第1讲 语篇内容结构化整理-2022年高考英语语篇阅读结构化详解

这是一份第1讲 语篇内容结构化整理-2022年高考英语语篇阅读结构化详解，共11页。学案主要包含了引入，知识点讲解，课堂练习，课堂小结等内容，欢迎下载使用。
第一讲 语篇内容结构化整理一、引入目前的英语试卷全国卷的试题结构均是以语篇的形式呈现的，而如何从语篇角度进行文本的解读通常有三中心论。第一种则为文本中心论，认为文本意义存在于其语言与结构中，读者通过分析文本的语言和结构就可以理解意义。第二种为作者中心论，强调文本解读就是理解作者的意愿。还有一种读者中心论，重视读者在理解文本的过程中生成的意义。在语篇分析方面遵循的理论原则无非是衔接、连贯等。而要想把分析过程和结果进行展示的话，那么图式理论定是不二选择。图式过程又必须兼顾内容图式、文体图式、和语言图式。文本解读中首要解读对象必然是主题和内容。明确了语篇的主题也就为进一步探究其主题意义做好了准备。而我们进行知识结构化的过程就是分析文本各部分的内容是如何围绕主题意义组织起来。每一篇好的文本都有其明确的主题，主题之下又有其对应的若干下级意义，这些下级意义与主题之间必然存在一定的逻辑关系，如从因到果、从主到次、从整体到部分、从抽象到具体、从现象到本质、从具体到一般等，语篇的这种内在逻辑关系就是结构化知识。而在试卷中最直接的体现就是①Which of the following structure shows the best organization of the article?                             (CP: Central Point;  P: Point;  Sp:Sub-point; C:Conclusion) ②Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage? ③Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?  二、知识点讲解1、我们看下面的文段：Music tells us who we are. Because music is an expression of the beings who create it, it reflects their thinking and values, as well as the social environment it came from.Rock music represents a lifestyle just as surely as does a Shubert song. The jazz influence that George Gershwin and other musicians introduced into their music is obviously American because it came from American musical traditions. Music expresses our character and values. It gives us identity as a society.同学们可以带着以下三个问题来对这个文段进行简单解读：①这一段落的topic是什么？ ②Conclusion是什么？ ③其它部分又有怎样的存在意义？......   下面我们一起来解读一下：  Music tells us who we are. Because music is an expression of the beings who create it, it reflects their thinking and values, as well as the social environment it came from. Rock music represents a lifestyle just as surely as does a Shubert song. The jazz influence that George Gershwin and other musicians introduced into their music is obviously American because it came from American musical traditions. Music expresses our character and values. It gives us identity as a society.    这样我们就非常清晰地把一个文段给进行了解读和划分。到我们做题的时候，主旨大意我们知道考察的topic部分，细节理解则有很大可能在example部分，而conclusion则有很大可能出一道启示类题目。由此可见，文本信息结构化解读的不只是文本，更是它背后的潜在出题意图。如果我们把文段扩展到文本，同样可以以一定的图式结构对其进行解读划分 我们看下面的文本：As a senior year student, you may have so many pressures coming from so many directions that you can’t figure out what to do first.Balancing goals in life  When you have many things to do and a lot of demands on your time, you can lose sight of what’s important. One of the best ways to see the big picture – what you want out of life – is to lay out your goals.Pressure Points and How to Deal With Them Confused or overwhelmed(被压垮) -- talk to someone you trust. Discuss your concerns with a friend, parent or teacher. They may help you find solutions to your problems and worries. Being too hard on yourself – ease up, take a break and do something you enjoy. Daydream, read a book, go out with friends – anything that helps you relax. Problems, problems, problems – recognize your limits. It’s too stressful to try to  deal with all your problems at once. Choose what’s most urgent and set aside the rest until laterGoal-Setting Tips It’s important to remember that goals belong to you – not to your parents, your teachers, or your friends. After you’ve set your goals, identify the skills you have to achieve those goals. If you’re not sure what skills you’ll need, do some research. Try the library, your guidance adviser and teachers, and other people who could help you.   Goals exist to serve you. If your goal is something you no longer want, change it. Identify the barriers to getting your goals. Consider ways to overcome them. Don’t get depressed by a big, long-term goal – see what steps you can take to achieve it and set those steps down as short-term, “do-able” goals. 这是一篇七选五，而同学们都知道七选五最大的障碍是两个干扰项的排除，而干扰项最大的漏洞就是它可以“独来独往”，但绝对不能跟邻里“和谐相处”，所以我们把已知信息进行结构化整理，就很容易把选项归类。  三、课堂练习【练习1】请对下列文段进行解读：On a local level, the damage of the forest required by full-sun fields affects the area’s birds and animals. The shade of the forest trees provides a home for birds and other species that depend on the trees’ flowers and fruits. Full-sun coffee growers destroy this forest home. As a result, many species are quickly dying out. 【解析】On a local level, the damage of the forest required by full-sun fields affects the area’s birds and animals. The shade of the forest trees provides a home for birds and other species that depend on the trees’ flowers and fruits. Full-sun coffee growers destroy this forest home. As a result, many species are quickly dying out. 【练习2】请对下列文本进行解读：Technological change is everywhere and affects every aspect of life, mostly for the better. However, social changes that are brought about by new technology are often mistaken for a change in attitudes.An example at hand is the involvement of parents in the lives of their children who are attending college. Surveys (调查) on this topic suggest that parents today continue to be “very” or “somewhat” overly-protective even after their children move into college dormitories. The same surveys also indicate that the rate of parental involvement is greater today than it was a generation ago. This is usually interpreted as a sign that today’s parents are trying to manage their children’s lives past the point where this behavior is appropriate.However, greater parental involvement does not necessarily indicate that parents are failing to let go of their “adult” children.In the context (背景) of this discussion, it seems valuable to first find out the cause of change in the case of parents’ involvement with their grown children. If parents of earlier generations had wanted to be in touch with their college-age children frequently, would this have been possible? Probably not. On the other hand, does the possibility of frequent communication today mean that the urge to do so wasn’t present a generation ago? Many studies show that older parents - today’s grandparents - would have called their children more often if the means and cost of doing so had not been a barrier.Furthermore, studies show that finances are the most frequent subject of communication between parents and their college children. The fact that college students are financially dependent on their parents is nothing new; nor are requests for more money to be sent from home. This phenomenon is neither good nor bad; it is a fact of college life, today and in the past.Thanks to the advanced technology, we live in an age of bettered communication. This has many implications well beyond the role that parents seem to play in the lives of their children who have left for college. But it is useful to bear in mind that all such changes come from the technology and not some imagined desire by parents to keep their children under their wings. 【解析】四、课堂小结文本的结构化知识是指经过梳理、组织和整合文本信息后形成的概念结构，这一结构使知识之间建立起了逻辑关联。也就是说，基于文本内容角度的文本解读强调读者要围绕主题意义梳理内容之间的内在逻辑关系，提炼出相关内容的结构化知识，在碎片化的知识之间建立起关联，实现对文本主题的理解和把握。文本信息结构化是文本解读的直观体现形式，也是进行题目解答的有效手段。 五、课后作业对下列文本信息进行结构化整理：【作业1】Getting less sleep has become a bad habit for most American kids. According to a new survey(调查) by the National Sleep Foundation, 51% of kids aged 10 to 18 go to bed at 10 pm or later on school nights, even though they have to get up early. Last year the Foundation reported that nearly 60% of 7- to 12-year-olds said they felt tired during the day, and 15% said they had fallen asleep at school.How much sleep you need depends a lot on your age. Babies need a lot of rest: most of them sleep about 18 hours a day! Adults need about eight hours. For most school-age children, ten hours is ideal(理想的). But the new National Sleep Foundation survey found that 35% of 10- to 12-year-olds get only seven or eight hours. And guess what almost half of the surveyed kids said they do before bedtime? Watch TV.＂More children are going to bed with TVs on, and there are more opportunities(机会) to stay awake, with more homework, the Internet and the phone,＂ says Dr. Mary Carskadon, a sleep researcher at Brown University Medical School. She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calm down and sleep. Other experts say part of the problem is chemical. Changing levels of body chemicals called hormones not only make teenagers’ bodies develop adult characteristics, but also make it hard for teenagers to fall asleep before 11 pm.Because sleepiness is such a problem for teenagers, some school districts have decided to start high school classes later than they used to. Three years ago, schools in Edina, Minnesota, changed the start time from 7:25 am to 8:30 am. Students, parents and teachers are pleased with the results. 【参考答案】  【作业2】Fifteen years ago, I took a summer vacation in Lecce in southern Italy. After climbing up a hill for a panoramic(全景的) view of the blue sea, white buildings and green olive trees, I paused to catch my breath and then positioned myself to take the best photo of this panorama.Unfortunately, just as I took out my camera, a woman approached from behind, and planted herself right in front of my view. Like me, this woman was here to stop, sigh and appreciate the view.Patient as I was, after about 15 minutes, my camera scanning the sun and reviewing the shot I would eventually take, I grew frustrated. Was it too much to ask her to move so I could take just one picture of the landscape? Sure, I could have asked her, but something prevented me from doing so. She seemed so content in her observation. I didn’t want to mess with that.Another 15 minutes passed and I grew bored. The woman was still there. I decided to take the photo anyway. And now when I look at it, I think her presence in the photo is what makes the image interesting. The landscape, beautiful on its own, somehow comes to life and breathes because this woman is engaging with it.This photo, with the unique beauty that unfolded before me and that woman who “ruined” it, now hangs on a wall in my bedroom. What would she think if she knew that her figure is captured(捕捉) and frozen on some stranger’s bedroom wall? A bedroom, after all, is a very private space, in which some woman I don’t even know has been immortalized(使……永存). In some ways, she lives in my house.Perhaps we all live in each others’ spaces. Perhaps this is what photos are for: to remind us that we all appreciate beauty, that we all share a common desire for pleasure, for connection, for something that is greater than us.That photo is a reminder, a captured moment, an unspoken conversation between two women, separated only by a thin square of glass. 【参考答案】