新人教版高考英语一轮复习句子成分下的语法第二讲从“主语”角度释解名词冠词的用法规则课件+学案
展开第二讲 从“主语”角度释解名词、冠词的用法规则
编者按：主语是句子所叙述的主体，是句子所要说明的人或事物，表示句子描述的是谁或什么。主语通常由名词短语、代词、数词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句等充当。本讲主要讲名词及其附属词冠词，其他形式放到后面讲解。
第1课时 名 词
[真题集训——明考点]
一、语法填空常考点
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)The far side of the moon is of particular (interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters (环形山) ...
解析：interest 分析句子结构可知，此处是“be＋of＋名词”结构， be of interest to sb.意为“对某人有吸引力”。
2．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ )Chinese New Year is a (celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring.
解析：celebration 根据空前面的不定冠词a可知，此处需要名词。celebrate的名词形式是celebration。
3．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)Filled with (curious), the artist packed his bags and left.
解析：curiosity 空格处作with的宾语，要用名词形式，curious的名词形式是curiosity。
4．(2020·浙江7月高考)Later, they learned to work with the (season), planting at the right time and, in dry areas, making use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉)their fields.
解析：seasons 根据常识和语境可知，人们开始按照季节更替来种植庄稼，所以用season的复数形式。
5．(2019·北京高考)No matter what you like to do, there is a way to get involved in various (activity) on Earth Day.
解析：activities 空格前有形容词various修饰，表示“各种各样的活动”，应用复数形式，activity是可数名词，故填activities。
6．(2019·浙江6月高考)Other American studies showed no (connect) between uniforms and school performance.
解析：connection/connections 分析句子成分可知，设空处在句中作谓语showed的宾语，应用connect的名词形式。connection表示“联系，关联”时为可数名词，也可填复数形式。
二、短文改错常考点
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)Next I broke the eggs into a bowl and beat them quickly with chopstick.
解析：chopstick→chopsticks 根据常识，中国人用筷子时，一般用一双，故chopstick要改成复数形式。
2．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Luckily, I will go home in two weeks for summer vacations.
解析：vacations→vacation 此处特指“暑假”这一个假期，所以用单数。
3．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)My mom is really concerned with the health of everyone in our families.
解析：families→family family指“家庭全体成员”时，要用families；强调“家庭”这个整体概念时，要用family。此处指我们的家庭，故看作一个整体。
4．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)All the football player on the playground cheered loudly, saying that I had a talent for football.
解析：player→players player为可数名词，其前有All修饰，应用复数形式。
5．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)To everyone's surprising, the ball went into the net.
解析：surprising→surprise to one's surprise为固定搭配，意为“让某人惊讶的是”，所有格后面应用名词形式。
6．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Since I was a kid, I've considered different job I would like to do.
解析：job→jobs job意为“工作，职位”，是可数名词，且根据前面的形容词different可知，此处表示“不同的工作”，应用复数形式。
[语法精析——知规则]
一、可数名词的复数形式
(一)规则名词的6种复数变化形式
变化规则 | 例词 | |
一般情况下 | 在词尾直接加s | month→months |
以s，x，ch，sh结尾的名词 | 在词尾加es | glass→glasses match→matches |
以辅音字母＋y结尾的名词 | 变y为i再加es | country→countries factory→factories |
以元音字母＋y 结尾的名词 | 在词尾直接加s | holiday→holidays monkey→monkeys |
以o结尾的名词 | 一般在词尾加s | photo→photos |
有些在词尾加es | potato→potatoes | |
以f，fe结尾的名词,
| 一般要变f或fe为v再加es | self→selves wolf→wolves
|
少数直接加s
| belief→beliefs | |
(二)可数名词复数的3种不规则变化形式
变化规则 | 例词 |
单复数同形 | deer, sheep, means, series, Chinese, Swiss, aircraft, spacecraft, species, fish |
变内部元音 | foot→feet, tooth→teeth, mouse→mice, man→men, woman→women |
外来名词 | medium→media (媒体) phenomenon→phenomena (现象) analysis→analyses (分析) |
[名师指津] fish表示“鱼肉”时，为不可数名词，表示“条数”时，其复数形式与单数形式相同，但表示不同种类的鱼时，其复数形式为fishes。
(三)合成名词复数的2类变化形式
1．若有中心词，则把中心词变成复数；若无中心词，则把最后一个词变成复数。
passerby→passersby, sisterinlaw→sistersinlaw, grownup→grownups
2．“man/woman＋n.”变复数时，作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变复数，如：women engineers。
二、不可数名词
(一)常见的24个不可数名词
单词 | 词义 |
| 单词 | 词义 |
fun | 乐趣 |
| homework | 家庭作业 |
progress | 进步 |
| equipment | 设备 |
bread | 面包 |
| wealth | 财富 |
knowledge | 知识 |
| room | 空间 |
work | 工作 |
| weather | 天气 |
music | 音乐 |
| news | 新闻；消息 |
traffic | 交通 |
| meat | 肉 |
word | 消息 |
| luck | 运气 |
advice | 建议 |
| housework | 家务 |
information | 信息 |
| furniture | 家具 |
milk | 牛奶 |
| baggage/luggage | 行李 |
orange | 橙汁 |
| man | 人类 |
(二)抽象名词的具体化
抽象名词(不可数) | 具体化(表达个体概念时，是可数名词) |
surprise惊讶 | a surprise一件令人惊讶的事 |
success成功 | a success一个(件)成功的人(事) |
honour荣誉 | an honour受尊敬的人或一种荣誉 |
failure失败 | a failure一个(件)失败的人(事) |
beauty美；美丽 | a beauty美丽的人或事物 |
pleasure乐趣 | a pleasure一件乐事 |
[应用落实——通方法]
一、单句语法填空
1．(2021·金华模拟)The way we drive into a line of traffic causes problems (problem)．
2．(2021·威海模拟)Leather is a hugely popular material for a range of products, but this popularity (popular) comes at a price.
3．Looking forward, we hope to expand our operations in several of our overseas branches (branch)．
4．There are various types of tea that offer different health benefits (benefit) and flavours.
5．We usually expect Hollywood heroes (hero) to show up on our screens and defeat the bad guys.
6．I suddenly regretted that we had no photos (photo) from this vacation together.
7．(2021·湖州模拟)Although they are seen as companions and part of the family today, China and Western countries have different cultural beliefs (belief) about dogs.
8．Timmis and his team set out to seek the effects of phone use on passersby (passerby)．
[解题技法]
语法填空解题“3定向”
1．根据修饰词确定名词的单复数形式
(1)不定冠词a, an后用名词单数形式；
(2)有these, those, several, many, all, both, a pair of, a variety of, different或数词等修饰时名词用复数形式；
(3)名词前有one of, among时用名词复数形式。
2．根据谓语动词确定名词的单复数形式
3．根据常识和句意确定名词的单复数形式
表示两个(或两个以上)的可数名词及并列名词时，名词需用复数形式。
二、单句改错
1．As a student, what can we do to guarantee our safe？ safe→safety
2．Most people directly link senior high school life with plenty of stress and endless homeworks. homeworks→homework
3．In the afternoon, I'll show you around and take you to some place of interest. place→places
4．Nowadays, many people were crazy about instant fame and wealthy.wealthy→wealth
5．The two thing that change your life are the people you meet and books you read.
thing→things
6．It is not easy for our parent to bring us up. parent→parents
7．The teachers often encourage us to make more friend in the school.friend→friends
8．For students, no matter how busy they are, it is necessary to spare some time to do exercises. exercises→exercise
[解题技法]
短文改错解题“3视角”
1．分清名词单复数
看到several, a few, many, one of, a list of, a number of等要想到其后的名词应用复数形式。
2．知晓不可数名词
看到information, advice, homework, progress, knowledge, furniture, luggage, strength等，要想到它们是不可数名词，没有复数形式。
3．注意词性错误
看到冠词、形容词性物主代词、介词或及物动词(短语)，要想到后跟名词形式。
三、高考写作佳句
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)李老师对每个学生都很有耐心，我们都喜欢她。(Miss Li)
Miss Li is so patient with each student that we all like her.
2．(2020·江苏高考书面表达)多亏了这些电影，一些外国人很容易了解中国。(some foreigners)
Thanks to these films, some foreigners have an easy access to learn about China.
3．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)这次比赛定于本周六下午在市体育场举办。(the match)
The match is to be organised/held this Saturday afternoon in the city's stadium.
4．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)这场比赛意义如此重大，以至于要求每个人都要准时到场。(the game)
The game is so significant that it is required that everyone should present themselves punctually.
5．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)我们学校的排球队确实日程紧。(our school volleyball team)
Our school volleyball team does have a tight schedule.
第2课时 冠 词
编者按：冠词Article是一种虚词，不能单独作句子成分，只能与名词放在一起帮助说明名词所指的人或事物。冠词包括定冠词、不定冠词和零冠词即不用冠词，定冠词是the，不定冠词是a和an。
[真题集训——明考点]
一、语法填空常考点
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)The plum trees are first to flower even as the snow is melting (融化)．
解析：the the first表示“第一个人或事物”。序数词前应用定冠词the。
2．(2020·浙江7月高考)Then, with rise of science, changes began.
解析：the 此处用定冠词the特指“科学的兴起”。
3．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Of nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six are stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.
解析：the 此处特指“已知的19个北极熊亚种群中”，故填定冠词the。
4．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)When we got a call saying she was shortlisted, we thought it was joke.
解析：a 此处表示“我们以为那是一个玩笑”，设空后的joke为可数名词，此处泛指“一个玩笑”，应用不定冠词，且joke的读音以辅音音素开头，故填a。
5．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.
解析：the 此处表示特指， over the past 25 years意为“在过去的25年里”，故用定冠词the。
6．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Unexpectedly, I'm facetoface with the gorilla, who begins screaming at top of her lungs.
解析：the at the top of one's lungs为固定搭配，意为“用最大的声音，声嘶力竭地”。
二、短文改错常考点
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)For example, every morning, my dad has to have the bowl of egg soup while I have to eat an apple.
解析：the→a 此处泛指一碗鸡蛋汤，应用不定冠词a。
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Suddenly football fell just in front of me and almost hit me.
解析：football前加a football为可数名词且是第一次提到，此处泛指一个足球，且football的读音以辅音音素开头，故在football前加a。
3．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)Each of my cafes will have a different theme and an unique style.
解析：an→a style为可数名词，此处泛指一种独特的风格，且unique的读音以辅音音素开头，其前应用不定冠词a。
4．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)During my last winter holiday, I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents.
解析：countryside前加the go to the countryside是固定用法，意为“去乡下”。
5．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)I still remember how hard first day was.
解析：first前加the/my 此处表示“第几天”，序数词前要加定冠词the或者用形容词性物主代词my进行修饰。
6．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)They live far from the school, and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day.
解析：第一个a→an/one hour的读音以元音音素开头，且是可数名词，所以用an/one hour and a half表示“一个半小时”。
[语法精析——知规则]
(一)不定冠词
表示类指或某类中的“任何一个”。 | A child not only needs food and clothing, but love as well. |
表示泛指“某个”。当说话人第一次提及某人或某物时通常用不定冠词；或由不定冠词构成的名词词组往往带有不确定的含义，相当于a certain；或专有名词前加不定冠词，表示具有某种特性的人或物、某一位不认识的人或某个不确定的时间。 | I have a question to ask you. In a sense what you said is true. All of a sudden, she burst into tears. Experts think that the recently discovered painting may be a Picasso. |
表示量指。不定冠词表示“一”这个数量，但数量概念没有one强烈。 | Suddenly they heard a loud voice. |
表示“每”，相当于per，用在表示价格、速度、频率等的短语中。 | Prices start at ￡13.95 a yard for printed cotton. |
用在某些物质名词或抽象名词前，使之具体化。表示“一种……的人或事” | He suddenly appeared on a rainy night, which was a great surprise to us. |
不定冠词用于序数词前，表示“再一，又一”。 | Live a good, honorable life.Then when you get older and think back, you'll get to enjoy it a second time. |
(二)定冠词
用在表示特定的人或事物，或者双方都知道的或双方都明确的人或事物，或者指上文已经提到过的人或事物之前。 | Take your time — it's just a short distance from here to the restaurant. |
用在世界上独一无二的事物前。 | The earth goes around the sun. |
用于序数词或形容词、副词的最高级前。 | Is this the first time that you have visited Qingdao？ |
用在表示姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人或夫妇俩；或用于形容词或分词前，表示“某一类人或事物”。 | The explosion saw people rush to help the injured. |
用在世纪前或用在逢十的年代前，后者表示“在某世纪几十年代”。 | It's said that corn was grown a lot in Tibet in the 17th century. |
(三)零冠词(不用冠词的情况)
专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前，一般不加冠词。 | He is living in Canada now. |
季节、月份、星期、节假日、一日三餐前一般不加冠词。 | We usually have breakfast at 7 o'clock in the morning. |
语言、学科名称、球类运动、棋类游戏等名词前不用冠词。 | I'm interested in English. |
表示头衔和职位的名词作表语、同位语、补足语或与姓氏连用时，其前通常不用冠词。 | Dr.Peter Spence, headmaster of the school, told us, “A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford or Cambridge.” |
系动词turn(变成)后的单数名词作表语不用冠词。 | His brother has turned writer. |
as/though引导让步状语从句，单数可数名词提前构成倒装时，其前不用冠词。 | Hero as/though he is, he has some shortcomings. |
(四)冠词用于固定搭配中
不定 冠词 用于 固定 搭配 中 | an average of 平均 for a while 一会儿 as a result 因此，结果 as a rule 通常 as a whole 总体上 as a matter of fact 事实上 at a loss 不知所措 in a hurry 匆忙 in a word 总之 in a sense 在某种意义上 |
定冠 词用 于固 定搭 配中 | all the time 一直 in the end 最后 by the way 顺便说一下 in the distance 在远处 in the way 挡道 on the whole 总的来说 at the same time 同时 on the other hand 另一方面 to tell the truth 说实话 for the time being 暂时 |
零冠 词用 于固 定搭 配中 | at present 目前 take part in 参加 in peace 平静 by chance/accident 碰巧 on purpose 故意 on business 因公出差 ahead of time 提前 in advance 提前 by law 根据法律 by mistake 错误地 |
[应用落实——通方法]
一、单句语法填空
1．(2021·烟台月考)They either made equipment themselves or had to share the very few items they had among all the children.
2．(2021·蚌埠质检)The smallest good habits can make a big difference.
3．There was an empty place in my heart that only a friend like Linda could fill.
4．If I wanted to be a more responsible person, I needed to make daily decisions that a responsible person would make.
5．Chinese brush calligraphy or “shufa” in Chinese is one of the most important art forms in China.
6．Since I had an electronic ticket, I then went straight to the boarding gate.
7．She stayed up until eleven thirty one evening on purpose just to see the moonlight.
8．In Chinese culture, each year is related to a Chinese animal according to the 12year cycle.
[解题技法]
语法填空解题“2定向”
1．根据泛指或特指选择冠词
如果空格后的名词或“形容词＋名词”前没有形容词性物主代词、不定代词、名词所有格或指示代词等限定词时很可能填冠词。
(1)如果空格及后面的名词可翻译成“一个……”，一般填a/an。如果可翻译成“这/那个，这/那些”一般填the；
(2)如果名词后有of短语、不定式、分词或从句等作定语时很可能填the。
2．根据固定句式或短语选择冠词
英语中有很多带有冠词的固定句式或短语，记住这些句式和短语也有利于解决此类问题。
二、单句改错
1．(2021·滁州模拟)Jack Green was the football coach at an American college. the→a
2．As soon as it stopped raining, they left the cave and rushed to local police station to report their discovery. local前加 the
3．Last but not least, we should take a active part in sports and build up our body. a→an
4．Last summer vacation, I worked in restaurant. restaurant前加a
5．During your study, you can take the part in more activities after class, where you can make more friends from different countries. 去掉the
6．Realizing it was our last school sports meeting, we decided to make it unforgettable experience. unforgettable前加an
7．After climbing for half a hour, we finally got to the top of the mountain. a→an
8．On the one hand, he has gift for singing and has taken part in many singing contests in which he performed well. gift前加a
[解题技法]
短文改错解题“4视角”
1．注意单词首字母的音素
看到读音以辅(元)音音素开头的名词要想到应用不定冠词a(n)。
2．明确特指与泛指
如果名词表示特指，则应用定冠词the，泛指用a/an。
3．掌握可数与不可数
看到单数可数名词要想到是否少用了冠词；看到不可数名词表示泛指要想到是否多用了冠词。
4．记熟固定搭配
牢记含冠词的固定搭配，确定冠词的增与删。
三、高考写作佳句
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)我一看到这个话题就想到了我的数学老师。
No sooner did I see the topic than I thought of my math teacher.
2．(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ写作)上午9点左右，我们从学校门口出发。
We started from the school gate at around 9 am.
3．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)为了赢得比赛，我们决定每天放学后训练两个小时。
In order to win the match, we have made a decision that we train for two hours after school every day.
4．(2019·浙江6月高考写作)尽管表扬有助于鼓励孩子取得进步，但不要从一个极端走向另一个极端。
Though/Although praise helps to encourage children to make progress, don't go from one extreme to the other.
5．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)这部英文短片不仅有意义，而且很有趣。
The English short film will be not only meaningful but also interesting.
[语篇巧训——全融会]
一、冠词专练(用适当的冠词填空)
When I walked down 1 Third Avenue, as 2 rule, I used to look into the windows of 3 old shop that sold old and beautiful things.Since I often took my walk after the closing time, I cupped my hands against 4 windows to get 5 small look at the treasures inside.
Some things looked as if they had not been noticed for 6 long time，but I knew their beauty was still there beneath their own surface.I even thought they were 7 most beautiful that I had ever seen.That was how I felt about old people, too.I knew their value, and it hurt me when others missed it.I was raised by my grandmother and given 8 deep sense of the value of experience.Taught to behave well，my sister and I respected other people, regardless of their age or color.My grandmother was loved by all 9 people around her.She was known to be 10 wise and kind woman, who was able to do things well even in her last years.
Old people should be treated as fine gold.They may be gradually tarnished (失去光泽) by age, but they can be polished with respect.You might be surprised by their bright and shining qualities.
语篇解读：本文为一篇议论文。一些旧的东西虽然外表不再光鲜亮丽，但仍有内在的美，老年人也是如此。如果老年人受到尊重，同样会焕发出新的活力。
1．the 设空处后为序数词，且此处表示“次序”，故设空处应填定冠词the。
2．a as a rule为固定短语，意为“通常”。
3．an 本空表示泛指，设空处后old的读音以元音音素开头，故设空处用不定冠词an。
4．the 设空处后的windows指的是那个老店铺的橱窗，表示特指，故填定冠词the。
5．a get a look at为固定短语，意为“看一眼”。
6．a 一些东西看上去好像很长时间没有人管了。for a long time“很长时间”。
7．the 设空处后有most，且most和后面的形容词构成最高级，故设空处为the。
8．a “我”被“我”祖母养大并被赋予了对经验价值的理解。sense在此意为“理解力，判断力”，是可数名词，此处表示泛指，故与不定冠词连用。
9．the 设空处后的people在本句中表示特指，故设空处填the。
10．a 众所周知，她是一位有智慧而且善良的女人。woman在本句中表示泛指，故设空处填不定冠词a。
二、名词专练(依据汉语提示补全短文)
It was late at night. ①Two Germans (两名德国人) were sleeping in their room when suddenly, one of them, Mrs.Green, was woken up and found a thief slipping into their room to try his luck. She had ②three thousand dollars (三千美元) in her pocket. “What should I do? ③Many thieves (许多小偷) usually ④bring knives (带着刀子) with them，” she thought ⑤in silence (静静地). And at the same time the thief happened to touch ⑥a sports suit (一套运动服装). It seemed as if he found there was someone in the room, so he went out to the next room where ⑦two Frenchmen (两名法国人) were sleeping. When he ⑧was looking for some money or jewels (在找一些钱或珠宝) in the next room, Mrs.Green woke up her husband quickly and ⑨called the police (报警). And then the thief knew what had happened. He was so scared that he took out a knife.Just then the police showed up. Before the thief ran away, the police caught him. For Mrs.Green, it was really ⑩an unusual experience (一次不寻常的经历)．
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