着选项去读，边读边做，注意联系上下文．
三．阅读理解（共4小题，满分26分）
14．（6分）（2020•怀柔区开学）
Welcome to the 2016 Brazil Olympic Games!
Archery

Archery has a 10，000 year history，when bows and arrows were first used for hunting and war．It first appeared at the Paris Olympics in 1990．
Did you know？
In the 14th century，archery was so important that as English law required every man，aged seven to 60，to practice it．
Badminton

This sport was invented by British soldiers in India who called it Poono，the same name as the town in which they lived．It was first played at the Olympics in 1992 at Barcelona．
Did you know？
The best balls are said to be made from the feathers of the left wing of goose．
Football

There are two medal competitions for Olympic football，one for men's teams and one for women's．Football was first played in 1908 at the Olympic Games．
Did you know？
Hungary has won three football gold medals﹣more than any other country．
Taekwondo

This Korean sports name means "the way of the hand and foot．" Taekwondo first appeared at 2000 Sydney Games．The players get points by hitting each other with these two parts of the boy only．
Did you know？
Hundreds of thousands of people from about 200 countries around the world regularly take part in this sports．
（1）Which of these sports has a 10，000 year history？ 　A　
A．Archery．
B．Badminton．
C．Taekwondo．
D．Football．
（2）Who invented the sports of badminton？ 　C　
A．Hungarian．
B．British．
C．Indian．
D．Korean．
（3）When was football first played at the Olympic Games？ 　C　
A．In 1990．
B．In 1992．
C．In 1908．
D．In 2000．
【考点】新闻报道类阅读．
【分析】本文以图表的形式向我们介绍了2012年伦敦奥运会的几个比赛项目：射击；羽毛球；足球；跆拳道，表格具体介绍了它们的历史起源，及比赛规则等．
【解答】细节理解题
（1）A．根据第一个表格中"Archery has a 10，000 year history"可知射箭有一万年的历史．故选A．
（2）C．根据第二个表格中"This sport was invented by British soldiers in India who called it Poono，"可知羽毛球运动是由在印度的英国士兵发明的．故选C．
（3）C．根据第三个表格中" Football was first played in 1908 at the Olympic Games．"可知足球第一次在1908年奥运会上进行．故选C
【点评】阅读理解题通常从细节，文章主旨，推测词组大意几个方面考查学生对文章的理解，做题时注意找到文章出处，做到有理有据．
15．（6分）（2021•顺义区一模）
Passing happiness on
I was standing in the checkout line behind a woman who looked to be in her 60s.When it was her turn to pay，the cashier（收银员） greeted her by name and asked her how was she doing？
The woman looked down，shook her head and said "Not so good.My husband just lost his job and my son is up to his old tricks again.The truth is，I don't know how I am going to get through the holidays."
Then she gave the cashier food stamps.
My heart ached.I wanted to help but didn't know how .Should I offer to pay for her groceries.ask for her husband's resume（简历）.
As I walked into the parking lot，I spotted the woman returning her shopping cart.I remembered something in my purse that I thought could help her.maybe it would make her life better.
My heart pounded as I approached（逐渐靠近） the woman.
"Excuse me，" I said ，my voice trembling a bit. "I couldn't help overhearing what you said to the cashier.It sounds like you're going through a really hard time right now.I'm so sorry .I'd like to give you something."
I handed her the small card from my purse.
When the woman read the cards only two words，she began to cry .And through her tears，she said， "you have no idea how much this means to me."
I was a little startled（吓一跳） by her reply.Having never done anything like this before，I didn't know what kind of reaction I might receive.All I could think to say was： "Would it be okay to give you a hug？"
After we embraced，I walked back to my car and began to cry，too.
The words on the card？
"You Matter."
A few weeks earlier，a colleague gave me a similar card as encouragement for a project I was working on.When I read the card.I felt a warm glow spread inside of me .Deeply touched.I ordered my own box of You Matter cards and started sharing them.

（1）Where did the story probably happen？ 　D　
A.In a working place.
B.At a restaurant.
C.In a post office.
D.At a grocery store.
（2）What did the writer give to the old woman？ 　C　
A.Food stamps.
B.Some money.
C.A small card.
D.A job offer.
（3）The old woman cried，probably because 　D　.
A.She could make her son better.
B.She could use the card to pay the bill.
C.The writer could help her husband get a job.
D.The words on the card greatly encouraged her.
【考点】人物故事类阅读．
【分析】本文讲述了作者在购物时，见到一位60多岁的老人因丈夫失业，儿子不争气，过着艰难的生活，作者给老人一张写着"You Mattter"的卡片来鼓励这位老人。
【解答】（1）D 细节理解题。根据"I was standing in the checkout line behind a woman who looked to be in her 60s"我站在一个60多岁的女人后面的收银台前，及"Should l offer to pay for her groceries"我应该为她付杂货费吗？可知故事发生在一家杂货店，故选D。
（2）C 细节理解题。根据"I handed her the small card from my purse"我把钱包里的小卡片递给她。可知作者给了她一张小卡片，故选C。
（3）D 推理判断题。根据"And through her tears，she said， "you have no idea how much this means to me "."她哭了起来，她哭着说："你不知道这对我有多重要。"及"A few weeks earlier，a colleague gave me a similar card as encouragement for a project l was working on"几周前，一位同事给了我一张类似的卡片，作为对我正在进行的一个项目的鼓励。可知这是一张鼓励的卡片，老人因为卡片上的话而深受鼓舞，故选D。
【点评】在通读全文的基础上，根据全文大意，展开逻辑思维，瞻前顾后，认真观察选项，仔细推敲，确定最佳答案。
16．（6分）（2020•北京）There are millions of recipes（菜谱） hidden in the boxes and hearts of grandmother and parents．These family recipes are a special part of our family history．Some of them have been passed down from generation（一代人） to generation．
"I realized I couldn't go home every weekend for my mom's delicious dishes，" says Shreya，who is about to enter university．Shreya has recently started following her mother around the kitchen，taking notes on how to make her "masala chai" and tasty kachoris．
"Those special tastes can immediately unlock a whole flood of emotions，memories and feelings of family，love，and comfort，" says she．
She adds， "I am looking to the day when my kids will come to know of their grandmothers through the dishes they cooked．"
But many of us find it difficult to keep the food connection with our busy life．Even if we have time，not many of us take the effort to collect and record the recipes from our grandmothers and parents．We often get a recipe on the phone and take it down quickly on a piece of paper．We just stick it onto the fridge for a week or two and forget about it as soon as the paper disappears from there．
Actually，there are simple ways to keep family recipes，Scrapbooks（剪贴薄）are easily found in the market．You can even add photos to record every detail of your memories about the recipe．With the help of some popular apps like Story Scans，recording family recipes has never been easier．What is needed is to scan（扫描） the recipes and record the story behind each of them．It can become the most meaningful work you have ever done with and for your family．
Keeping family recipes is saving and honoring our tradition so that future generations can continue to make family ties stronger．Every time you remember your loved ones，recreate one of the dishes from your collection and let the memories from the good old days comfort you．So why not gift your kids a family recipe book when they are starting a new life？

（1）Why does Shreya follow her mother around the kitchen？ 　B　
A．To clean up the kitchen．
B．To note down recipes．
C．To prepare family dinners．
D．To talk about family rules．
（2）What can we learn from the passage？ 　A　
A．Ways to record recipes can be easy．
B．Most people like writing recipe books．
C．Recipes have become popular with kids．
D．People often buy recipe books in the market．
（3）Which of the following would be the best title for the passage？ 　D　
A．Family Recipes：Secrets of Cooking
B．Family Recipes Are at a Crossroads
C．Family Recipes：Connections to Interests
D．Family Recipes Are More than Just Recipes
【考点】人物故事类阅读．
【分析】本文主要讲了传承家庭菜谱的重要性和方法．
【解答】（1）B．细节理解题．题目问为什么在厨房周围跟着妈妈，根据第二段Shreya has recently started following her mother around the kitchen，taking notes on how to make her "masala chai" and tasty kachoris．可知她在记菜谱．故选B．
（2）A．细节理解题．题目问从文中我们可以知道什么，根据第六段Actually，there are simple ways to keep family recipes，可知有保留家庭菜谱的简单方法，因此可知记录菜谱的方法可以很简单，故选A．
（3）D．文章标题题．题目问文章最好的标题是以下哪一个，根据第一段These family recipes are a special part of our family history．Some of them have been passed down from generation（一代人） to generation．可知本文主要讲了家庭菜谱是家庭历史的一个特殊部分，有一些代代相传，因此判断本文最好的标题为家庭菜谱不只是菜谱，故选D．
【点评】本文是一篇人物故事类阅读，题目涉及多道细节理解题，做题时结合原文和题目有针对性找出相关语句进行仔细分析，结合选项选出正确答案．推理判断也是要在抓住关键句子的基础上合理的分析才能得出正确的答案．
17．（8分）（2021•北京二模）Liu Qing hasn't slept well for months.Every day，the 13﹣year﹣old middle school student wakes up with dark circles around her eyes.She has lost interest in everything and doesn't want to talk to anyone. " Living like this is such a torture for me.I can't feel happy at all， " Liu told Xinhua.
Liu is one of many who suffer from depression.According to World Health Organization（WHO），about 264 million people around the world are affected by depression.In China，depression affects 54 million people and is one of the leading causes of suicide （自杀）.To bring this issue to people's attention，Zhang Nan，a photo studio owner in Wuhan，Hubei province，started a photo project called Crinkled Fog.Over the last three years，he has taken pictures of over 100 people struggling with mental health，mostly girls or women，aged 14 to 30.
" Although things have been better with people talking openly about it nowadays，there are still misunderstandings about mental illness，" the 27﹣year﹣old told China Daily.
The 100th person Zhang spotlight （聚焦）for the series is a 23﹣year﹣old girl from Nanjing，Jiangsu province，nicknamed Yaya.She was diagnosed （诊断）with depression in 2013 during her first year in senior high school when her grandfather，who raised her，passed away.
Her parents，who do business in another city and only see her a few times a year，didn't take her struggle seriously and believed that depression is just like a cold and will go away on its own.
But for Yaya，it was painful.During her darkest period，she received electroconvulsive therapy （电休克治疗）10 times within six weeks.
Yaya applied for the photo shoot when she got better this year because she wanted to record the moment and tell people that they can recover.
Depression is，in fact，a real illness. "Just like your body，your moods can fall ill，too，" said Li Songwei，Tsinghua University assistant professor of psychology. " When depression can be diagnosed，no matter how terrible it is，there are effective treatments."
"A major problem is that people are ashamed （羞耻）of the illness and don't seek professional help，'‘ Lu Lin，an expert of the China Academy of Sciences said.
"We must remove the stigma （污名）and the shame by actively and openly supporting our friends and family members who are experiencing depression，" Bernhard Schwartlander，former WHO representative in China，told China Daily.

（1）The word "torture" in Paragraph 1 probably means " 　C　.
A.anger
B.tiredness
C.pain
D.disappointment
（2）Why did Zhang Nan start the photo project Crinkled Fog？ 　B　
A.To encourage patients to see a doctor.
B.To draw people's attention of depression.
C.To provide scientific facts about depression.
D.To avoid misunderstandings about the illness.
（3）The last paragraph tells us 　D　.
A.that depression can be treated
B.why people are afraid of depression
C.what is the key problem of depression
D.how people should deal with depression
（4）Which of the following would be the best title for the passage？ 　A　
A.Stepping Into the Spotlight.
B.Effective Treatment.
C.Active Supporting.
D.Experiencing a Dark Period.

【考点】新闻报道类阅读．
【分析】本文主要以两个孩子的经历引出有关"抑郁症"这个话题，为了引起人们对抑郁症的关注，张楠开始一个叫"Crinkled Fog"的项目。关于这种疾病人们对它仍然有许多误解，人们觉得生病不好意思，不去寻求专业帮助等等问题，而我们要做的是积极，公开地支持抑郁症的朋友和家人，消除这种羞耻感。
【解答】（1）C.词义猜测题。根据"She has lost interest in everything and doesn't want to talk to anyone"及"I can't feel happy at all"可知，对一切事物都失去了兴趣，不想跟任何人聊天，一点也不开心，抑郁症折磨着她，所以torture与pain同义，故选C。
（2）B.细节理解题。根据"To bring this issue to people's attention，Zhang Nan，a photo studio owner in Wuhan，Hubei province，started a photo project called Crinkled Fog"为了引起人们对这个问题的关注，湖北武汉一家照相馆的老板张南发起了一个名为"雾霾天气"的摄影项目。可知，他这样做是为了引起人们对抑郁症的注意，故选B。
（3）D.段落大意题。根据"We must remove the stigma （污名）and the shame by actively and openly supporting our friends and family members who are experiencing depression"我们必须消除耻辱以及积极公开地支持正在经历抑郁症的朋友和家庭成员所带来的耻辱。可知，最后一段主要讲述的是人们应该如何处理抑郁症，故选D。
（4）A.最佳标题题。根据 Liu is one of many who suffer from depression.According to World Health Organization（WHO），about 264 million people around the world are affected by depression.刘是许多抑郁症患者之一。根据世界卫生组织（WHO）的数据，全世界约有2.64亿人受到抑郁症的影响。可知本文主要围绕"抑郁症"展开描述，以及张楠创始的一个叫"Crinkled Fog"，通过给与抑郁症作斗争的病人拍照的方式，来呼吁人们关注抑郁症的项目，所以最适合本文的标题是"走进聚光灯下"，故选A。
【点评】在通读全文的基础上，根据全文大意，展开逻辑思维，瞻前顾后，认真辨析选项，仔细推敲，确定最佳答案。
四．阅读表达（共1小题，满分10分，每小题10分）
18．（10分）（2021•大兴区一模）
World Water Day

World Water Day is celebrated on March 22 every year.It draws attention to the important role of water in our lives，the difficulties people face in getting water and solutions to these problems.It is reported by scientists that between 55 and 60 percent of the adult body is made of it.In normal conditions，the human body can only stay alive three or four days without water.We need water to stay alive，yet there are billions of people all over the world who do not have access（使用） to safe drinking water.
The problems facing communities without water
Except for the obvious health problems，a shortage of clean water means that some people in some areas﹣often women and children﹣have to spend hours every day walking to and from distant water supplies（供应）.This means they don't have time to focus their attention on their work，studies and other duties.So the search for water becomes their main jobs.For many people，the access to water has become increasingly difficult because of the increasing need for a limited resource.
What are the solutions？
In fact，many governments and organizations have already taken actions to offer good solutions.Waste﹣water recycling，storing rainwater，more efficient irrigation techniques（灌溉技术） and reforestation are good examples of how water can be used more efficiently.There are also many other charities working on creating sustainable（可持续性） supplies of clean water for different communities around the world，but this important work needs to continue.
What we can do to help
The theme（主题） of World Water Day 2021 is valuing water.The value of water is about much more than its price.Without an understanding of water's true value，we will be unable to safeguard it.What we can do to help is to support charities，take part in the World Water Day events，be careful with how we use water in our own lives.We can also visit the UN World Water Day website to find out about an event near us and help spread around the world about the importance of saving water.
（1）When is the World Water Day？
　On March 22.　
（2）How long can human stay alive without water？
　Three or four days.　
（3）Why has the access to water become increasingly difficult？
　Because of the increasing need for a limited resource.　
（4）Who has taken actions to offer good solutions to save water？
　Many governments and organizations.　
（5）What can we do in our daily life to save water？
　To support charities，take part in the World Water Day events and be careful with how we use water.　

【考点】阅读表达．
【分析】文章主要介绍了每年都会庆祝世界水日，每年都有不同的主题，关注清洁水在世界工作中的作用、制止浪费水的方法、寻求向贫困群体供水的方法等等。
【解答】（1）On March 22.细节理解题。根据第一段"World Water Day is celebrated on March 22 every year."可知，每年3月22日是世界水日，故答案为On March 22。
（2）Three or four days.细节理解题。根据第一段"In normal conditions，the human body can only stay alive three or four days without water."可知，正常情况下，没有水，人体只能存活三四天，故答案为Three or four days。
（3）Because of the increasing need for a limited resource.细节理解题。根据第二段"For many people，the access to water has become increasingly difficult because of the increasing need for a limited resource."可知，由于对有限资源的需求越来越大，获得水变得越来越困难，故答案为Because of the increasing need for a limited resource。
（4）Many governments and organizations.细节理解题。根据第三段"In fact，many governments and organizations have already taken actions to offer good solutions."可知，许多政府和组织已经采取行动提供良好的解决方案。故答案为Many governments and organizations。
（5）Yes，they can.推理判断题。根据最后一段" What we can do to help is to support charities，take part in the World Water Day events，be careful with how we use water in our own lives.We can also visit the UN World Water Day website to find out about an event near us and help spread around the world about the importance of saving water."可知，我们能做的就是支持慈善机构，参加世界水日活动，生活中使用水时要小心。我们还可以访问联合国世界水日网站，了解我们附近的一个活动，帮助向全世界宣传节约用水的重要性，故答案为Yes，they can。
【点评】阅读表达题往往从不同的角度命题，既考查学生的阅读理解能力，也考查他们的英语表达能力和概括能力，另外，对回答的拼写、语法的正确性的也有较高的要求。
五．书面表达（共2小题，满分20分，每小题10分）
19．（10分）（2021秋•昌平区期末）当今科技日新月异，各种发明不断涌现。高科技产品在我们生活中不可或缺，如智能手机、自动语音识别技术（ASR）、二维码（QR code）等；服务类产品也蓬勃发展，如网上购物、共享经济（sharing economy）、外卖服务（ take﹣away service） 等。
假如你是李华，你校英语报社近期计划开设"科技改变生活"版面，现面向全校学生征集相关素材。请你以"An Important Invention" 为题投稿，介绍一款你认为重要的发明，简单描述它并说明你选择它的原因。
提示词语：search and store information，benefit，provide，convenient
提示问题：
●In your opinion，what is an important invention for people？Please describe it.
●Why do you think it is important？

I'm Li Hua，from Class 3，Grade 9.
I hope my idea can be taken.Thanks!
【考点】提纲作文．
【分析】【高分句型一】
There are many modern inventions in our daily life.在我们的日常生活中有许多现代发明。
There be 结构，表示有；存在。
【高分句型二】
The smartphone is important because it brings plenty of benefits to people.智能手机很重要，因为它给人们带来了很多好处。
because 因为；引导原因状语从句。
【解答】
An Important Invention

I'm Li Hua，from Class 3，Grade 9.There are many modern inventions in our daily life.【高分句型一】Among all of them，I think the smartphone is one of the most important inventions.（点明主题）
The smartphone can connect to the internet，and we can not only have video calls with our families or friends whenever we want，but also we can search information whenerer we need.What's more，we can shop online at any time.The smartphone is important because it brings plenty of benefits to people.【高分句型二】It makes life convenient by helping us save a lot of time and money.The smartphone provides more possibilities for our life.（好处）
I hope my idea can be taken.Thanks!
【点评】这是一篇提纲作文，题目要求围绕内容写作，命题既有限制又给予学生发挥的空间。
20．（10分）（2021秋•朝阳区期末）绿色生活是我们追求的目标，倡导绿色低碳生活是我们义不容辞的责任。某英文网站正在开展以"My Green Life"为主题的征文活动。假如你是李华，请用英语写一篇短文投稿，谈谈你对绿色生活的看法，在日常生活中你的做法及建议。
提示词语：important，ride，turn off，better
提示问题：What do you think of green life？
What do you do in your daily life？
What are your suggestions？
My Green Life
Green lifestyle is my goal.______
【考点】提纲作文．
【分析】高分句型一：
As we all know，the earth is becoming warmer and warmer due to the global climate change.
正如我们所知，由于全球变暖，地球正在越来越热。句子里As引导非限制性定语从句 we all know，表示"正如我们所知"；due to 表示"由于"。
高分句型二：
Only if we know what we do in our daily life and live a low﹣carbon life can we make a difference.
只有我们知道我们日常做的事，过低碳生活，我们才能够起到作用。句子里Only if 引导条件状语从句we know what we do in our daily life and live a low﹣carbon life，主句 can we make a difference用了部分倒装。
【解答】
My Green Life
Green lifestyle is my goal.As we all know，the earth is becoming warmer and warmer due to the global climate change.【高分句型一】Many people may think that low﹣carbon life is far away from us.However，every one of us can reduce our daily carbon emissions by doing something.
  For one thing，changing our previous living habit of wasting things is the first step.We can use energy﹣saving electricity lights instead of the traditional lights，and turn them off when we don't use them.（用电）Never leave the water running when we don't use it.It's best to take a shower.（沐浴）We need to cut down less trees and grow more trees.（少砍树，多种树）When we need to contact someone，it's better to send an e﹣mail than use paper to write letters.For another，use the public transportation or ride your bicycle instead of driving private cars when we travel somewhere.Even if we have to drive，we'd better plan it well in advance to avoid wasting fuel.（交通）
It is believed that the global climate change is due to the human activities.Only if we know what we do in our daily life and live a low carbon life can we make a difference.【高分句型二】（号召同学们过低碳生活，为减少二氧化碳（CO2）排放做贡献）
【点评】这是一篇提纲作文，题目要求围绕提示内容写作，命题既有限制又给予学生发挥的空间。在写作中要综合运用所学知识，适当运用连词、副词等进行过渡。

考点卡片
1．物主代词
【概念】
物主代词：
表示所有关系的代词叫做物主代词．物主代词可分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种．
【分类】
物主代词：

我的
你的
他的
她的
它的
我们的
你们的
他们的
形容词性物主代词
my
your
his
her
its
our
your
their
名词性物主代词
mine
yours
his
hers
its
ours
yours
theirs
．
【用法】
（1）形容词性物主代词：
①形容词性物主代词后跟名词，不能独立使用，表示所属关系．如：my pen我的钢笔；your bag你的书包；his bike他的自行车；her desk她的书桌；its name它的名字．
例：Miss Li is____teacher．
A．they B．their C．them
分析：李老师是他们的老师．
解答：B．they意思是"他们"，主格，作主语；their意思是"他们的"形容词形物主代词，后面跟名词；them意思是"他们"宾格，作宾语．根据空格后面的词语是teacher，是名词，所以空格处需要填物主代词，综上所述，故选B．
点评：首先要掌握这个句子的意思，然后结合具体的题目，就可以确定正确答案．
注意：如果名词前有形容词性物主代词，就不能同时用冠词（a，an，the）或指示代词（this，that，these，those）修饰此名词．
[正]This is my pen．[误]This is my a pen．
[正]This is a pen．[误]This is a my pen．
②形容词性物主代词与形容词一起修饰名词时，要放在形容词之前． 如：his English books 他的英语书，their Chinese friends 他们的中国朋友．
例：Fu Yuanhui is ________ favorite swimmer because she's so funny．（　　）
A．I B．my C．me D．mine
分析：傅园慧是我最喜欢的游泳运动员，因为她是那么有趣．
解答：B．考查物主代词．句意：傅园慧是我最喜欢的游泳运动员，因为她是那么有趣．根据题干Fu Yuanhui is ________ favorite swimmer because she's so funny．可知后有favorite swimmer，所以用形容词性物主代词my，即傅园慧是我最喜欢的游泳运动员，因为她是那么有趣．故选B．
点评：仔细分析句子的结构，掌握一些固定用法，根据具体内容作答．
（2）形容词性物主代词与名词性物主代词之间的关系为：
名词性物主代词＝相应的形容词性物主代词+名词．
例：Your bedroom（＝Yours） is big．Mine （＝My bedroom） is big，too．
例：﹣Is this____computer？
﹣Yes，it's____．My mother bought it for me．（　　）
A．you； me B．your； my
C．yours； mine D．your； mine
分析：﹣﹣这是你的电脑吗？﹣﹣是的．它是我的．我的妈妈为我买的．
解答：D．考查物主代词．句意：﹣﹣这是你的电脑吗？﹣﹣是的．它是我的．我的妈妈为我买的．根据题干Is this___computer？﹣Yes，it's____．My mother bought it for me．可知第一空后有名词，所以用形容词性物主代词your；第二空后没有名词，所以名词性物主代词mine．故选D．
注意：在使用名词性物主代词时，必须有特定的语言环境，也就是要省略的名词大家已经知道，已经提起过．
（3）双重所有格
物主代词不可与this，that，these，those，some，any，several，no，each，every，such，another，which等词一起前置，修饰名词，而必须用双重所有格．公式为：a，an，this，that+名词+of+名词性物主代词．如：a friend of mine，Each brother of his．
【易混淆点】
形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词的用法：
①形容词性物主代词后跟名词，不能单独使用，表示所属关系．而名词性物主代词应独立使用，后不跟名词．
②形容词性物主代词与形容词一起修饰名词时，要放在形容词之前．
③名词性物主代词＝相应的形容词性物主代词+名词．
【中考命题方向】
中考英语试题常考查物主代词的用法，即形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词的用法及其它们之间的区别是考查的重点．
2．关系代词
【概念】
关系代词：
定语从句修饰复合句中的名词或代词，通常把这个被修饰词叫做先行词，把引导定语从句且在从句中作主语、宾语或定语的引导词叫做关系代词．
【结构及分类】
关系代词有主格，宾格和属格（所有格）之分，并有指人与指物之分．that的用法最广，that 可指人也可指物．见表：

限定性
指人
非限定性
指物
限定性
指物
主 格
who/that
which
that
宾 格
whom/that
which
that
属 格
whose
of which/whose
of which/whose
．
【用法】
①关系代词who
who表示"……的（人）"，在定语从句中作主语，不能省略，所引导的定语从句一般修饰指人的名词或代词，在口语或非正式语言中，可作定语从句中的宾语，相当于whom，可省略．
例：I know the lady ____ is singing over there．She is our Chinese teacher．（　　）
A．which B．who C．whom D．whose
分析：我认识正在那边唱歌的女士，她是我们的汉语老师．
解答：B．
分析句子得知，句子的主干是I know the lady，后文is singing over there是一个定语从句，来修饰先行词the lady，在定语从句中作主语，由于先行词the lady，表示人，故可以用关系词that或who，结合选项，故选B．
点评：解答此类试题时，要充分理解上下文的语境，结合所给词，进行解答．
②关系代词whom
whom表示"……的（人）"，在定语从句中作宾语，所引导的定语从句修饰指人的名词或代词，常省略．
例：Please tell me something about Yang Liwei．
﹣He is a great astronaut of ________ all the Chinese are proud．（　　）
A．that B．whose C．who D．whom
分析：﹣﹣请告诉我有关杨利伟的有关事情？
﹣﹣他是一个伟大的全中国人都引以为豪的宇航员．
解答：D．
that意思是"那个"，引导定语从句的时候，在从句中作主语或宾语；whose意思是"谁的"，引导定语从句的时候，在从句中作定语；who意思是"谁"，引导定语从句的时候，在从句中作主语；whom意思是"谁"，在定语从句中作宾语．根据空格前面是介词of，因此可知在定语从句中含有一个固定结构be proud of，这时候需要一个可以作of宾语的词，这时把of提前，先行词是astronaut，是表示人的名词，所以还是要用whom来引导定语从句，综上所述，故选D．
点评：首先要掌握定语从句的用法，然后结合具体的题目，就可以确定正确答案．
③关系代词that
that表示"……的（事物）"，所引导的定语从句修饰指事物或人的名词或代词，通常在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时，常可省略．
例：I hate the dogs _____ live in the next house．They make loud noises all night．（　　）
A．who B．that C．what D．whom
分析：我讨厌住在隔壁的狗，他们整晚发出噪音．
解答：B．
who意思是"谁"指人，在定语从句中作主语；that意思是"那个"，指人或指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语；what意思是"什么"，不能引导定语从句；whom意思是"谁"指人，在定语从句中作宾语，根据先行词是the dogs，后面的定语从句缺少一个可以作主语的词，综上所述，故选B．
点评：首先要掌握这几个引导定语从句的词语的意思以及用法，然后结合具体的题目，就可以确定正确答案．
例：Ode to Joy（欢乐颂）is a TV play ______ many people like．（　　）
A．why B．that C．who
分析：《欢乐颂》是一部许多人喜欢的电视剧．
解答：B．
who意思是"谁"引导定语从句的时候，在从句中作主语，先行词通常是人；that意思是"那个"，引导定语从句的时候，在从句中作主语或宾语，所修饰的先行词通常是物；关系副词why引导限定性定语从句修饰先行词reason，在定语从句中充当原因状语．根据"a TV play"一部电视剧，这是一个表示物的先行词，所以要用that来引导定语从句，综上所述，故选B．
点评：首先要掌握定语从句的用法，然后结合具体的题目，就可以确定正确答案．
④关系代词which
which表示"……的（事物）"，所引导的定语从句修饰指事物的名词或代词，其中which通常在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时，常可省略．
例：My hometown is the place______holds all my sweet memories．（　　）
A．who B．which C．what
分析：家乡就是那个承载了我所有美好回忆的地方．
解答：B．
首先根据语境推测句意是"家乡就是那个承载了我所有美好回忆的地方．"，分析句子结构，本句中的"___holds all my sweet memories"在复合句中作定语从句，由于先行词 place为下文定语从句的逻辑主语，且指物，所以引导定语从句的关系代词用that或者which，故选B．
点评：本题考查定语从句的关系代词．做此题的关键是找准先行词，是人还是物，在从句中做什么句子成分，然后根据语法选择正确的引导词．
⑤关系代词whose
whose表示"那个（那些）人的、它（它们）的"时，所引导的定语从句修饰指人或事物的名词，其中whose在从句中作定语，修饰名词．
例：﹣Who won the first prize in English speech contest？
﹣﹣The prize went to the girl _____ speech was the most natural and fluent．（　　）
A．that B．who C．whose D．不填
分析：﹣﹣在英语演讲比赛中谁获得第一名？
一等奖属于那个演讲最自然最流利的女孩．
解答： C．
首先分析句子结构，本句中的"_____ speech was the most natural and fluent"在复合句中作定语从句，由于先行词是 the girl指人，且在定语从句中作定语，所以用关系代词whose引导定语从句，指谁的，表所属关系．故选C．
点评：本题考查定语从句的关系代词．首先要掌握几个关系代词引导定语从句的用法，然后结合具体的语句中的先行词，以及在定语从句作的成分，就可以做出正确选择．
【易混淆点】
（1）that和which都指事物时，一般可以通用．但在下列情况下多用that，不用which：
①先行词为all，everything，nothing，something，anything，much，little，few，none，the one等时．例：
Say all （that） you know． 把你知道的全部讲出来．
Is there anything （that） I can do for you now？ 现在我能为你做点儿什么吗？
I mean the one that was bought yesterday． 我指的是昨天买的那个．
②先行词为序数词或被序数词（含last）修饰时．如：
This is the first film （that） I have seen since I came here． 这是我到这里以来看的第一部电影．
The last place （that） they visited was the Summer Palace． 他们最后参观的地方是颐和园．
③先行词被形容词的最高级或the very，the only等修饰时．如：
This is the biggest apple （that） I have ever eaten． 这是我吃到的苹果中最大的一个．
She is the very thief （that） the police are looking for． 她就是警方正在寻找的那个小偷．
Mary is the only friend （that） I have in Australia． 玛丽是我在澳大利亚唯一的朋友．
④先行词中既有人又有物时．如：
We were deeply impressed by the teachers and schools that we had visited． 我们访问过的老师和学校给我们留下了深刻的印象．
⑤先行词在主句中作表语，或关系代词在从句中作表语时．如：
This is a dictionary that will help you a lot． 这是一本对你很有帮助的字典．
Don't cheat me． I'm no longer the little boy that I was ten years ago． 别骗我了，我再也不是十年前的那个小男孩了．
（2）在下列情况下用which，而不用that：
①关系代词前有介词时． 如：
This is the house in which I lived ten years ago． 这就是我十年前住过的房子．
②先行词本身是that时．如：
What was that which he said？ 3他说了些什么？
③在以who，which开头的句子中多用that．
【解题方法点拨】
①结合具体的语句中的先行词，以及在定语从句作的成分确定使用哪个关系代词．如果缺少主语、宾语、表语、定语用关系代词，如果缺少状语则用关系副词．
②先行词本身是that时，避免重复用which，而不用that．
【中考命题方向】
中考英语试题常考查关系代词的用法，即关系代词who、whom、that、whose、which的用法及其它们之间的区别是考查的重点．
3．时间介词
【概念】
1．介词：
介词是一种虚词，是英语中最活跃的词类之一，也是中考中经常涉及的考点，其用法变化多样．英语里大部分用语都是由介词和其他词构成的，因此掌握好介词是学好英语的关键之一．
2．介词的功能：
介词不能单独使用，必须和名词、代词或动名词构成介词短语，在句中做表语，定语、状语、宾语补足语等成分．中考对介词的考查主要是介词的基本用法和习惯搭配．
（1）作表语
Our English teacher is from Australia．我们的英语老师来自澳大利亚．
（2）作定语
The girl in red is my sister．穿红色衣服的那个女孩是我的妹妹．
（3）作状语
The girl will be back in two hours．这位姑娘过两个小时回来．
（4）作宾语补足语
Help yourself to some fish．请吃些鱼．
【时间介词的辨析】
（1）表时间的介词
①at，in on
at 表示时间点或固定用法．
例如：at six o'clock，at noon，at midnight．
in 表示在某个世纪，某年，某月，某个季节以及早晨，上午，下午，晚上．
例如：in the nineteenth century，in 2002，in May，in winter，in the morning等．
on 表示特定的日子，具体的某一天，星期，节日，某一天的上午，下午，晚上等．
例如：on Monday，on July 1st，on Sunday morning等．
②since，after，for
由since和after 引导的词组都可表示从过去某一点开始的时段，但since词组表示的时段一直延续到说话的时刻，因而往往要与现在完成时连用．而after词组所表示的时段纯系过去，因而要与一般过去时连用．for引导一段时间，可于多种时态连用，但必须是延续性动词．
例如：
I haven't heard from him since last summer．自从去年夏天，我再也没有收到他的信．
After five days the boy came back．五天后，这男孩回来了．
We have an art lesson for two hours in the afternoon．我们下午有节美术课要上两个小时．
I have had this bike for three years．我买这辆自行车三年了．
③in，after
In与将来时态连用时，表示"过多长时间以后"的意思，后面跟表示一段时间的词语．After与将来时态连用时，后面只能跟表示时间点的词语．After与过去时态连用时，后面才能跟表示一段时间的词语．
例如：
He will be back in two months．他在两个月后回来．
He will arrive after four o'clock．四点钟后，他到达．
He returned after a month．一个月后，他回来了．
4．常用介词的辨析
【常用介词的辨析】
一、表示计量的介词：at，for，by
1．at表示"以…速度""以…价格"．如：
It flies at about 900 kilometers a hour．它以每小时900公里的速度飞行．
2．for表示"用…交换，以…为代价"．如：
He sold his car for 500 dollars．他以五百元把车卖了．
二、表示材料的介词：of，from，in
1．of成品仍可看出原料．如：
This box is made of paper．这个盒子是纸做的．
2．from成品已看不出原料．如：
Wine is made from grapes．葡萄酒是葡萄酿成的．
3．in表示用某种材料或语言．如：
Please fill in the form in pencil first．请先用铅笔填写这个表格．
三、表示关于的介词：of，about，on
1．of仅是提到或谈到过某人或某事．如：
He spoke of the film the other day．他前几天提到了这部影片．
2．about指"关于"某人或某事物的较详细的情况．如：
Can you tell me something about yourself？你能告诉我一些关于你自己的事情吗？
3．on指"关于"学术性的或严肃的事．如：
It's a textbook on the history of china．它是一本有关中国历史的教科书．
四、表示好像或当作的介词：like，as
1．like表示"像…一样"，其实不是．如：
Peter the Great，like his country，was strong and proud．
彼得大帝像他的国家一样强健和自豪．
2．as表示"作为，以…身份"，其实也是．如：
He talked to me as a father．他以父亲的身份跟我谈话．
五、表示支持或反对的介词：against，for
against反对，for支持，互为反义词．如：
Are you for my idea or against it？你赞同还是反对我的想法？
六、表示除某人某物外的介词：besides，except
1．besides是包括后面所提人或物在内的"除…外，还"．如：
Thirty students went to the cinema besides him．
除他以外，还有30个学生去看了电影．（他和另外30人都去了）
He is interested in tennis besides football．除了足球，他还对网球感兴趣．
2．except是指不包括后面所提人或物在内的"除去"．如：
Everyone is excited except me．除我以外的每个人都很激动．（他们激动，而我却不激动）
5．形容词的比较级和最高级
【概念】
形容词的比较级和最高级：
比较级就是将二者进行比较产生的词形，是由形容词原级转化而来的，一般是在原级后面加er，也有一些不规则的转化，比如good﹣better，bad﹣worse等等．相对二者的比较，还有三者及以上的比较，这时就产生了最高级．在英语中通常用下列方式表示的词：在形容词前加more或加后缀﹣er．典型的是指形容词所表示的质、量或关系的增加．英语句子中，将比较两个主体的方法叫做"比较句型"．其中，像"A比B更…"的表达方式称为比较级．组成句子的方式是将形容词变化成比较级的形态．
【结构】
形容词比较级和最高级规则变化原则．
构成方法
原级
比较级
最高级
单音节词和少数双音节词在词尾加﹣er或﹣est
fast
long
smart
faster
longer
smarter
fastest
longest
smartest
以字母e结尾的形容词，加﹣r或﹣st
nice
late
nicer
later
nicest
latest
重读闭音节，词尾只有一个辅音字母时，应先双写辅音字母，再加﹣er或﹣est
big
hot
thin
fat
bigger
hotter
thinner
fatter
biggest
hottest
thinnest
fattest
以辅音字母+y结尾的双音节词，先改"y"为"i"，再加﹣er或﹣est
easy
happy
healthy
easier
happier
healthier
easiest
happiest
healthiest
部分双音节词和多音节词在前面加more或most
tired
careful
beautiful
important
more tired
more careful
more beautiful
more important
most tired
most careful
most beautiful
most important


不规则变化

many/much
little
Good
bad/ill
far
old
more
less
better
worse
farther/further
older/elder
most
least
best
worst
farthest/furthest
oldest/eldest
．
【用法】
一、形容词比较级的用法：
1．表示两者进行比较时用形容词比较级，最明显的提示词是than，其结构为"A…+比较级+than+B"．
例：
Li Lei's room is bigger than mine．李雷的房间比我的大．
This mooncake is nicer than that one．这块月饼比那块好吃．
注意：为了避免重复，在从句中常用the one，that，those等词来替代前面出现过的名词．其中the one替代可数名词单数形式，the ones或those替代可数名词复数形式，that替代不可数名词．
例：
The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Guangzhou in winter．北京的天气比广州的天气冷．
2．表示"两者之间最…一个（of the two）"时，常用"the+比较级"结构．
例：
Mary is the taller of the twins．
Mary是双胞胎中的高个子．
3．表示"越来越…"，用比较级重叠结构，即"比较级+and+比较级"，多音节词和部分双音节词时用"more and more+形容词原级"．
例：
It's getting warmer and warmer in spring．
春天天气变得越来越暖和．
Our hometown is becoming more and more beautiful．
我们的家乡越来越漂亮了．
4．表示"越…就越…"时，用"the+比较级，the+比较级"结构．
例：
The more we get together，the happier we'll be．
我们越是在一起，就越开心．
二、形容词最高级的用法：
表示三者或三者以上（人或物）的比较，其中有一个超过其他几个．形容词最高级前要加the，后面通常带of（in）短语来说明比较的范围（of 后的名词或代词表示与主语属同一类；in 表示时间或空间范围）．
①在我们班上他最高． Miho is the youngest student because she was born later than anyone else in her class．
②玛丽是这三个学生中最小的．
Mary is the tallest among the three students．
【中考命题方向】
中考英语试题常考查形容词，形容词等级是考查的重点．对形容词等级的考查主要出现在单项选择题中．
6．副词的比较级和最高级
【概念】
1．副词：
副词是指在句子中表示行为或状态、特征的词，是用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或全句，说明时间，地点，程度，方式等概念．
2．比较级和最高级：
绝大多数副词有三种形式，原级，比较级和最高级，用来说明事物的等级差别，说明事物性质在程度上的不同．
3．概念点拨：
①副词的原级：副词的原级形式就是词典中出现的副词的原形． 例如：quickly，very，quite，carefully等．
②副词的比较级和最高级：副词的比较级和最高级形式是在副词的原级形式的基础上变化的． 分为规则变化和不规则变化．
【副词比较级和最高级的变化】
1．副词比较级和最高级的规则变化：
①单音节词一般在词尾加﹣er 和﹣est构成比较级和最高级．
fast（原级） faster（比较级） fastest（最高级）
hard （原级） harder（比较级） hardest（最高级）
②以字母e结尾的单音节词在其后面直接加﹣r/﹣st．
late（原级） later（比较级）latest （最高级）
③以辅音字母+y结尾的双音节词，先把y改为i，再加﹣er/﹣est．
early（原级） earlier（比较级）earliest （最高级）
④多音节词以及部分双音节词在原级前面加more和most构成比较级和最高级．
beautifully （原级） more beautifully （比较级级） most beautifully （最高级）
carefully（原级） more carefully （比较级级） most carefully （最高级）
2．副词的比较级和最高级的常用不规则变化：
原级
比较级
最高级
well
better
best
badly
worse
worst
much
more
most
little
less
least
far
farther（further）
farthest（furthest）
温馨提示：
副词前如加 less 和 lest 则表示"较不"和"最不"．
less quickly较不迅速．
lest quickly最不迅速．
【用法】
1．比较级的用法：
（1）副词的比较级用于两个人或事物的比较，其结构形式如下：
主语+谓语+副词比较级+than+对比成分．
也就是，含有副词比较级的主句+than+从句．注意从句常常省去意义上和主句相同的部分，而只剩下对比的成分．
例：﹣I think that Jane writes _______ than Mike．
﹣So she does．
A．careful B．more carefully C．more careful
分析：﹣我认为简比迈克写得认真．﹣她确实是．
解答：B．考查副词比较级．句意"﹣我认为简比迈克写得认真．﹣她确实是．"than意为"比"，是比较级的标志，在句子中修饰动词时应该用副词，句中"writes"意为"写"是实意动词，故选B．
点评：考查副词的比较级，谓语动词是实义动词，且than与比较级连用，故空中必须用副词的比较级．
（2）比较级前面可以用many，much，far，a little，a bit，a lot等词修饰表示程度．
例：You are speaking too fast．Can you speak a little ______？
A．more slowly B．most slowly C．more loudly
分析：你说得太快了，你能说慢一点儿吗？
解答：A．考查副词的比较等级．句意"你说得太快了，你能说_______吗？"根据句意推理空中信息应为"更慢一些"，用比较级，故选A．
点评：考查副词的比较等级，语境中蕴含了前后动作的比较．
（3）比较级的前面可以用any和no来修饰．
We were too tired to walk any________．
A．farther B．far C．farer
分析：我们太累了不能往前走了．
解答：A．考查副词的比较等级．句意"我们太累了不能______．"根据句意推理空中信息应为"更远"，any修饰比较级，强调程度，故选A．
点评：考查副词的比较等级，any修饰形容词或副词要用比较级，空中信息应该用比较级．
（4）两个副词的比较级可以叠加表示"越来越"的意思．
其结构可以是：比较级+and+比较级，而多音节词可以用more and more+比较级结构．
例：My brother studies _____________ and his grades will be better and better．
A．more carefully B．more and more carefully C．more carefully and more carefully
分析：我弟弟学习越来越认真，他的成绩将会越来越好．
解答：B．考查副词的比较级．句意"我弟弟学习越来越认真，他的成绩将会越来越好．"根据句中"studies"和"_______ and ______"可知空中信息应为副词的比较级，因carefully时多音节词，故可以用more and more+比较级结构，故选B．
点评：考查副词的比较级动词时态，空中内容表示"越来越…"，故用more and more+比较级结构．
（5）如果表示"越…，就越…"可以用"the+比较级…，the+比较级…"的结构．
The harder you works，the more you will get．你越努力学习，你得到的就越多．
（6）当比较的双方属于同一范围内时候，用other或者else排除自己．　　　　
Susan sings better than any other girl in her class．苏三比她班上其他任何一个女孩唱得好．
（7）如果比较的双方不属于同一范围内时候，则不存在和自己比较的情况，所以可以不用other或者else．
Susan sings better than any girl in Tom's class．苏三比汤姆班上任何一个女孩唱得好．
2．最高级的用法：
形容词最高级用于两个以上的人和物进行比较，其结构形式为：
（1）Which（Who）动词+（the）+最高级？
意指三个以上的事物或人当中"哪一个（人）最为…呢？"
Who works （the） hardest Bill，Till or Hill？Bill，Till和Hill谁工作最努力？
（2）主语+动词+（the）+副词最高级+of（in）…
表示三者或三者以上（人或事物）的比较，其中有一个在某一方面超过其他几个时，用最高级．其中有一个在某一方面超过其他几个时，用最高级．最高级前面一般要加定冠词the，后面可带of（in）短语来说明比较的范围．
Tom finished the work（the）most carefully of us all．
在我们所有人当中汤姆完成这项工作最认真．My brother always arrives at his school earliest in his class．在他的班里，我弟弟总是到校最早地．
（3）最高级的表示方法：
可以用原级、比较级、最高级三种方式来表达最高级，总结如下：
她在她们班里跳舞跳得最好．
最高级：She dances （the） best in her class．
比较级：She dances better than any other student do in her class．
原级：No other student in her class dances as well as she．
【易混淆点】
（1）of…和in…的区别
①"of+复数"表示"在…之中的"；"在…中"：
of the four…在四个之中；
of all（people） 在所有的人之中；
of all the boys 在所有的男孩中；
of us 在我们之中；
of all things 在所有的事情当中．
②"in+范围、场所"译为"在…之中"；"在…之内"：
in the house 在家中；
in China 在中国；
in the world 在世界上；
in our school 在我们学校；
in my family 在我们家．
（2）which和what在一定数目的范围内做选择时用which，从不定数中做选择时用what．
Which do you speak （the）most freely English，Chinese or German？英语，汉语，德语你哪门说的最流利？（在一定数目的范围内做选择）
What do like （the）most among Chinese food？在中国食物中，你最喜欢什么？（从不定数中做选择）
【解题方法点拨】
①如果题干有明显的标志词，可以根据标志词状语确定词性和级别．
②没有明显的标志词，则根据语境判断词性和级别．
③掌握原级、比较级和最高级的用法联系．例如比较级形式表最高级含义．
【中考命题方向】
副词是中考必考的知识点，重点考查副词易混辨析、副词比较级和最高级的用法．归纳易混的副词区别，掌握副词比较级和最高级的构成，副词原级、比较级和最高级的用法，明确副词的修饰原则以及在句中的位置，寻找有效切入点，准确排除错误选项．
7．数词的用法
【常用方法】
一、整点法：如果时间是整点，就用"钟点数+o'clock"来表示．o'clock可省略．如：8：00可读作eight o'clock或eight
二、 顺读法：顺读法，也叫直接读法，此方法用于既有钟点数，又有分钟数的时间，通常先读"钟点数"，再读分钟数．如：7：20读作seven﹣twenty
三、 倒读法：此方法是"先读分钟数"，再读"钟点数"，使用此方法要注意两点：
1． 如果分钟数在30以内，就用"分钟数+past+钟点数"表示，介词past意为"过"．如：6：10读作ten past six．
2． 当分钟数正好是"三十分钟"时，可用"顺读法"中的"钟点数+thirty"，也可用"half+past+钟点数"．如：7：30可读作seven thirty 或 half past seven．
3． 如果分钟数超过30，则用"（60﹣分钟数）+ to +（钟点数 + 1）"来表示，介词to 为"差"的意思．如：6：35读作twenty﹣five to seven （差二十五分钟到七点）
在"倒读法"中，当分钟数涉及到"15分钟"时，一般不用fifteen，而用a quarter（一刻钟）来表示．如：10：15读作a quarter past ten （一般不读 fifteen past ten）
8．连词辨析
【概念】
不同连词在意义或用法上的不同进行辨别分析叫连词辨析．
例：（　　）﹣﹣Would you like to go to the party with me？
﹣﹣I'd love to， I'm afraid I have no time．
A． so B． or C． but
考点：连词辨析．
分析：﹣﹣你愿意和我一起去参加晚会吗？
﹣﹣我愿意．但是恐怕我没有时间．
解答：C；根据语境以及上下文，本题考查的是连词的用法．根据语境推测句意是"我愿意．但是恐怕我没有时间．"，可知前后句之间是转折关系，所以用连词but；故选C．
点评：本题主要考查连词的用法，连词在句子中主要起联系上下文的作用，他们之间的区别就是表示逻辑关系的不同，所以在解题时先要理解上下文含义，然后根据上下文逻辑关系选择合适的连词．连词的用法都比较多，语义之间还有交叉，熟记其基本应用规则，了解其区别，注意固定搭配对象，是做好此类题型的关键．
【易混淆点】
1． such…that…与so…that…都可以用来引导结果状语从句，意为"如此…以致…"．
（1）such是形容词，它所修饰的名词可以是可数名词，也可以是不可数名词；名词前面可以带形容词，也可以不带．如果其后是单数可数名词，前面需加不定冠词a或an．
She is such a good teacher that all of us love and respect her．
（2）so是副词，与形容词或副词连用，其结构是：so+adj．（adv．）+that从句．如：
He ran so fast that I couldn't catch up with him．
注意：当名词前面有many，much，few，little等表示数量多少的限定词时，应该用so，而不能用such．如：
There were so many people in the street that firefighters could not get close to the building．
2．and 和or表示"和，与"的区别
and用于肯定句和问句中，例如：I have a sister and a brother．
or用于否定句中，例如：
There isn't any air or water on the moon．月球上既没有空气也没有水．
3．because， for， since， as 表示"原因"的区别
because语气强， 表示客观必然原因，例如：
He is absent， because he is ill． 因为生病，所以他没来．
for 语气轻，表示非客观必然的原因，是主观可改变结果的原因，甚至是猜测可能的原因，不能放句首，它是并列连词．例如：
He must be ill， for he is absent． "缺席"不一定是"生病"，只是交流猜测．
since， as 都是不讲自明的原因， 是已知的原因．
Since I am a boy， let me carry the case．
4．when和while表示"当…的时候"的区别：
when意为"在……时刻或时期"，它可兼指"时间点"与"时间段"，所引导的从句的动词既可以是终止性动词，也可是持续性动词；while只指"时间段"，不指"时间点"，从句的动词只限于持续性动词．
（1）when从句与主句动作先后发生时，不能与while互换．如：
When he has finished his work， he takes a short rest．每当他做完工作后，总要稍稍休息一下．（when ＝ after）
When I got to the cinema， the film had already begun．当我到电影院时，电影已经开始了．（when＝before）
（2）when从句动词为终止性动词时，不能由while替换．如：
When he came yesterday， we were playing basketball．昨天他来时，我们正在打篮球．
（3）当从句的谓语是表动作的延续性动词时，when， while才有可能互相替代．如：
While / When we were still laughing， the teacher came in．正当我们仍在大声嬉笑时，老师进来了．
【解题方法点拨】
在解题时，根据逻辑关系的不同，先要理解上下文含义，然后根据上下文逻辑关系选择合适的连词，了解其区别，注意固定搭配对象，是做好此类题型的关键．
【中考命题方向】
在中考中，特殊疑问句常出现在单项选择、完形填空、阅读理解、任务型阅读 完成句子等中，几乎每种题型都从不同角度来考查，因而大家一定要熟练掌握．
9．情态动词
【概念】
情态动词：可以用来表示说话人的语气和情态，如需要、可能、意愿和怀疑等，有一定的意义，但不完整，不能独立作谓语，只能和动词原形一起构成谓语．
10．动词短语
【概念】
动词短语：
动词短语就是有些动词可以和一些别的词构成短语（以动词为中心），表达一个概念，其作用和一个单独动词差不多的一种固定搭配．在实际使用中，通常会把动词短语当成一个整体．
【用法】
（1）动词+副词：
在"动词+副词"的词组中宾语位置有两种情况：宾语如是名词，则可置于副词后面，亦可置于动词和副词之间．而如果宾语是代词，只能置于动词后面，即动词和副词之间．
例：First put some salt into the water and then．（　　）
A．mix them up B．mix up them C．mix it up D．mix up it
分析：首先放一些盐在水里，然后搅拌它们．
解答：分析句子，结合选项，推测意思是首先放一些盐在水里，然后搅拌它们．这里salt是不可数名词，用it指代，放在中间，故选C．
（2）动词+副词+介词：
在这类动词短语中，动词、副词、介词紧密结合，是动副词组和动介词组的合成体，词义上相当于一个及物动词．它兼有以上两类短语动词的特点，但宾语总是位于介词之后．
例：She is planning her project．Let's help her ____some good ideas．（　　）
A．come out B．come up C．come up with D．catch up with
分析：她正在计划她的项目，让我们帮助她想出一些好主意．
解答：come out出来，出现，出版，come up发生，上来，come up with想出，catch up with追上，赶上；结合句意"她正在计划她的项目，让我们帮助她想出一些好主意．"可知，要用是一般现在时，help后面跟动词原形，故答案为C．其它三个选项语意不通．
（3）动词+名词：
这类动词短语中的常见动词是have，take，give，make等，后面的名词通常是从动词转化而来的动作名词，并表达了短语动词的真正意义．
例：The old man _____，and he wants to see a doctor now．（　　）
A．has fever B．have a fever C．has a fever D．has fevers
分析：这位老人发烧了，他现在想去看医生．
解答：考查动词短语．have a fever是固定短语，意思是"发烧"；结合句意"这位老人发烧，他现在想去看医生．"可知，要用是一般现在时，主语是第三人称单数，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式，故答案为C．
（4）be+形容词+介词：
be+形容词（包括过去分词作形容词）+介词相当于及物动词，宾语位于介词后面，形容词是短语动词的真正词义．
例：This pair of shoes_____hand．（　　）
A．is made with B．are made from C．are made of D．is made by
分析：这双鞋是手工做的．
解答：考查动词短语．A用．什么东西制造．B．由…制造（看不出原材料）．C．由…制造（看出原材料）．D．由…制造（由某人）．结合语境"这双鞋是手工做的．"．可知，由双手制造，用is made by．选D．
【中考命题方向】
中考英语试题常考查动词短语的用法，意义相近的动词短语、但容易混淆的短语、常用动词短语．这些是考查的重点．
11．一般过去时的被动语态
【概念】
（1）一般过去时的被动语态：
表示过去某一时间的被动动作或过去经常性、习惯性的被动动作．
（2）被动语态：
被动语态：（passive voice）是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系．英语的语态共有两种：主动语态和被动语态．主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者．被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般来说，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态．汉语往往用"被"、"受"、"给"等被动词来表示被动意义．被动语态由"助动词be+及物动词的过去分词"构成．
（3）及物动词：
在英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语，可以把动词分成两种：及物动词与不及物动词．字典里词后标有vt．的就是及物动词，字典里词后标有vi．的就是不及物动词．不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作的对象（即宾语），若要跟宾语，必须先在其后添加上某个介词，如to，of，at后方可跟上宾语．及物动词可直接跟宾语．
【结构】
一般过去时的被动语态结构形式：主语+was/were+及物动词的过去分词．
①助动词was/were+及物动词的过去分词+（by+宾语），其中by意为"被…；由…‘'表动作的执行者．
如：Two books were written by Mr．Green last year．
格林先生去年写了两本书．
②其肯定式、否定式、疑问式的变化规则与be作为连系动词时一样．
例：Two books were written by Mr．Green last year．（肯定式）
Two books were not written by Mr．Green last year． （否定式）
Were two books were written by Mr．Green last year？（疑问式） Yes，they were．/No，they weren't．
【用法】
①一般过去时，在没有指明动作的执行者或者不知道动作执行者的情况下，可用被动语态．
如：I was invited to Anna's birthday party last month．
上个月我被邀请去参加安娜的生日聚会了．
②一般过去时，要强调动作的承受者而不是执行者时，用被动语态．
例：I cleaned my teeth twice before I got to bed last night．（变被动语态）
My teeth were cleaned twice before I got to bed last night．
分析：昨晚上床睡觉前我刷了两次牙．
昨晚上床睡觉前，我的牙齿刷了两次．
解答：My teeth were cleaned twice before I got to bed last night．my teeth是动词clean的承受者，够成被动关系，结合时态一般过去时用一般过去时的被动语态was/were+过去分词，主语my teeth复数，故were，clean的过去分词cleaned，故答案是My teeth were cleaned twice before I got to bed last night．
点评：一般过去时的被动语态was/were+过去分词的呈现，课下要理解记忆各种被动语态的构成．
【易混淆点】
一般过去时的被动语态与现在完成时的被动语态的区别：
一般过去时的被动语态表示一个被动的动作发生在过去的某个时候，其结果对现在没有影响；而现在完成时的被动语态的动作或状态尽管发生在过去，但侧重说明该动作或状态对现在造成的影响和结果．
A new school was built by them last year．（发生在去年的被动动作）
A new school has been built by them for two years．（表示结果已经被建成）
【解题方法点拨】
①当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，如果题干有时间状语yesterday（昨天），the day before yesterday（前天），last …（上一个…），just now（刚刚）a moment ago（刚刚），at the age of（当…岁时），long ago（早已），once upon a time（很久以前），（如：two days）+ago（…之前），准确时间（如：June25th 2010等），when（当…的时候） when I was five（当我五岁时）等．可以根据这些时间状语来确定为一般过去时态的被动语态．
②如果没有时间状语，则根据语境判断句子时态和语态．
③掌握复合句中谓语动词时态语态的用法，特别是含有宾语从句的复合句中．
【中考命题方向】
一般过去时态的被动语态是中考考查的重点，经常在词汇填空，单选题，英汉互译，动词应用题，完形填空等中考查，题型灵活多样．
12．宾语从句
【概念】
（1）宾语从句：宾语从句是名词性从句的一种．宾语从句在主从复合句中充当宾语，位于及物动词、介词或复合谓语之后的从句称为宾语从句．宾语从句分为三类：动词的宾语从句，介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句．但是在初中阶段，主要要求学生掌握动词的宾语从句．
例如：
John said that he was good at swimming．
约翰说他擅长游泳．
My teacher asked me why I was late for school．
我的老师问我为什么上学迟到了．
（2）连接词
引导宾语从句的连接词分为：从属连词，连接代词、连接副词．
①从属连词：that，whether，if．
②连接代词：who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whomever，whosever，whatever．
③连接副词：when，where，why，how，whenever，however．
【用法】
（1）宾语从句的引导词
①由that 引导的陈述句性的宾语从句．用在如say，think，wish，hope，see，believe，agree，expect，hear，feel等动词后．连词that只起连接作用，在从句中不做句子的成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中常被省略．例如：
The radio says （that） it will be cloudy tomorrow．
无线电报道明天将要阴天．
Tom's mother told him （that） Mary was a good girl．
汤姆的妈妈告诉他玛丽是个好姑娘．
②由连词if、whether 引导的宾语从句．if、whether主要用来引导一般疑问句意思或选择疑问句意思的宾语从句，从句同样是陈述语序．whether，if 意思是"是否"，在从句中不做句子的成分，一般情况下，whether和if 可以替换．例如：
I don't know if/whether the sports meeting will be put off．
我不知道是否运动会将会推迟．
The teacher asked if/whether they could hand in their homework on time．
老师问是否他们能准时交上作业．
③以连接代词which，what，who等或连接副词how，where，why 等引导的宾语从句，从句要用陈述语序．例如：
I want to know what he has told you．
我想知道他告诉了你什么．
She always thinks of how she can work well．
她总是在想怎样能把工作做好．
（2）宾语从句的时态
①当主句为一般现在时态、现在进行时态、或一般将来时态时，从句可用所需要的任何时态．例如：
I want to know what time he got up this morning．
我想知道他今天早上什么时候起床的．
I know she has studied English since 2010．
我知道她自从2010年以来已经学英语了．
②当主句为一般过去时态时，从句要用于过去有关的时态．例如：
The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America．
老师告诉我们汤姆已经离开我们去美国了．
He asked what Jim was doing now．
他问吉姆现在在做什么．
③当从句表述的是客观真理或自然现象时，宾语从句要使用一般现在时．例如：
My brother asked whether light travels faster than sound．
我弟弟问光是否比声音传播得快．
Mary said no news is a good news．
玛丽说没有消息就是好消息．
【易混淆点】
★注意：一般情况下，whether 和if 可以互用，但有些情况例外．
①当从句做介词的宾语时，只用whether不用if．
We are talking about whether we'll go shopping．
我们正在谈论我们是否将去购物．
②引导词与动词不定式或 not连用时，只用whether．
Please let me know what we can do next．
请让我知道我们下一步能做什么．
Could you tell me whether you have a beautiful dog or not？
你能告诉我你是否你又一条漂亮的狗吗？
③if当如果讲时，引导的是条件状语从句，这时不能用whether．
We can go by bus if it rains heavily tomorrow．
如果明天下大雨，我们可以乘公交车去．
【解题方法点拨】
1、牢记所有的宾语从句要陈述语序，这也是考试的重点和难点．例如：
①The teacher asked the students ________．
A．if they were interested in dinosaurs B．when was Albert Einstein born
C．what they will do with the computers D．how many trees they have planted
答案：A 解析：宾语从句中从句应保持陈述语序，答案B首先删去，主句一般过去式，从句要用于过去有关的时态，删去答案C和D，答案A中的if 意为如果．
②It makes no difference __________．
A．whether will you come tomorrow．
B．Whether or not will be pass the exam
C．If he will come to the meeting or not
D．Whether he will come to the meeting or not
答案：D 解析：答案A和B从句不是陈述语序先删掉，if不能与not连用．因此此题选D．
2、根据主句的时态，正确使用宾语从句的时态．例如：
①We didn't know which room ________．
A．he lived B．he lived in C．did he live D．he lives in
答案：B 解析：主句是一般过去时态，从句要用相应的过去时态，排除D；宾语从句要用陈述语序，排除C；live是不及物动词，不能省略介词in，排除A．故选 B．
②Our teacher told us that the moon _________ round the earth．
A．went B．turned C．go D．turns
答案：D 解析：从句是一个客观真理，因此从句的时态不受主句影响．故选 D．
3、准确把握宾语从句的引导词．例如：
①He asked me _______ I could sing the song"My Heart will Go On．"
A．if B．weather C．what D．that
答案：A 解析：此句应选含有疑问意思的关系代词，故删去D；weather 意为天气，根据句意应选A．
②I am sure _______ you said is true．
A．what B．that C．which D．who
答案：A 解析：根据句意应用what，做said 的内容，意思是"你所说的话"．故选A．
【中考命题方向】
宾语从句在中考是考查的重点，主要考查引导宾语从句的连词和代词的选择，宾语从句的语序，宾语从句的时态三个方面．考查方式灵活多样，经常以单项选择、完形填空、动词填空、完成句子的形式考查，甚至书面表达也可以考查宾语从句．
13．记叙文
【概念及特点】
完形填空题就是在一篇短文中空出某些词（或短语），每个空白处提供四个选项，要求从中选出一个最佳答案，使短文意思完整、结构合理、无语法错误的题型．
完形填空是在单项填空的基础上发展起来的介于单项填空和阅读理解之间的一种题型．它题材广泛，体裁多样．文章内容新颖、有趣、可读性强，具有鲜明的时代感，包括社会生活、风土人情、人文环境、人物传记等．而夹叙夹议型文章成为近几年完形填空变化的一个特点．篇章大多有10或15个小题，难度符合《新课程标准》的要求．
完形填空题的特点：
1、完形填空题能够较为全面地考查学生综合运用语言知识的能力．这一题型的主要考查内容为：
（1）语言知识型．考查语言基础知识，如固定短语、基本句型、基础语法、单词在一定语境下的具体应用、习惯用法、常用搭配等．
（2）推理判断型．考查对篇章的整体理解和推理判断能力．
（3）综合型．综合考查知识和能力．
2．完形填空题所选文章有以下两大特点：
（1）所选文章是一个有机的整体尽管看起来形式上有残缺（若干个空），但它的内容、句与句之间的衔接点、句子与段落之间的联系、段落与段落之间的逻辑顺序仍存在于篇章之中．
（2）文章选材广泛
近几年在试题设计上选择了学生感兴趣的热门话题，降低了对单词本身词义及语法的考查，注重上下文联系，突出综合运用英语的能力，全面测试考生的阅读理解能力、逻辑思维能力、逻辑分析能力和推理判断能力．因此，考生做完形填空题时，要快速通读全文，理解文章大意与各段落的中心意思，把握文章脉络和作者的写作意图．
【命题趋势】
完形填空题的两空之间一般相隔7﹣10个词，短文第一个句子作为提示句，一般不设空，并且短文被删去的词多是实词（动词、名词、形容词、副词、代词）为主，而虚词（介词、连词、冠词）相对较少，甚至不设空．其特点如下：
1．以考查实词为主
信息词汇（或通常所说的"实词"）比重极大，且有逐年增加的趋势．
2．降低了对单词本身词义的考查要求
突出该题型的主要测试目的：理解全文，通篇考虑，掌握大意，注意关联．
3．增加了考查连词的题
考查考生对于行文逻辑的掌握及对文句之间关联性的理解．
4．注重结合语境考查对词语用法的掌握
主要涉及两个方面：词义辨析与习惯搭配．同义词与近义词的比较分辨应当放到一定的语境之中才有意义．如果只是一一对应地记单词的中文意思，不注意具体语境中单词的确切含义，是难以分辨一些词的细微差异的．
【解题步骤】
1．通读全文，了解大意
做题之前，必须先浏览全文，了解短文的大意，这是非常重要的一个步骤．通过短文所提供的信息，借助语感及相关知识的推断，可以从整体上把握短文的轮廓．
完形填空题不同于单项填空题，单项填空题所给的是一个或两个句子，根据设空句或前后语境就可以选出答案．而完形填空题所给的是一篇意思完整的短文，答案的选择要联系整段或整篇文章．切勿为了省时而边看边填；否则，只会欲速则不达．许多地方看不下去，选择时或不解其意，或似懂非懂，从而举棋不定，这样不仅错误率高，而且费时费力．
每篇短文总有一定的主题思想，段落之间必须能承上启下，前后呼应，句与句之间也一定紧密相连，形成一个有机的整体．因此通读全文时要一气呵成，不要中断思路，只要能理解短文的大意即可．某些细节不理解可以跳过，如果不影响答题，可以置之不理；如果与答题有关，可等到第二步填空时再解决．另外，在阅读时要特别注意一篇文章的开头和结尾，因为它们往往能够提供主要的信息，有助于我们把握全文所描述的事件或文章的中心思想．
2．瞻前顾后，初选答案
在通读全文，了解大意的基础上，便可着手答题．根据习惯用法、固定搭配，并从上下文中找关键性暗示，注意前后对照，凭借语感先选出比较容易的答案．有些题目设计得很巧妙，由下文暗示上文，很有可能开头的空格填入四个选项在语法上都成立，但正确选项要到文章末尾才能知道．反之亦然，文章末尾的空格有可能在上文找到提示性的内容．
3．每空细读，分析斟酌
逐句精读，逐题分析选项，有少数空格需多方面地推敲分析，如词义分析、语法结构分析、上下文推理分析等，下面是从所给四个选项角度考虑的解题思路：
（1）若考查冠词，则须依据短文空白后单词的第一个音素来确定是用a还是an，根据空格后名词是表示特指还是泛指来确定是用不定冠词a/an还是用定冠词the，或根据冠词的习惯用法来确定．
（2）若是考查介词或副词（如up，out，of，away等）可先从固定搭配入手；若不属于固定搭配，则根据句子结构及介词和副词的意义及用法仔细进行推敲从而作出选择．
（3）若四个选项是名词，则须注意名词的单复数形式、所有格形式等．
（4）如考查形容词或副词，则须根据其所在句中的作用以及它前面的修饰语等来确定是什么词性，是应用比较级还是最高级．
（5）如果考查动词，要么考查在特定语境中动词词义的辨析，要么考查某些固定搭配或时态、语态以及非谓语动词形式等．
（6）若选项是连接词、关系词或连词，则应根据句子结构和上下文的意思决定是选择连接（关系）代词还是连接（关系）副词．也可从连词的一些惯用法或固定搭配等入手，如not．…until、as．…as、not so…as或用because不用so、用but不用though等．
4．复核全文，清除疏漏
所有的答案选出之后，应再次通读全文，对所选的答案进行核实调整，经过第三步的逐句推敲之后，对短文内容的理解更为深刻，最初选择时有些难解或误解的问题这时就很容易判断，从而也就能得到更好的解决．这一步费时不多却很有必要．
【注意事项】
1．重视首尾句
完形填空所选的短文一般无标题，但首句通常不设空格，它很可能是文章开篇的重要交代，为预测短文体裁及全文大意提供重要信息．尾句往往是段落的灵魂．首尾句往往是文章的主题句，在主题句中，一般可能出现文章的背景知识，故事性文章的时间、地点、人物、事件等，抓住并理解主题句对统观全文有很大的帮助．
2．先易后难
首先做那些只要根据上下文就能确定答案的直接的、明显的题目，即考查固定词组、常见句型或明显的语法结构等的题目．对于生疏的人名、地名以及次要的修饰词可暂时搁置一旁，这些东西往往纷杂、累赘，甚至令人厌烦，可尽量绕开它们．假如某个空格太难而一时拿不准选哪一个，可先把它放在一边进行"冷却"，把容易做的全部做好，这样就增强了信心，同时也降低了试题的难度，原来的难题也就不攻自破了．
3．巧断生词
如果句子中有个别生词，要通过上下文或构词法知识来推断它的词义．"熟词新义"的情况有时也会碰到，要注意灵活处理．有时，生词对解题根本没什么影响，所以碰到生词大可不必紧张．
4．以长补短，灵活作答
有的同学英语背景知识丰富，有的语感好，有的语法知识比较扎实，有的逻辑推理能力较强．总之要充分发挥自己的特长，以长补短，灵活作答，综合判断．
5．充满信心，集中精力
答题时头脑中切忌出现自己"解不出""做不完""看不懂"等坏信号．集中精力可使答题一气呵成，既有利于答题效率的提高，又能保证答题的准确性．
【解题方法】
1、利用语境及逻辑关系解题
完形填空的文章结构严谨，层次分明，句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间、上文与下文之间的逻辑关系很强．有些选项，不仅要符合语法的要求，更要符合语境及逻辑关系．如：
（2018盐城）I have had a long career as a nurse． I have met many patients． 28 _， I have never met another girl like Katy．
28． A． Instead B． Besides C．Therefore D． However
Instead代替；而不是，替代关系；Besides除此之外，递进关系；Therefore因此，因果关系However然而，转折关系．根据上文 "I have many patients．"以及下文 "I have never met another girl like Katy" 根据前后的逻辑关系，此处为转折关系，表示虽然见过很多病人，但是从没见过像Katy这样的女孩．这样就选出答案D项．
2、利用固定搭配解题
完形填空题中对词汇知识的考查主要体现在习惯用法和同义词、近义词的辨析两方面．习惯用法是英语中某种固定的结构形态，不能随意改动．所以，考生平时应掌握好习惯用法．对词义辨析题的考查有加大力度的趋势．要做好这类题，需要有较大的词汇量、掌握词语搭配知识并具有词语辨析的能力，特别：是在特定的语境中能灵活运用的能力．如：
（2018扬州）For a couple of days afterward， Max 25 a new title for me．
25． A． worked out B． turned out C． carried out D． tried out
work out意为 "得出"；turn out意为"结果是"；carry out意为 "执行"；try out意为 "尝试"，符合句意 "后来的几天，马克斯试图用新头衔称呼我．"所以此题只要对这些短语加以辨析就能找到答案B．
3、利用上下文或复现信息解题
语篇复现的信息包括原词复现、同义词和反义词复现、上义词和下义词复现、概括词复现、释义复现、代词复现等．因此，利用上下文寻找复现信息能帮助考生尽快确定答案．
（2017南通） Just as he had thrown down his wood， he heard his mother's weak voice from her bedroom． "I am 29 ， and longing for some tea．"
29． A． thirsty B． hungry C． sleepy D． busy
四个备选选项都能作表语，语法上没有错误，但如果读到后一句的longing for some tea，就能通过这种释义复现的方式看出妈妈要喝水，口渴的，这样就能选出答案A．
4、利用背景及常识解题
完形填空试题正朝着语言交际化、情景生活化、词汇运用灵活化的方向发展，语言运用与情景交际融为一体．因此解题时，考生的英语语言知识和其他方面的知识都发挥着重要的作用．
考生可充分对自己已掌握的文化背景、社会经验及生活常识巧妙地加以运用，这样将会大大简化复杂的分析与判断过程，节省宝贵的时间，顺利地沿作者的思路阅读下去．如：
（2018泰州） Last autumn， my 80﹣year﹣old grandmother was having problems with her heart． My family sent her to the 16 ．
After a careful examination， a famous doctor told my grandmother， "You have such a 17_____ heart condition that you should have an operation．"
16． A． park B． hotel C． restaurant D． hospital
17． A． wonderful B． serious C． difficult D． proper
这两个小题都可以利用生活常识来解题．一般来说，人们身体出现问题，都送去医院，hospital符合题意；而奶奶需要一台手术，证明心脏病情是严重的，serious符合题意．因此，只要对备选选项的词义有基本的了解，答案就很容易选出．
总之，考生要在"读﹣填﹣读"的过程中遵循以下方针：抓住首句，跳过空格，通读全文，掌握大意；理解词义，瞻前顾后，先易后难，逐个突破；重读全文，个个审核，验证答案，战胜自我．
14．人物故事类阅读
【考查类型】
（1）阅读理解考查类型：
1．主旨大意
2．文中细节
3．词义猜测
4．推理判断．
（2）文中细节的考查类型：
1．直接信息题
2．间接信息题
3．综合信息题．
【解题方法】
1．直接信息题：
直接信息题是指能够直接从原文中找到信息，选项在语言表达上与原文基本一致的题目．
2．间接信息题：
间接信息题是能够从原文中找到信息，但在语言表达上与原文有差异，做题时需要对原文信息进行转换．
3．综合信息题：
综合信息题是指这类题目所涉及的信息不是原文的某一句话，可能是原文的几句话，或者是散落在文章不同的地方，要求学生把原文所提供的信息综合起来分析，而不能断章起义．
【常见的提问方式】
1．According to the passage，who/what/where/which/when/why/how，etc．？
2．Which of the following is True/Not True/false/mentioned？
3．Which of the following is the correct according to the passage？
15．新闻报道类阅读
【考查类型】
（1）阅读理解考查类型：
1．主旨大意
2．文中细节
3．词义猜测
4．推理判断．
（2）文中细节的考查类型：
1．直接信息题
2．间接信息题
3．综合信息题．
【解题方法】
1．直接信息题：
直接信息题是指能够直接从原文中找到信息，选项在语言表达上与原文基本一致的题目．
2．间接信息题：
间接信息题是能够从原文中找到信息，但在语言表达上与原文有差异，做题时需要对原文信息进行转换．
3．综合信息题：
综合信息题是指这类题目所涉及的信息不是原文的某一句话，可能是原文的几句话，或者是散落在文章不同的地方，要求学生把原文所提供的信息综合起来分析，而不能断章起义．
【常见的提问方式】
1．According to the passage，who/what/where/which/when/why/how，etc．？
2．Which of the following is True/Not True/false/mentioned？
3．Which of the following is the correct according to the passage？
16．阅读表达
【考查能力介绍】
①阅读表达即根据短文内容回答问题，是阅读理解的一个重要题型．此题为5个问题，一般比较简单，多数为细节理解题，答案能在原文中找到出处；也有开放性题目，往往需要概括文章主旨大意．
②阅读表达题往往从不同的角度命题，既考查学生的阅读理解能力，也考查他们的英语表达能力和概括能力，另外，对回答的拼写、语法的正确性的也有较高的要求．
【解题方法点拨】
①通读全文，弄清楚段落大意及文章的中心意思以及作者的基本观点、态度．
②根据问题去寻找答案，避免答非所问．
③简练作答，不要画蛇添足．组织答案时，注意避免语言错误，如：时态、主谓一致、句子结构和拼写等．
④认真核查，逐一检查所填的词是否符合原文主旨和细节，是否答非所问，是否仍存在语法、词汇拼写等错误，如果对字数有要求，是否符合要求．
⑤答案形式要符合提问方式，如原文中提问方式为"why"，那么就要用"because"引导的从句来回答．
解题步骤（以题目为例）
One day，Peter had a fight with one of his classmates．Then he went to his grandfather and told him his story angrily．"He is really bad，"the boy said，"and I hate him．"
The grandfather said，"Let me tell you a story．When I was a boy，I also sometimes hated others for what they did．"
As Peter listened carefully，the grandfather went on．"There are always two tigers inside my heart．One is good and kind．He gets on well with everything around him．But the other is bad and unfriendly．Even the smallest thing will make him angry．He fights with everyone all the time，and for no reason．He can't think carefully because he always hates others．It is difficult to live with these two tigers inside my heart．They both try to control （控制） me．"
Peter looked into his grandfather's eyes and asked，"Which tiger always controls you，grandfather？"
The old man said slowly and seriously，"The one that I feed．I always feed the good and kind tiger，so I never hate others and seldom （很少） get angry now．"
阅读表达．阅读短文，根据短文内容回答下列问题．
（1）What's wrong with Peter？
（2）Who did Peter tell his problems to？
（3）How many tigers are there in the grandfather's heart？
（4）Is it easy to live with these two tigers？
（5）Why does the old man never hate others and seldom get angry？
题目（1）问彼得怎么了，细读原文可得出答案"He had a fight with one of his classmates．"，因问句中有提到彼得，答句中不能用原文直接回答，需变主语为代词避免重复．
题目（2）问彼得把他的问题告诉谁了，抓住中心词who，回答时只需答出这个人即可，根据原文可知应答"His grandfather．"．
题目（3）问祖父的心中有多少只老虎，对how many的回答需要用数字，根据细节"There are always two tigers inside my heart．"可知要答"Two．"．
题目（4）是个一般疑问句，回答时用Yes， it it．或No， it isn't．，根据文中细节"It is difficult to …"可知应该用否定回答．
题目（5）问为什么老人从不怨恨别人也很少生气，用why提问，回答时要用because．根据末段老人的话可以知道答案"Because he always feed the good and kind tiger．"．
从问题中找出关键词在文章很容易寻出细节理解题的最佳答案．对于例题中没有涉及的归纳概括题，解题时要关注语篇结构（总﹣分、分﹣总、总﹣分﹣总），尽可能用原文中的关键词语回答问题，但不能照抄原句，要对原文进行总结归纳．
【解题技巧】
答题时，要了解不同问题的回答方式．
①一般疑问句用Yes/No回答．
②选择疑问句回答时不用Yes/No，需选择其中正确的一部分来作答．
③回答特殊疑问句较为复杂，要注意问题与回答在形式上的对应：问目的，就用 for短语、不定式短语等来回答；问原因，就用 because of 短语或because 从句来回答；问方式，就用 By doing来回答；问时间、地点时，答语中不要忘记介词；提问词是what 只能用完整句子、名词或名词性短语、名词性从句（多为宾语从句）来回答．
【中考命题方向】
阅读表达题是一些地方中考命题的重点题型，阅读内容贴近中学生学习生活．随着英语语言的普及，命题难度也在逐年增加，由简单的细节型提问更多地转变为对归纳概括能力的考查．一般疑问句的回答会逐渐减少，会更多地倾向于对特殊疑问句的问答．
17．提纲作文
【概念】
提纲作文是近几年中考英语书面表达的热点题型．命题者通常把提纲作文与其他常用文体形式（如书信、报道、通知、日记等）有机结合在一起进行考查，使该类书面表达试题综合性越来越强．
1．提纲作文的特点
提纲作文就是把文章的情景和内容要求分成块，以条目的形式列出，请考生据此进行写作．这实际上是对考生思路和文章写作范围所作的明确限定．因此，提纲中所列举的要点要全部涉及到，一个也不能遗漏．
2．思维空间灵活、开放
为了提高文章档次，考生应在保证内容要点齐全的同时进行合理而又紧扣主题的发挥．因此，该类型的书面表达具有一定的灵活性，能较好地体现考生的英语思维能力．
3．提纲作文的写作步骤一般分为：审题，明确文体形式；构思，根据提纲全面构思文章内容，根据内容构思词语和句型结构；写作完稿，根据构思的词语和句型结构，按照合理的顺序和语言要求，连句成文．注意句子间的正确联系，注意词语的丰富和句型的多样．
【写作举例】
假定你们学校英语报社征集以"我最感激的人﹣﹣妈妈"为主题的英语作文，请你根据要求写一篇英语短文，谈谈你的妈妈．
要点：1、简单介绍妈妈．
2、感激妈妈的理由．
3、如何感激．
注意：1、词数100左右．
2、可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯．
3、开头已为你写好，但不计入总词数．
Everyone has a person he wants to say thank﹣you to in his
deep heart．I owe my great gratitude to my mother． ．
案例分析
第一步：审题
本篇书面表达属于提纲类作文，根据提示信息假定你们学校英语报社征集以"我最感激的人﹣﹣妈妈"为主题的英语作文，请你根据要求写一篇英语短文，谈谈你的妈妈， 写作时注意以下几点：一、仔细阅读有关提示，弄清试题提供的所有信息，要点包括：1、简单介绍妈妈． 2、感激妈妈的理由． 3、如何感激． 二、提纲是文章的总体框架，要在提纲的范围内进行分析、构思和想象．要依据提示情景或词语，按照一定逻辑关系来写．本文写作时可以按照要点所给的顺序写．三、根据要表达的内容确定句子的时态、语态．四．注意使用高级词汇和句式，以增加文章的亮点．
第二步：构思
文章应该按照"总述﹣﹣分述"的结构分为四段段．
第一段：点题，说明要感激的人．
第二段：简单介绍妈妈．
第三段：感激妈妈的理由．
第四段：如何感激．
第三步：完稿
根据要点，按照逻辑顺序重新组织材料，力求拼写正确，行文连贯，连接自然，语言规范，词语丰富，句型多样，语法结构准确无误，表达简明扼要，慎用长难句．
高分范文
Everyone has a person he wants to say thank﹣you to in his deep heart．I am very grateful to my mother．
My mother is a primary school teacher who graduated from a normal university．（高分句型一）She is a devoted mother as well as a kind and patient teacher．（简单介绍妈妈）She takes good care of me every day，especially this year when I am in Junior Three．She often cooks delicious food for me and helps me clean up my room．
What's more，she even accompanies me deep into the night every time I am doing my homework．（高分句型二）Most important of all，whenever I get upset or lose heart，she will encourage me until I have been cheered up．She always says， "Heaven will always leave a door open．As long as you work hard，you will definitely succeed．"（感激妈妈的理由）
Now I try my best to study and spend almost all my time on my lessons in order to get into a good high school next year．This is the best way for me to thank my mother．（如何感激）