新人教版高考英语一轮复习句子成分下的语法第三讲从“谓语”角度理清动词的“那些事”课件+学案
展开第三讲 从“谓语”角度理清动词的“那些事”
编者按：谓语用来描述主语的行为、动作或所处的状态，一般位于主语之后，由动词或动词短语充当。有时态、语态和语气的变化，同时又受到主语人称和数的制约。英语中谓语动词一共分为四类：实义动词、系动词、情态动词和助动词。实义动词可以单独作谓语，其他种类的动词都不能单独作谓语，连系动词需要和表语构成谓语，情态动词和助动词需要和实义动词或连系动词一起构成谓语。本讲主要讲动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。
第1课时 动词的时态、语态
(一) 一般时态
[真题集训——明考点]
一、语法填空常考点
1. (2020·全国卷Ⅰ)The unmanned Chang'e4 probe (探测器) — the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess — (touch) down last week in the South PoleAitken basin.
解析：touched 分析句子结构，“the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess”部分是对探月器名称的解释，可以看作是插入成分，故可判断出空格处是谓语动词。再根据句中的时间状语last week可知，此处用一般过去时。
2．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)When he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary (传奇的) artist, they smiled and (point) down the river.
解析：pointed and连接两个并列谓语动词，空格处的动词形式应和smiled一致，应用一般过去时。
3．(2020·浙江7月高考)New methods (mean) that fewer people worked in farming.
解析：meant 根据that引导的宾语从句中的时态可知，此处用一般过去时。
4．(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, (form)the core collection of the British Museum that opened in 1759.
解析：formed 根据定语从句中的时间状语in 1759可知，要用一般过去时。
5．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene (declare) she had no plans to retire from her 36yearold business.
解析：declared 根据设空处后的从句中谓语动词had的时态可知，本句叙述发生在过去的事情要用一般过去时。
6．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)Our hosts shared many of their experiences and (recommend) wonderful places to eat, shop, and visit.
解析：recommended 根据and可知所填词语与前面的shared构成并列谓语结构，shared为一般过去时，故填recommended。
7．(2019·北京高考)Research on the question (suggest) that, for most students, it doesn't.
解析：suggests/suggested/has suggested 本句的主语是Research，为单数名词，设空处为谓语动词，也应用单数形式。且此处表示研究结果，可以理解为客观描述这项研究，也可以理解为这项研究是在过去进行时，同时也可强调这项研究对现在的影响。此处可用一般现在时、一般过去时或现在完成时，故填suggests/suggested/has suggested。
8．(2019·浙江6月高考)When every pupil in the school wears the uniform, nobody (have) to worry about fashion (时尚)．
解析：has/will have 空格前面的从句用了一般现在时，主句谓语动词应该用一般现在时或者一般将来时。而句子主语nobody是第三个人称单数，所以当句子为一般现在时态时，谓语动词用第三人称单数。
二、短文改错常考点
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Actually, I start to learn kung fu when I was seven years old.
解析：start→started 根据时间状语从句when I was seven years old可知，此处用一般过去时。
2．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)For example, every morning, my dad has to have a bowl of egg soup while I had to eat an apple.
解析：had→have 根据句中的every morning和has可以判断，时态为一般现在时，故从句中had应改为have，保持主谓一致和句中前后时态的一致性。
3．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)One was that I was amazed at the fact that a sick person could feel much better after seeing a doctor.And the other is that I wanted to help people in need.
解析：is→was 根据第一句中的One was可知，第二句讲述的也是过去的事情，故应用一般过去时。
4．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)During my last winter holiday, I went to the countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I find a big change there.
解析：find→found 根据第一句中的时间状语During my last winter holiday可知，此处叙述的是去年寒假中的事情，故第二句中的谓语动词应用一般过去时。
5．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)It was Monday morning, and the writing class had just begin.
解析：begin→begun 根据语境可知，写作课刚刚已经开始，再结合前面的had，表明这是一个过去完成时的句子，因此把begin改为 begun。
[语法精析——知规则]
所谓一般时态，表示既不“进行”，也不“完成”。
一般时态 | 一般现在时 一般过去时 | 分别表示现在、过去的经常性、习惯性动作或存在的状态 |
一般将来时 | 表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或将来某一段时间内经常发生的动作或存在的状态 | |
过去将来时 | 表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态 |
Ⅰ.一般现在时
1．表示经常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态，常与频度副词及表示现在的时间状语连用。例如：
always总是 often经常 usually通常
sometimes有时 hardly ever几乎不 frequently经常
on Sundays在星期天 seldom很少 yearly每年
2．表示主语目前的性质、特征、状态或能力等。
He is a man of few words.他是一个少言寡语的人。
3．表示客观事实、普遍真理及自然现象，或用在格言中。
4．表示按规定、计划、安排、时间表等马上要发生的事情，常与具体的时间状语连用。该用法常用于火车时刻表、飞机航班时刻表，以及电影开演、作息、安排等时刻表上，且仅限于少数表示短暂意义的动词。例如：
come来 go去 arrive到达
leave离开 begin开始 start开始
take off起飞 finish完成 stop停止
Ⅱ.一般过去时
1．表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态，其中包括过去的习惯性动作，常与表示过去的时间状语连用。例如：
yesterday昨天 in 2019在2019年
the other day几天前 ... days/years ago ……天/年前
once upon a time从前 the day before yesterday前天
last week/month/year 上周/上个月/去年
2．表示过去一段时间内经常性或习惯性的动作。
He opened his eyes, put on his clothes quickly and jumped down from the bed.
他睁开眼睛，迅速穿上衣服，并从床上跳了下来。
[名师指津] 在before和after引导的时间状语从句中，若表示两个过去的动作相继发生，两个动作都用一般过去时，前一个动作不必用过去完成时。
Henry visited New York before he left for Washington.
亨利去华盛顿之前游览了纽约。
3．有些动作发生的时间没有具体表明，但实际上是“刚才，刚刚”发生，应使用一般过去时。如I didn't know ...或I forgot ...等表示事先或说话之前不知道或不记得，但现在已知道或记得的事情。
I didn't know you were here.我不知道你在这里。
Ⅲ.一般将来时
1．will/shall＋动词原形
(1)表示将要发生的动作或将来存在的状态，shall一般用于第一人称，will可用于各种人称，常与表示将来的时间状语连用。例如：
tomorrow明天 in the future将来
later on后来 before long不久以后；很快
next week/month/year 下周/下个月/明年
the day after tomorrow 后天
(2)will还可表示说话时临时作出的决定。
—Dr. Jackson is not in his office at the moment.
—All right. I will call him later.
——杰克逊医生现在不在办公室。
——好吧，我过会给他打电话。
2．be going to＋动词原形
表示按计划、安排将要做某事；人作主语时表示打算做某事；物作主语时表示目前某种迹象预示着将要发生某事。
Look at the dark clouds. It is going to rain.
看那些乌云。要下雨了。
3．be about to＋动词原形/be on the point of＋动名词
“be about to＋动词原形”及“be on the point of＋动名词”表示“立即的将来(immediate future)”，因此，这两种结构不与表示将来的具体时间状语连用，但可以和并列连词when(＝and at that time)引出的分句连用。
The train is about to start.火车就要开动了。
4．be to＋动词原形
用法 | 例句 | |
表示“按计划或安排即将要做的事” | They are to meet at the gate of the school. 他们将在学校门口见面。 | |
表示“按照职责、义务、规定、命令等应该做某事”，相当于should, ought to | You are to report it to the police. 你应该报警。 | |
表示注定要发生的事情 | Your plan is to be a failure. 你的计划注定要失败。 | |
Ⅳ.过去将来时
过去将来时表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态，其构成是“should/would＋动词原形；was/were (going/about) to＋动词原形”。
He said he would be here at nine o'clock.
他说他会在九点钟到这里。
[对点训练]
Ⅰ.用所给词的适当形式填空
1．(2021·厦门质检)Even Su Shi, the famous poet of the Song Dynasty, expressed (express) his admiration for Han Gan.
2．(2021·青岛月考)Besides the significance of composing completely for a Chinese opera, the opera delivers (deliver)something more, that is, love and peace.
3．By the time you have finished this book, your meal will get (get) cold.
4．I'll go to the library as soon as I finish what I am doing (do)．
5．Did you predict that many students would sign (sign) up for the dance competition?
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．The moment she saw the special gift, she hugs me affectionately, tears rolling in her eyes.hugs→hugged
2．When you will wake up tomorrow, you will be a little better.去掉第一个will
3．It has been over three years since they get in touch with each other.get→got
4．In my opinion, cell phones are neither good nor bad.It depend on how we use them.depend→depends
5．I believe I would improve my English by doing so and learn more about her country.would→will
(二) 进行时态
[真题集训——明考点]
1．(2018·北京高考改编)Susan had quit her wellpaid job and (work) as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.
解析：was working 句意：去年“我”去看望苏珊的时候，她已经辞去了那份高薪的工作，正在社区做志愿者。根据句意可知，此处强调过去的时间正在进行的动作，因此用过去进行时。
2．(2017·天津高考改编)I (drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.
解析：was driving 句意：我正开车去伦敦，就在那时我突然发现我走错路了。be doing ... when ...“正在做……，这时突然……”，此时主句用过去进行时，when后面的句子用一般过去式。
3．(2014·重庆高考改编)James has just arrived, but I didn't know he (come) until yesterday.
解析：was coming/would come 句意：詹姆斯刚到，但是我直到昨天才知道他要来。根据句意可知，昨天才知道他将要来，所以要用过去将来时，此处既可以用进行时表示将来，也可用would come。
4．(2014·北京高考改编)—Hi, let's go skating.
—Sorry, I'm busy right now.I (fill) in an application form for a new job.
解析：am filling 句意：“嗨，我们去滑冰吧。”“抱歉，我现在正忙着呢。我正在填一份新工作的申请表。”此句表示说话时正在发生的动作，故用现在进行时。
[语法精析——知规则]
考纲对进行时态要求掌握的时态包括：现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时，它们的形式分别为：
Ⅰ.现在进行时
1．表示现在(说话人说话时)正在发生或进行的动作、状态，或现阶段一直进行着的动作，其构成是“am/is/are doing”。常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。例如：
now现在 right now现在 at present目前
these days目前；如今 at this moment此刻
2．一些非延续性动词可用现在进行时表示按计划、安排将要发生的动作，常见的这类动词有：
come来 go去 leave离开
arrive到达 start开始 begin开始
return返回 move移动 take拿走
Ⅱ.过去进行时
1．表示过去某一时刻正在发生的动作，或过去某一个阶段内一直在进行的动作。其构成是“was/were doing”。常用的时间状语有：
at this/that time＋过去时间 at ... o'clock＋过去时间
from ... to ...＋过去时间 those days那些日子
just now刚才；刚刚
[名师指津] 现在进行时及过去进行时常与always, constantly, continually, all the time等状语连用，表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作，或强调赞赏、厌恶、生气、好奇等感情色彩，不强调动作正在进行。
He is always helping others.
他总是乐于助人。(表示赞赏)
She is always forgetting something.
她总是忘事。(表示不满)
2．表示动作在另一个过去的动作发生时正在进行，常与when, while引导的时间状语从句连用。
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle yesterday.
我弟弟昨天骑自行车时摔倒了。
3．一些非延续性动词可用在过去进行时表示过去按计划、安排将要发生的动作，多用于从句中。常见的该类动词有：
go去 come来 leave离开 start开始
arrive到达 return返回 work工作 move移动
He said he was starting tomorrow.
他说他打算明天出发。
Ⅲ.将来进行时
表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间里正在进行的动作，其构成是“will be doing”。常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。例如：
at this time tomorrow/the day after tomorrow
在明天/后天的这个时间
(by) then 那时
from 7：30 to 11：30 tomorrow/the day after tomorrow
明天/后天从7：30到11：30
[对点训练]
用所给词的适当形式填空
1．(2021·丹东模拟)Girl, Wash Your Face is one of those books that read like you are hanging (hang) out with your best friend right at the moment.
2．I was on my way home after shopping and saw a small dog running across the very busy street my car was travelling (travel) on.
3．He must have sensed that I was looking (look) at him.He suddenly glanced at me and said quietly，“Why are you staring at me like that？”
4．This time next day they will be sitting (sit) in the cinema.
5．Please don't call me between 8：00 and 10：00 tomorrow. I'll be having (have) my classes then.
(三) 完成时态
[真题集训——明考点]
1. (2020·浙江7月高考)By about 6000 BC, people (discover) the best crops to grow and animals to raise.
解析：had discovered 根据By about 6000 BC可知，此处应用过去完成时。
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut (report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a belief that populations are increasing.
解析：have reported 根据句中时间状语In recent years可知，应用现在完成时。
3．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I (make) over the years.
解析：have made 分析句子结构可知，本句为省略了引导词的定语从句，先行词friends为复数概念。设空处在从句中作谓语，主句为一般现在时，根据时间状语over the years可知，此处应用现在完成时。
4．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Diets have changed in China — and so too has its top crop. Since 2011, the country (grow) more corn than rice.
解析：has grown 由时间状语Since 2011可知此处语境表示的是从过去的某个时间开始，一直持续到现在，故用现在完成时。且主语the country是第三人称单数名词，故填has grown。
5．(2018·江苏高考改编)Hopefully in 2025 we will no longer be emailing each other, for we (develop) more convenient electronic communication tools by then.
解析：will have developed 句意：我们有望在2025年的时候不再互相发电子邮件了，因为那时我们已经开发出更方便的电子通信工具了。2025年为将来的时间，由by then可知要用将来完成时。
[语法精析——知规则]
Ⅰ.现在完成时
1．表示过去发生且已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。注意这时说话者说话的重心在过去的事情对现在造成的影响上。其构成是“have/has done”，常用的时间状语有：already, just (刚刚), yet, before, by this time, so far等。
I have already seen the film.我已经看过那部电影了。
2．表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在，也许还将持续下去的动作或状态。常用的状语有：lately, recently, in the last/past few days/years(在过去的几天/年里)，since then, up to now, so far (至今), ever since等。
In the past few years, many new railways have been laid down.在过去的几年里修建了许多新铁路。
3．在“最高级＋名词”或“It/This is/will be＋the first/second ... time”之后的定语从句中，谓语动词用现在完成时。
This is the first time (that) I have come here.
这是我第一次来这里。
4．瞬间动词又叫非延续性动词、终止性动词。瞬间动词可以用于完成时态，但不可以接表示一段时间的状语；若要接表示一段时间的状语，需要做一些相应的变换。
He has come to Beijing since last year.(×)
He has lived in Beijing since last year.(√)
Ⅱ.过去完成时
1．过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作前已完成的动作或存在的状态(即表示“过去的过去”)。其构成是“had done”。
He said that he had been abroad for 3 years.
他说他在国外待了三年了。
2．表示过去某一时间的动作或状态持续到过去的另一时间，还可能持续下去，常用的时间状语有：by/until/before/by the end of＋“表示过去的某一时间”。
By then he had learned English for 3 years.
到那时，他已学了三年英语了。
3．表示愿望、打算的词，如：hope, expect, mean, intend, want, suppose等，其过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。
I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.
我本希望在上海多看看。(但未能如愿)
4．用于某些固定句型中：
(1)Hardly/Scarcely/Rarely ... when ...和No sooner ... than ...句型中， when和than从句里用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时，且用倒装，表示“刚刚……就……”。
Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down.我刚到家，大雨就倾盆而下。
(2)It was/had been＋一段时间＋since从句。since 从句的谓语用过去完成时。
It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.
我们有10年没这么高兴过了。
(3)That/This/It was the first/second ... time＋that从句。that 从句的谓语要用过去完成时。
It was the third time (that) he had left the key at home.
那是他第三次把钥匙落在家里了。
Ⅲ.将来完成时
将来完成时表示到将来某一时间，某一动作将会完成。其构成是“will have done”。常用的时间状语为“by＋将来的某个时间”，“by the time＋从句”，“by the end of＋将来时间的名词”。
By this time of next year, all of you will have become college students.到明年的这个时候，你们就都成为大学生了。
[对点训练]
单句语法填空/单句改错
1．(2021·大连质检)He has been (be) an emergency room doctor since July 2005, and now he serves as the attending doctor in the emergency department.
2．By the time Jack returned home from England, his son had graduated (graduate) from college.
3．—Did you have difficulty finding Ann's house?
—Not really.She had given (give) us clear directions and we were able to find it easily.
4．He knew by the time he arrived she would have gone home.arrived前加had
5．That was the third time that I have visited the Summer Palace.have→had
6．(2021·滁州模拟)One day, the coach has brought an excellent player to the director of the college and suggested the student be allowed to enter without an examination.去掉has
(四) 动词的被动语态
[真题集训——明考点]
1．(2021·浙江1月高考)It is calculated by dividing a person's weight in kg by their height in meters squared, and a BMI of between 19 and 25 (consider) healthy.
解析： is considered 本句时态为一般现在时，主语a BMI为单数形式且与动词
consider之间为被动关系，所以用一般现在时的被动语态。
2．(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)The parts of a museum open to the public (call) galleries or rooms.
解析：are called 主语the parts和谓语动词call之间为被动关系，应用被动语态。
3．(2020·浙江7月高考)And, as more children were born, more food (need)．
解析：was needed 根据时间状语从句as more children were born可知，此处用一般过去时，主语more food和need之间是被动关系，所以用一般过去时的被动语态。
4．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)On the last day of our weeklong stay, we (invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars, listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
解析：were invited 由本句中的时间状语On the last day可知，此处表示发生在过去的动作，且根据空格后的to attend可知此处主语we与invite之间为被动关系，应用一般过去时的被动语态，故填were invited。
5．(2018·天津高考改编)My washing machine (repair) this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand.
解析：is being repaired 句意：我的洗衣机这周正在被修理，因此我不得不手洗我的衣服。洗衣机正在被修理，因此用现在进行时的被动语态。
6．(2018·江苏高考改编)I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan (carry) out in the past two years.
解析：had been carried 句意：上个月，我被派往那个村子，去看了看过去两年里这个发展计划执行得怎么样了。carry out发生在I was sent之前，所以要用过去完成时，且plan与carry out之间为被动关系，故用过去完成时的被动语态。
[语法精析——知规则]
Ⅰ.被动语态的基本用法
不知道或没有必要指明动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态；需要强调或突出动作的承受者或事件本身时也常用被动语态(by短语有时可以省略)。
被动语态与时态结合，形成各种时态下的被动语态：
| 现在时 | 过去时 | 将来时 | 过去将来时 |
一般式 | am/is/ are done | was/ were done | will/shall be done | would/ should be done |
进行式 | am/is/are being done | was/were being done |
|
|
完成式 | have/has been done | had been done | will/shall have been done | would/ should have been done |
1．强调或突出动作的承受者或事件本身。
New Zealand wine is of high quality and is sold all over the world.新西兰的葡萄酒品质很高，广销全世界。
2．不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者。
He is recognized as one of the leading early canal engineers.他被公认为早期最杰出的运河工程师之一。
3．用在科技文献或新闻报道中。
Cars of this kind were made in the 1980s.
这种小汽车是20世纪80年代制造的。
Ⅱ.主动形式表示被动意义
1．表示主语的某种属性特征或功能的动词，如read, write, sell, wash, clean, cook, catch, draw, cut, photograph, peel等，常与well, badly, easily, smoothly等副词连用，用主动形式表示被动意义。
The book sells well.这本书卖得很好。
2．系动词appear, look, sound, smell, taste, feel, prove等后接形容词作表语，用主动形式表示被动意义。
Her voice sounds beautiful.她的嗓音听起来很美妙。
3．open, close, lock, move, keep等动词常与won't, can't, wouldn't, hardly, scarcely等连用，及表示“开始”“结束”的动词，如：begin, start, finish, end等，常用主动形式表示被动意义。
This drawer won't lock.这个抽屉锁不上。
[对点训练]
单句语法填空/单句改错
1．(2021·齐齐哈尔模拟)As the saying goes，“A hero is known (know) in the time of misfortune.”
2．China's first artificial intelligence (AI) textbook for high school students was brought (bring) out last year.
3．The song which is being sung (sing) on the stage now was just written by Albert, for whom being a famous musician is his forever dream.
4．It is reported (report) that many people die of traffic accidents each year.
5．I have many hobbies and I think fishing put at the top of the list.put前加is
6．I have told that one more volunteer will be needed this year and I think you are suitable for the job.have后加been
[应用落实——通方法]
一、单句语法填空
1．(2021·福州模拟)The story goes (go) that the shopkeeper of a Chinese medicine shop was often seen shouting at his employees.
2．However, thanks to the international agreement, there has been (be) much less illegal hunting since 1990.
3．Its success is very encouraging in today's television world where reality shows have played (play) a leading part so far.
4．Tom was shocked to realize that the twomonth summer vacation had passed (pass) before he knew it.
5．The styles, rules, and regulations for Chinese poetry gradually changed (change) over the centuries until the time of the Tang Dynasty.
6．One day I was reading (read) a newspaper when I noticed a photo of a young woman who looked very much like Linda and whose last name was Wagman — Linda's married name.
7．Take the chance, or you will regret (regret) it some day.
8．According to the result of the inspection, they found that the insect contains a powerful drug, so local farmers were employed (employ) to catch the insects.
[解题技法]
语法填空解题“3策略”
1．掌握独特的时间状语标志
2．熟记句式，利用语境暗示
(1)be doing ... when ...，主句常用过去进行时，从句常用一般过去时；
(2)It is/has been＋时间段＋since ...表示“自从……以来已经……”，主句用现在完成时或一般现在时，从句用一般过去时；
(3)祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句，陈述句常用一般将来时。
3．分清主动被动，辨析语态
看到动词为及物动词，后面缺少宾语要想到用被动语态。
二、单句改错
1．One morning as they are gathering firewood, it suddenly started to rain heavily. are→were
2．The busy father smiled, finished eating, and sweeping the desk remains into the dustbin including Molly's junk.sweeping→swept
3．Many of the students feel strongly against the rule, arguing that the smartphone had become a necessary part of our life.had→has
4．I knew that they will be worried about me because I was so far away.will→would
5．When my English teacher told me that I had chosen as a competitor, I devoted myself to the preparation.had后加been
6．I still remember the soup made by my grandmother was tasted so delicious that the whole family enjoyed it.去掉was
[解题技法]
短文改错解题“2关注”
1．关注时态——“5个根据”定时态
(1)根据语篇和上下文整体把握时态；
(2)根据时间状语判断时态；
(3)根据并列连词连接成分的对称原则辨清时态；
(4)根据主句谓语识别从句时态： 在复合句中，主句用一般现在时，从句可根据需要用各种时态；主句用一般过去时，从句用过去的某种时态；
(5)根据固定句式结构判断时态。
2．关注语态——根据主语与谓语动词的逻辑关系判断语态
三、高考写作佳句
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)此外，他与其他医生一起努力工作，这鼓舞了全国人民。
In addition, he worked hard with other doctors, which inspired the whole nation.
2．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)我和同学们已计划演出一个由《百万英镑》改编的短剧。
My classmates and I have planned to act out a short play based on The Million Pound Note.
3．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)我期待尽快收到你的答复。
I'm looking forward to receiving your reply as soon as possible.
4．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)据说下周六我们学校的排球队和红星中学的排球队将在体育场进行一场排球比赛。
It is said that there will be a volleyball match between our school volleyball team and the one from Hongxing Middle School in the stadium next Saturday.
5．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)为纪念这一难忘的时刻，将举行各种各样的活动。
There will be a wide variety of activities to mark this unforgettable occasion.
第2课时 主谓一致
[真题集训——明考点]
一、语法填空常考点
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)“This really excites scientists，”Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says, “because it (mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon is constructed.”
解析：means 分析句子结构可知，空处是谓语动词。本句引用了Carle Pieters的话，且根据have the chance可知，要用一般现在时。主语为it，谓语动词用means。
2．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)This is why decorating with plants, fruits and flowers (carry) special significance.
解析：carries 在why引导的表语从句中，动名词短语decorating with plants, fruits and flowers作主语，谓语动词用单数，并且此处讲的是客观事实，应用一般现在时，所以填carries。
3．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six (be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.
解析：are 分析句子结构可知，本句由多个分句并列组成。其中设空处所在分句的主语为six，为复数概念，谓语应用复数形式，本句叙述一般事实，应用一般现在时，故填are。
4．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)While running regularly can't make you live forever, the review says it (be) more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming.
解析：is 根据语境可知，本句中宾语从句与主句的时态应保持一致，故使用一般现在时。it指代前面的running regularly，是第三人称单数，故填is。
5．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Fast food (be) full of fat and salt; by eating more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.
解析：is 本句中的主语是fast food (快餐)，是不可数名词短语，所以谓语用第三人称单数形式，且此处是对客观情况的描述，应用一般现在时，所以填is。
二、短文改错常考点
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)My dad don't like the soup and I don't enjoy apples.
解析：第一个don't→doesn't 主语my dad为第三人称单数，此处应用doesn't。
2．(2019·天津高考改编)Amy, as well as her brothers, were given a warm welcome when returning to the village last week.
解析：were→was as well as连接两个并列的主语时，谓语动词应与前面的主语保持一致，主语Amy为单数，应用第三人称单数形式。
3．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)The classroom is a place for learning and that include learning from textbooks, and mistakes as well.
解析：include→includes 分析句子结构可知，that引导定语从句，修饰place，关系代词替代place在从句中作主语，从句谓语动词的数要与先行词保持一致，故谓语动词也应使用第三人称单数的形式。
4．(2016·浙江6月高考)He would ask who we was and pretend not to know us.
解析：was→were 从句中的主语是we，为复数形式，故谓语动词应该用were。
[语法精析——知规则]
主谓一致是指句子的谓语动词和其主语在人称和数上必须保持一致。主谓一致一般遵循三个原则：语法一致原则(主语的单复数决定了谓语动词的单复数)、意义一致原则(不管主语的形式是单数还是复数，主语的意义决定了谓语动词的单复数)和就近一致原则(谓语动词的单复数形式取决于离它最近的主语的单复数)。
(一)名词作主语时的主谓一致
主语 | 谓语动词 |
可数名词单数或不可数名词 | 单数 |
可数名词复数 | 复数 |
只表示复数意义的集体名词people, police, cattle等 | 复数 |
集体名词family, class, group, army, audience, committee, crowd, government, staff, team等 | 单数(强调整体) |
复数(强调个体) | |
单复数同形的名词means, sheep, works, deer, fish等 | 根据其表达的单复数意义而定 |
如：The news was really a shock to everyone present.
这消息真的震惊了在场的每一个人。
Our football team is playing well.
我们的足球队踢得很好。
Our football team are having baths and then coming back here for supper.
我们的足球队员们正在洗澡，然后将回到这儿吃晚饭。
(二)数量概念词作主语时的主谓一致
主语 | 谓语动词 |
表示单位数量，如指时间、金钱、距离、长度、重量等的复数名词短语 | 单数 |
the rest/part (of) 及分数、百分数等 | 根据所指代或修饰的名词而定 |
one of＋可数名词复数 | 单数 |
a number of＋可数名词复数 | 复数 |
the number of ＋可数名词复数 | 单数 |
a quantity of/quantities of | 根据quantity的形式而定 |
more than one/many a＋可数名词单数 | 单数 |
如：Ten kilometers is too long for him to run.
对他来说，跑十公里太长了。
Three fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.
地球表面的四分之三是海。
A number of trees were planted on that day.
那天种了大量的树。
One of my colleagues is to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow.我的一位同事将参加明天即将举行的会议。
(三)不定代词或由不定代词修饰的词作主语时的主谓一致
主语 | 谓语动词 |
neither, either, each, every, no, anyone, somebody, everything, nobody等 | 单数 |
both/few/many/several (of) 等 | 复数 |
all/some/most (of)指代或修饰可数名词复数 | 复数 |
all/some/most (of)指代或修饰不可数名词 | 单数 |
none (of)指代或修饰可数名词复数 | 单、复数均可 |
none (of)指代或修饰不可数名词 | 单数 |
如：All is going smoothly.一切进展顺利。
All are present.人都到齐了。
In our country, every boy and every girl has the right to receive education.
在我们国家，男孩和女孩都享有受教育的权利。
(四)并列结构作主语时的主谓一致
主语 | 谓语动词 |
由both ...and ...或and连接 | 复数 |
由either ...or ..., neither ...nor ..., or, not only ...but also, not ...but 连接 | 就近一致原则 |
如：Neither you nor I, nor anybody else knows how to do it.无论是你、我还是其他任何人都不知道怎么做。
(五)其他情况时的主谓一致
情况 | 谓语动词 |
主语后有with, along/together with, as well as, in addition to, besides, including, like, rather than, except, but等 | 与主语一致 |
there be句式中 | 就近一致 |
单个不定式或动名词作主语 | 通常用单数 |
主语从句作主语 | 通常用单数 |
定语从句中关系代词作主语 | 与先行词一致 |
倒装句中 | 和其后的主语一致 |
如：To see is to believe.眼见为实。
Between the two windows hangs a picture.
两扇窗户之间挂有一幅画。
[应用落实——通方法]
一、单句语法填空
1．(2021·张家口调研)Du Fu's irreplaceable position in the history of Chinese literature rests (rest) on his superb classicism.
2．Kathie is reading the note which was (be) left in the drawer the other day.
3．Twofifths of the land in that district is covered (cover) with trees now, about 80% of which were planted (plant) in the 1990s.
4．Mr.Smith, together with his wife and children, is (be) going to visit Beijing next month.
5．The stresses and worries that appear in life are (be) like that glass of water.
6．Neither the teacher nor his students know (know) how to work out the problem.
7．These bacteria are (be) able to resist powerful antibiotic (抗生素) drugs.
8．In Hangzhou, borrowing books from the library is (be) now as simple and convenient as shopping online: click, pay and wait for delivery.
[解题技法]
语法填空解题“3视角”
1．看主语人称，确定谓语动词形式
2．看充当主语的词(短语)，确定谓语动词形式
(1)看到主语为动名词短语/to do不定式或从句，要想到谓语应为第三人称单数形式；
(2)看到“分数/百分数＋of＋名词”作主语，要想到谓语的数取决于名词。
3．看到there be等结构，要想到就近一致原则
二、单句改错
1．But when it come to pigs, we somehow reach an agreement that pigs are lazy and stupid. come→comes
2．However, too much exposure to phones are bad for people in terms of health.are→is
3．(2021·南昌市三校联考)Ms Brown, it's you that has changed my life and made my dream come true.has→have
4．What's more, in the process of fighting, we get close to success, as the saying goes that failure are the mother of success.are→is
5．As the economy grow, more opportunities are appearing than before.grow→grows
6．(2021·南昌市模拟)In my opinion, cheating in exams are wrong.are→is
7．So the number of them are falling quickly.are→is
8．Besides, punishments, such as a fine, is necessary to tourists with such bad behaviors.is→are
[解题技法]
短文改错解题“3原则”
1．通过“语法一致”原则解决主谓一致问题
可数名词单数或不可数名词作主语时谓语动词用单数；可数名词复数作主语时谓语动词用复数。
2．通过“意义一致”原则解决主谓一致问题
集体名词作主语时，若被看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式；若被看作是构成集体的一个个成员，谓语动词用复数形式。
3．通过“就近一致”原则解决主谓一致问题
由either ...or ..., neither ...nor ..., not only ...but also ...等连接的并列主语或者在there be句型中，谓语动词常与最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。
三、高考写作佳句
1．(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ写作)这项活动对我们的身心都有益。
The activity was beneficial to us physically and mentally.
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)除了我的英语能力，我也是一个友好的人，很容易相处。
In addition to my English abilities, I am also a friendly person who is easy to get on with.
3．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)我想强调的是你最好带一些礼物。
What I want to stress is that you'd better bring some gifts.
4．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)我们不仅学习排球和篮球课程，而且我们学校还举办各种体育比赛。
Not only do we take volleyball and basketball courses, but our school also holds all kinds of sports competitions.
5．(2018·天津高考书面表达)无论谁获得世界青少年机器人技能竞赛的第一名都会被授予金牌。
The gold medal will be awarded to whoever wins the first place in the the World Adolescent Robotics Competition.
[语篇巧训——全融会]
动词的时态、语态和主谓一致专练(用所给词的适当形式填空)
A university graduate described as a “respectable and intelligent” woman ①is seeking (seek) professional help after being convicted of (证明有……罪) shoplifting for the second time in six months.
Aha Luz, recently studying for PhD ②has been told (tell) she would end up behind bars unless she can control the desire to steal from shops.
Luz, who ③lives (live) with her partner in Fitzwdliam Road, Cambridge, ④admitted (admit) stealing clothes worth 9.95 pounds from Lewis in Oxford Street，London，on March 9.
Philip Lomoyne, prosecuting (起诉), said Luz ⑤selected (select) some clothes from a display and ⑥took (take) them to the ladies' toilet in the store.When she came out again she ⑦was wearing (wear) one of the skirts she ⑧had selected (select), having taken off the antitheft security alarm.
She ⑨was stopped (stop) and caught after leaving the store without paying, Mr Lomoyne said.He added that she was upset on her arrest and ⑩apologized (apologize) for her actions.
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