2022届高考人教版英语一轮复习课件：语法专题1名词和冠词

这是一份2022届高考人教版英语一轮复习课件：语法专题1名词和冠词，共50页。PPT课件主要包含了-2-，高考感悟，考点归纳，-3-，-4-，-5-，-6-，-7-，-8-，-9-等内容，欢迎下载使用。

1.(2020·全国Ⅱ,语篇填空)Chinese New Year is a 　　　 (celebrate) marking the end f the winter seasn and the beginning f spring. celebratin　根据前面的不定冠词a可知,此处应用名词形式。2.(2020·全国Ⅲ,语篇填空)Filled with 　　　　　　　(curius),the artist packed his bags and left. curisity　with为介词,后面需要跟名词做宾语,filled with curisity表示“充满好奇”。3.(2020·全国Ⅱ,语篇填空)The plum trees are 　　　　　first t flwer even as the snw is melting(融化). the　设空处修饰后面的序数词first,所以用定冠词,特指“第一个”。
4.(2019·全国Ⅰ,语篇填空)In recent years sme Inuit peple in Nunavut have reprted increases in bear sightings arund human settlements,leading t a 　　　　　　(believe) that ppulatins are increasing. belief　该空前有冠词a,应填名词,所以填belief,后面的that引导的是同位语从句。5.(2019·全国Ⅰ,语篇填空)Of 　　　　　　nineteen recgnized plar bear subppulatins,three are declining,six are stable,ne is increasing,and nine lack enugh data. the　该空后为名词成分,根据语境及空格前的f可知存在限定范围,故填the。
6.(2019·全国Ⅱ,语篇填空)When we gt a call saying she was shrt-listed,we thught it was 　　　　　　jke. a　jke是单数可数名词,根据句意可知此处是泛指,所以填a。7.(2019·全国Ⅲ,语篇填空)When they were free frm wrk,they invited us t lcal events and let us knw f an interesting 　　　　　　(cmpete) t watch,tgether with the stry behind it. cmpetitin　根据前面的an interesting可知,所填的词是名词形式,所以填cmpetitin。8.(2018·全国Ⅰ,语篇填空)The study shwed a mere five t 10 minutes a day f running reduced the risk f heart disease and early deaths frm all 　　　　　　　(cause). causes　cause是可数名词,根据前面的修饰语all可知,该名词要用复数形式。
9.(2018·全国Ⅱ,语篇填空)This switch has decreased 　　　(pllute) in the cuntry’s majr lakes and reservirs and made drinking water safer fr peple. pllutin　decrease“减少”,是及物动词,后接名词做宾语,故填pllutin。10.(2018·全国Ⅲ,语篇填空)Unexpectedly,I’m face-t-face with the grilla,wh begins screaming at 　　　　　tp f her lungs. the　at the tp f her lungs“大声喊叫”,为固定搭配。11.(2017·全国Ⅲ,语篇填空)She is determined t carry n with her 　　　　　(educate). educatin　根据此处句意及空前的her可知,educate需用名词形式。
12.(2017·全国Ⅲ,语篇填空)She has turned dwn several __________ (invitatin) t star at shws in rder t cncentrate n her studies. invitatins　她拒绝了好几个邀请,所以invitatin要用复数形式。13.(2017·全国Ⅱ,语篇填空)It ran fr just under seven kilmeters and allwed peple t avid terrible 　　　　　(crwd) n the rads.crwds　根据前面的terrible可知,这里用名词crwd的复数形式,表示“人群”。14.(2017·全国Ⅱ,语篇填空)This included building a strng rf ver 　　　　　tp. the　这里特指地铁的顶部。意思是在地铁的顶部建了一个坚固的顶棚。
15.(2017·全国Ⅲ,语篇填空)Instead,she is earning ￡6,500 a day as 　　　　　mdel in New Yrk. a　as a mdel “作为一名模特”。
一、可数名词的复数1.规则变化
注意①以-结尾的下列名词要加-es,它们是:英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿,即heres,ptates,tmates。但下列以-结尾的名词既可以加-es,也可以加-s,它们是:msquits (msquites)蚊子,vlcans(vlcanes)火山。②以-f或-fe结尾的下列名词需要把f或fe变成v,再加-es。它们是:为了自己活命,小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上,把狼劈成两半,即selves,lives,thieves,wives,knives,leaves,shelves, wlves,halves。但有的以-f结尾的名词既可以变f为v再加-es,也可以直接加-s,如:handkerchiefs (handkerchieves)手帕。③名词前有man或wman修饰,变复数时,做定语的man或wman和后面的名词都要变成复数。如:wman dctr→wmen dctrs
2.不规则变化①常见单复数同形的名词Chinese中国人;means方式;wrks工厂;sheep绵羊;deer鹿;series系列; fish鱼;fruit水果等。其中 fish,fruit表示种类时,可加复数词尾,即fishes,fruits。②自身有特殊变化的名词child孩子→children　man男人→men　ft脚,英尺→feet　tth牙→teeth　medium传播媒介→media　muse老鼠→mice　phenmenn现象→phenmena
3.有些名词通常只用复数。如:glasses眼镜,clthes衣服,gds货物,trusers裤子,belngings所有物,wages工资,riches财富,surrundings环境,ashes灰尘,cmpasses圆规,cattle牛,cngratulatins祝贺等。有些固定搭配中的名词通常用复数。如:have wrds with sb.同某人吵架,in high spirits 情绪高昂,give ne’s regards t sb.向某人问候,in rags衣衫褴褛,have gd manners 有礼貌等。
二、不可数名词1.不可数名词没有单复数之分,它包括抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词。例如:fun,advice,weather,prgress,infrmatin,bread,butter, baggage,clthing,equipment,furniture,hmewrk,juice,luggage,luck, music,milk,meat,prductin,permissin,rice,sup,wealth,health, English,America 等。Wealth starts with a gal and saving a dllar at a time.财富始于一个目标,要一美元一美元地积攒。
2.有些名词既可以用作可数名词,也可以用作不可数名词,但意义不同。例如:wrk“工作”(不可数),“作品;著作”(可数);glass“玻璃” (不可数),“杯子”(可数);rm“空间”(不可数),“房间”(可数); experience “经验”(不可数),“经历”(可数);paper“纸”(不可数),“报纸、文件、试卷”(可数)。
名词所有格表示所属关系,它分-’s所有格和f所有格两种形式。1.-’s所有格①多用来表示有生命的东西。Many students’ eyesight is getting prer and prer.很多学生的视力变得越来越差了。②用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况,即表示各自的所有关系时,要分别在并列名词后加-’s或’;表示共同的所有关系时,只在最后一个名词后加-’s或’。
Tm’s and Jim’s rms汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间Tm and Jim’s rm汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间③表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时,名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。at the barber’s在理发店at the teacher’s在老师办公室
2.f所有格表示无生命的事物的名词通常用f所有格表示所有关系;名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用f 所有格。Frm the tp f the hill,yu can get a bird’s view f the city.从山顶上,你可以鸟瞰整个城市。3.双重所有格指名词所有格或名词性物主代词同f构成的所有格,即 “f+名词所有格”。a play f Shakespeare’s莎士比亚的一个戏剧a friend f my wife’s我妻子的一个朋友
1.动词变名词的后缀
2.形容词变名词的后缀
不定冠词表示泛指,一般修饰可数名词单数。a用于以辅音音素开头的单词前,an用于以元音音素开头的单词前。例如:a pen 一支笔　an ld man 一位老人一、不定冠词的基本用法1.用在首次提到的人或物的可数名词单数前面,泛指某个人或某个事物。A gentleman is asking t see yu.2.表示“一”,相当于ne,如:I’ll return in a day r tw.3.表示“每”,相当于per,常用于表示时间、重量、长度等单位前。如:We have three meals a day.
4.表示“同一性”,常构成“f+a/an+名词”形式,相当于the same,如:The children are f an age.5.表示类指,意为“某类……”,如:He wants t be a dctr.6.后面接人名可以表示“一个叫……的人”,或是其作品。如:A Mr.Smith is asking t see yu.7.与抽象名词连用,可以表示“一场、一次、一件”。a success一件成功的事/一个成功的人,a pity一件遗憾的事,an hnur一个引以为荣的人/一件引以为荣的事。8.与物质名词连用,表示“一种、一阵、一份”。What a heavy rain!
9.序数词前使用冠词的情况“the+序数词”表示排序;“a/an+序数词”不表示排序,而表示“又一;再一”。如:Mr.Li has decided t buy a secnd car.I have failed twice,but I’ll try a third time.10.比较级和最高级前冠词的选择“a/an+比较级”表示“(众多人或事物中)比……更……的一个”,属于泛指;“the+比较级”表示“两者中较……的一个”。“the+最高级”表示三者或三者以上的人或事物中“最……的一个”;“a mst+形容词”表示“一个很/非常……”,此时后面没有比较范围,mst只表示“很,非常”,如:Tm is the lder f the tw bys.The first unit is a mst difficult part but nt the mst difficult.
二、常用不定冠词的固定搭配all f a sudden突然　　 as a matter f fact事实上nce a week每星期一次at a lss不知所措,茫然be n a visit参观,拜访be/g n a diet节食give sb.a lift让某人搭便车have a gift fr...在……方面有天赋have a gd time玩得开心have a wrd with...与……谈话in a hurry匆忙地in a way从某种意义上说make a living谋生take a walk散步take an interest in...对……感兴趣take/have a rest休息一会儿
一、定冠词的基本用法1.特指上文提到过的、特定的人或事物,或双方都明确的人或事物。如:I have a car.The car is red.Pass me the bk,please.2.表示某一类人或物。如:The bike is a useful means f transprtatin.3.用于世上独一无二的事物名词前。如:the universe,the mn,the Pacific Ocean4.用于乐器前。如:play the vilin,play the guitar5.表示“一家人”或“夫妇”。如:—Culd yu tell me the way t the Green’s,please?—Srry,we dn’t have a Green here in the village.
6.用于表示国家、党派等以及江、河、湖、海、山川、群岛等名词前。如:the United States,the Cmmunist Party f China7.用于表示发明物的单数名词前。如:The cmpass was invented in China.8.在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代。如:in the 1990’s(在20世纪90年代)9.用于表示度量单位的名词前。如:I hired the car by the hur.(对比I hired the car by time.)10.用于形容词和分词前表示一类人。如:the rich,the living,the wunded
11.用于方位名词、身体部位名词前。如:The sun rises in the east.　hit sb.n the head12.用于普通名词转化而来的专有名词前。如:the Great Wall,the West Lake13.与比较级和最高级连用。如:①the+比较级,the+比较级,表示“越……越……”。The mre,the better.②表示两者间“较……的一个”,比较级前加the。Wh is the taller f the tw bys?③三者或三者以上相比较,表示最高程度时,用“the+最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。如:Mary is the tallest child in her family.
二、常用定冠词的固定搭配at the mment此刻,目前at the same time同时by the way顺便说一下n the spt当场make the best/mst f...充分利用……in the distance在远处in the end最终in the habit f有……的习惯the ther day前几天n the ne hand...,n the ther hand...一方面……,另一方面……t the pint中肯,切题
一、零冠词的基本用法1.专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词表示一般概念时,其前不用冠词。Beijing is the capital f China.Kindness is virtue.Snw disslves int water.
2.表示季节、月份、星期、节假日、棋类、球类、学科、一日三餐、语言、运动等的名词前一般不加冠词。Spring is the best seasn f the year.I have been studying in this cllege since July,2015.We have a seven-day hliday n China’s Natinal Day.Tm enjys playing chess.The bys like playing ftball after class.They can chse ther subjects like Art and Cmputer Science.D yu have breakfast at hme r at schl?
3.称呼语、自己的家庭成员及表示头衔、职务的名词做表语或同位语时,一般不加冠词,但用作主语或宾语时要用冠词。They appinted Sam manager f the engineering department t take the place f Gerge.I’m captain f the class team at schl.The chairman declared the meeting pen.4.当by与表示交通工具的名词连用表示方式时,名词前不用冠词。I’d rather travel by bus than airplane.
二、常用零冠词的固定搭配in fact事实上　　　　　　fr example例如in danger在危险中with pleasure高兴地in time及时in fear恐惧地at wrk在上班at dinner在吃饭after schl放学后at first起初at last最终by hand手工做的pay attentin t注意set fire t放火take pride in以……为豪take care f照顾
take ffice就职take part in参加in twn在城里 mind牢记in truble处在麻烦中n ft步行leave wrd留言n time按时catch sight f看见d harm t对……有害lse weight减肥
Ⅰ.单句填空1.N matter what yu like t d,there is a way t get invlved in varius 　　　　　　(activity) n Earth Day.(2019·北京,语法填空) activities　activity是可数名词,根据前面的修饰语varius可知,此处要用复数形式。2.That’s the surprising 　　　　　　(cnclude) f a new study based n a curius find in nrtheastern Jrdan.(2019·辽宁葫芦岛协作校高三二模) cnclusin　根据前面的the surprising可知,所填的词是名词形式。cnclusin“结论”。
3.He is ging t visit 　　　　　　university which is lcated in the west f the USA.(2019·安徽定远高三模考) a　university 是以辅音音素开头的单数可数名词,此处是泛指,所以填a。4.The study fund that cffee 　　　　　　(drink) appear t live lnger,regardless f whether they cnsume regular cffee.(2019·河北邢台高三模考) drinkers　根据句意可知,所填的词是指人的名词,结合谓语动词appear判断所填的词要用复数形式。
5.Driven by the 　　　　　　　(curius) in my heart,I came t China and tk part in a cruise alng part f the river last year. (2018·武汉武昌区调研) curisity　根据前面的冠词the可知,此处应填名词形式。driven by the curisity意为“受好奇心驱使”。6.It is reprted the husing prices in sme big cities which fall in different 　　　　　(degree).(2018·北京石景山模考) degrees　degree是可数名词,根据前面的different可知,此处要用复数形式。
7.Hwever,as fr William and Kate,the 　　　　　　(decide) t dress Gerge in shrts is mre likely dwn t the traditin than a class issue.(2017·河北石家庄高三复习教学质量检测) decisin　根据定冠词the可知,空处用名词形式。8.I eventually came t 　　　　　　lng staircase.(2017·山西八校高三第一次联考) a　staircase作“楼梯”讲时是可数名词,且其前无限定词修饰,故用不定冠词a表示泛指。
9.Like university students,the US high schl students have the 　　　　　　　(free) t chse the curses that mst interest them. freedm　由定冠词the可知,此处应用名词,即freedm。10.Actually with my 　　　　　　　　(cnfident) built up,I nw turn ut t be a great speaker. cnfidence　由形容词性物主代词my可知,此处应用名词形式,即cnfidence。11.Art creates 　　　　　　　 (aware) f scial issues. awareness　create是动词,后面应用名词做宾语。故填awareness。12.Fur bys were taking 　　　　　walk in the wds near Mntignac. a　take a walk为固定短语,意为“散步”,故用不定冠词a。
15.Experts hpe 　　　　　whle sciety pays mre attentin t the mental health f adlescents. the　the whle sciety意为“全社会”,为固定用法,故填the。
Ⅱ.单句改错1.My brther is a excellent vet,wh lks after frightening snakes in the z.(2019·辽宁葫芦岛协作校联考)a→an　vet是单数可数名词,excellent是以元音因素开头的单词,所以用an。2.Energetic and respnsible,I am a captain f ur schl ftball team.(2018·河北衡水中学模考)去掉captain前的a　表示独一无二的职位的名词做表语、宾语和同位语时,不用不定冠词a。
3.An Internatinal club will be set up,thus enhancing the understanding between the students frm different cuntry.(2018·河北衡水中学模考)cuntry→cuntries　cuntry是可数名词,根据前面的different可知,该词要用复数形式。4.Befre lng,I culd speak English well and at the same time I als made great prgresses in my written English.(2018·河北邯郸模考)prgresses→prgress　prgress“进步”是不可数名词,没有复数形式。5.Culd yu please give me sme advices n hw t behave prperly?advices→advice　advice是不可数名词,没有复数形式。
6.We talked abut what measure shuld be taken t imprve the situatin.measure→measures　take measures t d sth.“采取措施做某事”, measure要用复数形式,指“措施”。7.English has becme a glbal language,s I’m cnvinced that learning English is f great useful.useful→use　be f great use=be useful 意为“有用的”。8.It’s cmmn fr a man t sit crss-legged n the flr,but it’s nt cnsidered acceptable fr wman t d s.wman前加a　wman是单数可数名词,这里泛指“一位妇女”。
9.Then we visited lecture hall behind the lab building.lecture前加the　这里特指实验楼后的报告厅,因此用定冠词the。10.In the centre we saw a grup f student playing musical instruments.student→students　student是单数可数名词,其前有a grup f,因此要用复数形式students。
Ⅲ.语篇填空Villages in develping cuntries ften lack many things:bks,clean water,electricity.These shrtages are easy t see.But 1.　 　 different kind f shrtage is nt easy t see.That is 2.　　　　　 shrtage f experts.Many villages have n dctrs,engineers r scientists.They have n ne wh knws hw t treat unusual medical 3. (prblem) r design a new expert system.There is a way t ease 4.　　 prblems. They can d it with 5.　　　　 .In 6.　　　 past few years,cmputer scientists arund the wrld have develped what they call “expert systems”.An expert system is a special kind f cmputer prgram.In sme situatins,it can take 7.　　　　 place f 8.　　　　 human expert.Fr example,an expert in the medical system can help t take care f a sick persn.After asking a few 9. 　　　　(questin) f the patient,it can tell what medicine r ther 10.　　　 (treat) is needed.
1.a　此处表示泛指,指另一不同种类的缺乏。2.the　此处特指“专家的缺乏”,故用定冠词the。3.prblems　prblem是可数名词,这里指医疗方面的问题,故用复数形式。4.the　此处特指上文提到的这些问题,故用定冠词the。5.cmputers　从后文的cmputer scientists以及后文的关于计算机的陈述可知,这里是用计算机解决这个问题。6.the　in the past few years“在过去的几年里”为固定结构,故用the。7.the　take the place f “代替;取代”为固定搭配。8.a　根据句意“它能取代一个人类专家”,表示泛指,又因空格后的单词以辅音音素开头,故用不定冠词a。9.questins　此处表示向病人提问几个问题。10.treatment　由ther可知,这里用动词treat的名词形式。
Ⅳ.短文改错This mrning,I gt an email frm the library.It said the bk I reserved was ready t be picking up.Because I had always been waiting t read it,s at that mment I was very exciting.Outside the library,I saw the man driving arund the small parking lt,try t find a parking space.He head fr the disabled parking space,the nly ne that was free.He gt ff his car with a pile f library bk t return.Seeing that,I ffered t return them t him.He thanked me and jumped quick in his car and drve ff,keeping the disabled parking space free fr smene needed it.