第6讲 语篇体裁之议论文结构化整理-2022年高考英语语篇阅读结构化详解

这是一份第6讲 语篇体裁之议论文结构化整理-2022年高考英语语篇阅读结构化详解，共12页。学案主要包含了作业讲解，新课导入，知识点讲解，课堂小结，课后作业等内容，欢迎下载使用。
第六讲 语篇体裁之议论文结构化整理一、作业讲解 二、新课导入之前的讲解中，我们已经对应用文的信息对比、记叙文、以及说明文从主体到内容再到结构，都进行了特征分析和解读，本讲将涉及最后一个体裁，议论文。而在高考试卷中出现的议论话题具有它思想教育上的意义，它通常会阐述一个积极向上正能量的大道理，但是又区别于我们之前【恍然大悟】部分所讲的记叙文，它也有它的文体特征如下：从以上结构不难看出，议论文最常见的结构就是总-分-总，正论就是前后总论点夹着举例或分论跟我们日常所见的hamburgers很相像，而驳论则是树靶子，打靶子，摆观点的过程，就像是物理学中的mirrors成像，把虚像打掉看实像,本讲将从这两个方面进行文本的分析与解读。 三、知识点讲解1、Hamburgers日常食用hamburgers大家知道，最解决温饱的肯定是上下两块主粮面包，但是如果没有中间的一层层配料，那么这个hamburger就会tasteless，同样的，如果没有中间部分的加持，文章也是索然无味。请看以下文本：Once when I was facing a decision that involved high risk, I went to a friend. He looked at me for a moment, and then wrote a sentence containing the best advice I’ve ever had: Be bold and brave — and mighty (强大的) forces will come to your aid.Those words made me see clearly that when I had fallen short in the past, it was seldom because I had tried and failed. It was usually because I had let fear of failure stop me from trying at all. On the other hand, whenever I had plunged into deep water, forced by courage or circumstance, I had always been able to swim until I got my feet on the ground again.Boldness means a decision to bite off more than you can eat. And there is nothing mysterious about the mighty forces. They are potential powers we possess: energy, skill, sound judgment, creative ideas — even physical strength greater than most of us realize.Admittedly, those mighty forces are spiritual ones. But they are more important than physical ones. A college classmate of mine, Tim, was an excellent football player, even though he weighed much less than the average player. “In one game I suddenly found myself confronting a huge player, who had nothing but me between him and our goal line,” said Tim. “I was so frightened that I closed my eyes and desperately threw myself at that guy like a bullet — and stopped him cold.”Boldness — a willingness to extend yourself to the extreme—is not one that can be acquired overnight. But it can be taught to children and developed in adults. Confidence builds up. Surely, there will be setbacks (挫折) and disappointments in life; boldness in itself is no guarantee of success. But the person who tries to do something and fails is a lot better off than the person who tries to do nothing and succeeds.So, always try to live a little bit beyond your abilities—and you’ll find your abilities are greater than you ever dreamed.下面我们对信息进行一下结构化整理：我们再回过头来看题目：1. Why was the author sometimes unable to reach his goal in the past?A. He faced huge risks.     B. He lacked mighty forces.C. Fear prevented him from trying.   D. Failure blocked his way to success.2. What is the implied meaning of the underlined part?A. Swallow more than you can digest.  B. Act slightly above your abilities.C. Develop more mysterious powers.  D. Learn to make creative decisions.3. What was especially important for Tim’s successful defense in the football game?A. His physical strength.     B. His basic skill.C. His real fear.      D. His spiritual force.4. What can be learned from Paragraph 5?A. Confidence grows more rapidly in adults.B. Trying without success is meaningless.C. Repeated failure creates a better life.D. Boldness can be gained little by little.5. What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage?A. To encourage people to be courageous.B. To advise people to build up physical power.C. To tell people the ways to guarantee success.D. To recommend people to develop more abilities.【练习1】按Hamburgers形式分析下列文本并完成相应题目：Bad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. No news is good news, and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information is being spread and monitored(监控) in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking people’s e-mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.  ＂The ‘if it bleeds’ rule works for mass media,＂ says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania. ＂They want your eyeballs and don’t care how you’re feeling. But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. You don’t want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.＂  Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication — e-mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversations — found that it tended to be more positive than negative(消极的), but that didn’t necessarily mean people preferred positive news. Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things? To test for that possibility, Dr. Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousands of articles on The New York Times’ website. He and a Penn colleague analyzed the ＂most e-mailed＂ list for six months. One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non-science articles. He found that science amazed Times’ readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others.  Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. They needed to be aroused(激发) one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad. The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr. Berger explains in his new book, ＂Contagious: Why Things Catch On.＂1.What do the classic rules mentioned in the text apply to?A. News reports．                               B. Research papers．C. Private e-mails．                            D. Daily conversations．2.What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer?A. They’re socially inactive．   B. They’re good at telling stories．C. They’re inconsiderate of others．  D. They’re careful with their words．3. Which tended to be the most e-mailed according to Dr. Berger’s research?A. Sports news．                               B. Science articles．C. Personal accounts．                        D. Financial reviews．4.What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Sad Stories Travel Far and Wide．  B. Online News Attracts More People．C. Reading Habits Change with the Times． D. Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks．2、Mirrors & Images物理学中对镜面成像有专业的研究，我们知道镜成像也有实像和虚像，但是实像和虚像反射或折射总是能回到物体本身，我们把这种抽象的操作形象化到我们的文章分析中来。请看下列文本：Life can be so wonderful, full of adventure and joy. It can also be full of challenges, setbacks and heartbreaks. Whatever our circumstances, we generally still have dreams, hopes and desires—that little something more we want for ourselves and our loved ones. Yet knowing we can have more can also create a problem, because when we go to change the way we do things, up come the old patterns and pitfalls that stopped us from seeking what we wanted in the first place.This tension between what we feel we can have and "what were seemingly able to have is the niggling  suffering, the anxiety we feel. This is where we usually think it's easier to just give up. But we're never meant to let go of the part of us that knows we can have more. The intelligence behind that knowing is us—the real us. It's the part that believes in life and its possibilities. If you drop that, you begin to feel a little "dead" inside because you're dropping "you".So, if we have this capability but somehow life seems to keep us stuck, how do we break these patterns?   Decide on a new course and make one decision at a time. This is good advice for a new adventure or just getting through today's challenges.While, deep down, we know we can do it, our mind—or the minds of those close to us—usually says we can't.    That isn't a reason to stop, it's just the mind, that little man or woman on your shoulder, trying to talk you out of something again. It has done it many times before. It's all about starting simple and doing it now.Decide and act before overthinking. When you do this you may feel a little, or large, release from the jail of your mind and you'll be on your way.分析文本，我们把虚像和实物，以及映射法则全部归位，得到下图：接下来我们再看题目：It can be inferred from the first two paragraphs that we should_____________ .A.slow down and live a simple lifeB.be careful when we choose to changeC.stick to our dreams under any circumstancesD.be content with what we already have2 .What is the key to breaking the old patterns?A. To focus on every detail.               B. To decide and take immediate action.C. To listen to those close to us.            D. To think twice before we act.3.Which of the following best explains the underlined part in the last paragraph?A. Escape from your punishment           B. Realization of your dreams.C. Freedom from your tension.             D. Reduction of your expectations.4.What does the author intend to tell us?A.It's easier than we think to get what we want.B. It's important to learn to accept sufferings in life.C. It's impractical to change our way of thinking.D. It's harder than we expect to follow a new course.【练习2】按Mirrors & Images形式分析下列文本并完成相应题目：Failure is probably the most exhausting experience a person ever has. There is nothing more tiring than not succeeding.We experience this tiredness in two ways: as start-up fatigue(疲惫) and performance fatigue. In the former case, we keep putting off a task because it has either too boring or too difficult. And the longer we delay it, the more tired we feel.Such start-up fatigue is very real, even if not actually physical, not something in our muscles and bones. The solution is obvious though perhaps not easy to apply: always handle the most difficult job first.Years ago, I was asked to write 102 essays on the great ideas of some famous authors. Applying my own rule, I determined to write them in alphabetical order(按字母顺序), never letting myself leave out a tough idea. And I always started the day’s work with the difficult task of essay-writing. Experience proved that the rule works.Performance fatigue is more difficult to handle. Though willing to get started, we cannot seem to do the job right. Its difficulties appear so great that, however hard we work, we fail again and again. In such a situation, I work as hard as I can — then let the unconscious take over.When planning Encyclopaedia Britannica (《大英百科全书》), I had to create a table of contents based on the topics of its articles. Nothing like this had ever been done before, and day after day I kept coming up with solutions, but none of them worked. My fatigue became almost unbearable.One day, mentally exhausted, I wrote down all the reasons why this problem could not be solved. I tried to convince myself that the trouble was with the problem itself, not with me. Relieved, I sat back in an easy chair and fell asleep.An hour later, I woke up suddenly with the solution clearly in mind. In the weeks that followed, the solution which had come up in my unconscious mind provided correct at every step. Though I worked as hard as before, I felt no fatigue. Success was now as exciting as failure had been depressing.Human beings, I believe must try to succeed. Success, then, means never feeling tired.1.People with start-up fatigue are most likely to .A. delay tasks               B. work hard  C. seek help                 D. accept failure2.What does the author recommend doing to prevent start-up fatigue?A. Writing essays in strict order.       B. Building up physical strength.C. Leaving out the toughest ideas.      D. Dealing with the hardest task first.3.On what occasion does a person probably suffer from performance fatigue?A. Before starting a difficult task.    B. When all the solutions fail.C. If the job is rather boring.     D. After finding a way out.4.According to the author, the unconscious mind may help us .A. ignore mental problems        B. get some nice sleepC. gain complete relief           D. find the right solution5.What could be the best title for the passage?A. Success Is Built upon Failure   B. How to Handle Performance FatigueC. Getting over Fatigue: A Way to Success D. Fatigue: An Early Sign of Health Problems 四、课堂小结本讲主要针对议论文进行信息结构化整理的分析，从文体特征入手，再以方法分手段，主要介绍两种分析模板，做题时无论运用哪种形式，找出论点和论据是最根本的任务，文章也有它的理性思维逻辑，从千变万化的文字信息中总结出岿然不动的根本结构，才能以不变应万变。 五、课后作业适当使用Hamburgers 和Mirrors & Images形式对下列文本进行解读，并完成相应题目：【作业1】You are given many opportunities in life to choose to be a victim or a creator. When you choose to be a victim, the world is a cold and difficult place. “They” did things to you which caused all of your pain and suffering. “They” are wrong and bad, and life is terrible as long as “they” are around. Or you may blame yourself for all your problems, thus internalizing(内化) your victimization. The truth is, your life is likely to stay that way as long as you feel a need to blame yourself or others. Those who choose to be creators look at life quite differently. They know there are individuals who might like to control their lives, but they don’t let this get in the way. They know they have their weaknesses, yet they don’t blame themselves when they fail. Whatever happens, they have choice in the matter. They believe their dance with each sacred(神圣的) moment of life is a gift and that storms are a natural part of life which can bring the rain needed for emotional and spiritual growth. Victims and creators live in the same physical world and deal with many of the same physical realities, yet their experience of life is worlds apart. Victims relish (沉溺) in anger, guilt, and other emotions that cause others—and even themselves—to feel like victims, too. Creators consciously choose love, inspiration, and other qualities which inspire not only themselves, but all around them. Both victims and creators always have choice to determine the direction of their lives. In reality, all of us play the victim or the creator at various points in our lives. One person, on losing a job or a special relationship, may feel as if it is the end of the world and sink into terrible suffering for months, years, or even a lifetime. Another with the same experience may choose to first experience the grief, then accept the loss and soon move on to be a powerful creative force in his life. In every moment and every circumstance, you can choose to have a fuller, richer life by setting a clear intention to transform the victim within, and by inviting into your life the powerful creator that you are. 1:What does the word “they” in Paragraph 1 probably refer to?A．People and things around you.    B．Opportunities and problems.C．Creators and their choices.    D．Victims and their sufferings.2:According to Paragraph 2, creators __________.A．seem willing to experience failures in life B．possess the ability to predict future lifeC．handle ups and downs of life wisely  D．have potential to create something new3:What can we learn from Paragraph 3?A．Creators and victims face quite different things in life.B．Creators and victims are masters of their lives.C．Victims can influence more people than creators.D．Compared with victims, creators are more emotional.4:The examples mentioned in Paragraph 4 show that __________.strong attachment to (沉浸在）sufferings in life pulls people into victimsB．people need family support to deal with challengers in lifeC．it takes creators quite a long time to get rid of their painsD．one’s experiences determine his attitude toward life5:What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage?A．To define victims and creators.B．To evaluate victims against creators.C．To explain the relationship between victims and creators.D．To suggest the transformation from victims to creators.【作业2】For most city people, the elevator is an unremarkable machine that inspires none of the enthusiasm or interest that Americans afford trains, jets，and even bicycles. Dr. Christopher Wilk is a member of a small group of elevator experts who consider this a misunderstanding. Without the elevator, they point out, there could be no downtown skyscrapers or tall buildings, and city life as we know it would be impossible. In that sense, they argue，the elevator’s role in American history has been no less significant than that of cars. In fact, according to Wilk? the car and the elevator have been locked in a “secret war” for over a century, with cars making it possible for people to spread horizontally (水平地)，and elevators pushing them toward life in close groups of towering vertical (垂直的)columns.If we tend to ignore the significance of elevators, it might be because riding in them tends to be such a brief, boring, and even awkward experience^one that can involve unexpectedly meeting people with whom we have nothing in common, and an unpleasant awareness of the fact that we’re hanging from a cable in a long passage.In a new book, Lifted, German journalist and cultural studies professor Andreas Bernard directed all his attention to this experience, studying the origins of elevator and its relationship to humankind and finding that riding in an elevator has never been a totally comfortable experience. “After 150 years, we are still not used to it”， Bernard said. “We still have not exactly learned to cope with the mixture of closeness and displeasure.” That mixture, according to Bernard, sets the elevator ride apart from just about every other situation we find ourselves in as we go about our lives.Today，as the world’s urban population explodes，and cities become more crowded, taller, and more crowded, America’s total number of elevators—900,000 at last count, according to Elevator World magazine’s “2012 Vertical Transportation Industry”一are a force that’s becoming more important than ever. And for the people who really, really love them, it seems like high time that we looked seriously at just what kind of force they are.1:What does the underlined word “this” in Paragraph 1 refer to?A．The general view of elevators.    B．The particular interests of experts.C．The desire for a remarkable machine.  D．The enthusiasm for transport vehicles.2:The author’s purpose in mentioning cars is   .A．to contrast their functions with elevators,B．to emphasize the importance of elevatorsC．to reveal their secret war against elevatorsD．to explain people’s preference for elevators3:According to Prof. Bernard, what has made the elevator ride different from other life experiences?A．Vertical direction.      B．Lack of excitement.C．Little physical space.     D．Uncomfortable conditions.4:The author urges readers to consider  .A．the exact number of elevator lovers   B．the serious future situation of elevatorsC．the role of elevators in city development  D．the relationship between cars and elevators