考向14 定语从句 备战2022年高考英语微专题（全国通用）

这是一份考向14 定语从句 备战2022年高考英语微专题（全国通用），共29页。试卷主要包含了关系代词引导的定语从句，关系副词引导的定语从句，非限制性定语从句，定语从句与其他句型的区别等内容，欢迎下载使用。
考向14 定语从句
考向一 关系代词引导的定语从句
一、常见关系代词的基本用法
1. that
可指人或物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语。指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。不能引导非限制性定语从句；不可置于介词后作宾语。
2. which
指物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语。如：
The book which/that was on the desk was bought by my father.（主语）
3. who, whom, whose
（1）who: 主格, 在从句中作主语，只可指人
（2）whom: 宾格，在从句中只能作宾语；只可指人
（3） whose: 表所属关系，在从句中作定语。译为：某人的，某物的
（4）whose + 名词 =the + n. + of which （某物的） = he + n. + of whom （某人的）
注意：
① 关系代词作介词宾语（在定语从句中，介词提前时，介词后：表人用 whom；表物用 which）
② 关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时，介词可放于从句之首，也可放于从句之末。但以放于句首较为正式。（介词前置，必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。关系代词who和that用作介词宾语时，介词必须放在句末。）
4. as
as引导定语从句，在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语
（1）如为限制性的，多用于the same …as ; the same as（与……相同）；such …as …（如此，这样）; as many/much as（和……一样多）；so/as …as（与……一样）等结构中。如：
（2）如为非限制性的，as还可以单独引导一个定语从句，代替整个主句，这种定语从句可置于句首，句中或句尾，译为＂正如，这一点＂。（动词常为know, see, expect, point out, etc.）
As we all know, smoking is harmful to one’s health. （as作宾语） 众所周知，吸烟有害健康。
【典例分析】
1.（2020﹒江苏）Many lessons are now available online, from _____ students can choose for free.
A. whose B. which C. when D. whom
【答案】B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：许多课程现在都可以在网上找到，学生们可以从中免费选择。此处是非限定性定语从句，先行词是many lessons，关系词在从句中做介词from的宾语，应使用关系代词which引导。故选B。
2.（2020﹒天津）Dr. Rowan, ______ secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing.
A. whose B. of whom C. of which D. which
【答案】A
【解析】考查定语从句。句意:罗文博士的秘书两周前辞职了，他现在只能自己打字。______ secretary resigned two weeks ago是非限制性定语从句，修饰Dr. Rowan，引导词在从句中作定语，表示”Dr. Rowan’s “，表示”……的”，应用关系代词whose引导该从句，故选A。
3. （2019·新课标III卷·语法填空）They were well trained by their masters ___64___ had great experience with caring for these animals.
【答案】who
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：它们被他们的主人训练地很好，它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。先行词为masters（主人），且从句缺主语。故关系词填who。
4.（2019· 浙江卷·语法填空）On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth ___58___ gives off light in the dark.
【答案】that/which
【解析】考查定语从句。这是个限制性定语从句，先行词是cloth，指物，从句中缺少主语，因此，可以用that或which引导。故填that/which。
二、that、 which只能用其中一个的情况
1. 只能用that，不能用which的情况
（1）先行词是all，something，everything，anything，nothing，little，much，few等不定代词或先行词被all，any，every，no，little，much，some等词修饰。
☞All the people that come from the country work much harder.
所有来自农村的人工作都更努力得多。
（2）先行词被序数词、 形容词最高级、the only，the very，the last等修饰时，关系代词通常只用that，不用which。如：
☞The first English novel that I read was Cities. 我读的第一本英文小说是《城市》。
☞This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.
这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。
☞This is the only thing that we can do now.
这是我们现在惟一能做的事情。
（3）先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词只用that，不用which。如：
☞The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.
我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。
☞The foreign visitors spoke highly of the pioneers and their performances that they saw at the Children’s Palace. 外国游客高度赞扬了他们在少年宫所看到的少先队员以及他们的表演。
（4） 关系代词在限定性定语从句中作表语并带有类比含义时，通常只用that，不用which。如：
☞He is no longer the star that he was. 他不再是过去的那位明星了。
☞Our school is no longer the school that it used to be. 我们的学校不再是以前的那所学校了。
（5） 句中其他位置已出现which， 为避免重复， 不用which而用that引导限定性定语从句。如：
☞Which is the car that has overtaken us？ 超过我们的是哪辆车？
2. 只用which，不能用that的情况
（1） 在介词提前到关系代词之前形成＂介词＋关系代词＂结构来修饰表事物的先行词时， 关系代词必须用which。如：
☞The house in which we live is very large. 我们住的房子非常大。
☞This is the reference book of which the teacher is speaking. 这就是老师正在谈及的那本参考书。
注意： 如果介词不放在修饰事物的限定性定语从句的句首， which就可换为that， 如：
☞This is the question which/that we’ve had so much discussion about. =This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion. 这就是我们已经多次讨论过的问题。
（2） 先行词为＂those＋表事物的复数名词＂时， 关系代词通常只用which而不用that。例如：
☞Students should keep in mind those regulations which restrict their behavior.
学生应牢记那些规范自己的行为准则。
☞A bookshop should deal with a variety of those best sellers which are newly published.
书店应该经营新出版的各种畅销书。
（3）当先行词指物，关系词在句中作主语或宾语，引导非限制性定语从句的关系词只能用which，而不用that。
【典例分析】
1.（2019﹒北京）The students benefiting most from college are those ___9___ are totally engaged（参与）in academic life.
【答案】who/that
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：从大学中获益最多的学生是那些完全投入学术生活的学生。___3___ are totally engaged（参与）in academic life.是定语从句，修饰先行词those，空格处在句中作主语，代指人，故填who或that。
2.（2017· 新课标卷I·语法填空）Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 70 is not good for the health.
【答案】 which
【解析】句意：很可能摄入过多的脂肪和盐，那对健康没有好处。分析可知which is not good for the health为非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面的整句话。
3. （2017· 新课标卷II· 短文改错）In their spare time, they are interesting（改为interested） in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.
【答案】 which
【解析】非限制性定语从句需要用which引导，故将that改为which。
考向二 关系副词引导的定语从句
1. 关系副词when，where，why的先行词是表示时间、地点或原因（一般为reason）的名词，在从句中作状语。有时可用＂介词＋which＂结构替换。
☞I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. 我还记得我第一次来北京的那天。
2. 当定语从句中缺少主语或宾语时，即使先行词是表示时间、地点和原因的词仍用which/that。
☞Is this the reason （that） he explained for his rudeness at the meeting?
这是他在会议上解释的无礼的原因吗？
3. 当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词，如：point，situation，case，stage等，如果引导词在从句中作状语，常用关系副词where引导定语从句；如果不作状语，则用关系代词that/which。
☞The media can often help solve problems and draw attention to situations where help is needed.
媒体经常能够帮助解决问题，把注意力吸引到需要帮助的情况。
关系代词和关系副词的选择
用法
依据
根据从句谓语动词
若是及物动词，后面若无宾语，用关系代词；若是不及物动词则用关系副词。
根据关系词在从句中作的成分
把关系词放进定语从句中，若作主语或宾语用关系代词；作状语则用关系副词。
【典例分析】
1. （2019·新课标I卷·短文改错）One afternoon where I was in primary school, I was walking by the school playground.
【答案】One afternoon I was in primary school, I was walking by the school playground.
【试题解析】考查定语从句。先行词one afternoon表示时间在定语从句中作状语，所以关系词使用when。故将where改为when。
2.（2018·江苏卷·单项填空） Self-driving is an area _______China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.
A. that B. where C. which D. when
【答案】B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：自动驾驶是一个中国和世界其它国家都在同一起跑线的领域。句中先行词为area，在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where，相当于in which。故选B。
3.（2018·新课标II卷·短文改错）They also had a small pond which they raised fish.
【答案】which前加in 或which改为where
【试题解析】考查定语从句的关系词。他们还有一个小池塘，里面养着鱼。此处a small pond是先行词，其在后面的定语从句中作地点状语，故用in which或where。
【易错提醒】
当先行词是时间名词时，既可以用when引导定语从句，也可以用that或which引导定语从句，关键要看关系词在从句中作何种成分。若关系词在定语从句中充当状语，用when引导；若关系词在从句中充当主语或宾语，则用that或which引导。如：
☛Do you remember the days when we chatted with each other all night?
你还记得我们整夜聊天的那些日子吗？（when在从句中作状语）
☛Do you remember the days that/which we spent together on the farm?
你还记得我们在农场一起度过的那些日子吗？（that或which作spent的宾语）
3. Experiments with domestic dogs, one animal was given a treat and another denied, have shown that they possess a sense of fairness as they shared their treats.
A. what B. where C. that D. which
【答案】B
【解析】考查非限定性定语从句。句意：用家犬做试验，试验中一只给了食物，而另一只没有，这表明了它们有一种分享食物的公平感。分析句子结构可知，先行词是Experiments，where在非限制性定语从句中作地点状语，表示抽象地点，where相当于in which。故选B。
【易错提醒】
1. 当先行词为地点名词时，如果关系词在从句中作主语或宾语，则用that或which引导。如：
☛This is the house which/that was built by my grandfather forty years ago.
这是我爷爷在40年前建造的房子。（定语从句中缺少主语，所以要用which/that，而不用where）
2. 当position，point，case，stage，situation，atmosphere等表示抽象地点的名词充当先行词时，若定语从句中缺少状语，则用where来引导。如：
☛It’s helpful to put children in a situation where they can see themselves differently.
把孩子们放在一个能够让他们从不同角度看待自己的环境中对他们很有帮助。
3. 关系副词why指原因，代替先行词并在定语从句中作原因状语，其先行词一般是reason。
☛Is this the reason why （for which） he refused our help? 这是他拒绝我们帮助的理由吗？
4. Do you know the reason Mary is crying?
A. when B. where C. why D. that
【答案】C
【解析】句意：你知道玛丽哭的原因吗？the reason why...是一个固定句型，why在此引导原因状语从句，并在从句中作原因状语，故选C。
【易错提醒】
若代替先行词reason的关系词在定语从句中不作状语，而是充当主语或宾语，则用that或which来引导定语从句。如：
☛I won’t listen to the reason that/which you have given us. 我坚决不听你给我们的那个理由。（定语从句中缺少宾语，所以要用which/that，而不用why）
考向三 非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句是对意义已经非常明确的先行词给予补充、说明，删去非限制性定语从句，主句的意思仍是概念清晰、结构完整的。非限制性定语从句的引导词有who，whom，which，whose，as，when，where等，that不可用于引导非限制性定语从句，从句之前要用逗号。
先行词指人，则用who，whose，which等；
先行词指物，要用which；
先行词表时间或者地点，并在句中作时间状语或者地点状语时要用when或者where引导。
一、使用非限制性定语从句的情况：
1. 关系代词指代整个主句时，使用非限制性定语从句。
☛You did a lot for me, for which I was grateful. 你为我做了许多，对此我很感激。
☛The Diaoyu Island belongs to China, as is known to us. 众所周知，钓鱼岛属于中国。
☛A middle-aged woman killed her husband, which frightened me very much. 一个中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫,这令我十分恐惧。
2. 当先行词指的是世界上独一无二的事物或人名地名等专有名词时，使用非限制性定语从句。
☛China, which is my motherland, is developing fast. 中国是我的祖国，正在快速发展。
☛Eason, who was a pop star, got married last year. 伊森去年结婚了，他是明星。
☛Last Sunday they reached Nanjing , where a conference was to be held. 他们上周日到达南京，有个会议要在那里举行。
3. 当先行词指的是某人只有一个亲属（son，daughter等）时，使用非限制性定语从句。
☛He has a daughter, who is studying in London. 他有个女儿，现在正在伦敦学习。（只有一个女儿）
☛This is my teacher, who has something to tell you. 这是我的老师，他有一些事情要告诉你。
二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
1. 形式不同
限制性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开，口语中使用时也不停顿；而非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常有逗号隔开，口语中使用时有停顿。
2. 功能不同
限制性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别，如果去掉，就会造成句意不完整或概念不清；而非限制性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明作用，如果省略，句意仍然清楚、完整。
☛People who take physical exercise live longer. 进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。（若把从句去掉句子就失去意义）
☛His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。（若把从句去掉，句子意义仍然完整）
3. 翻译不同
在翻译定语从句时，一般把限制性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前，而把非限制性定语从句与主句分开。
☛He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽车被窃的那个人。
☛I’ve invited Jim, who lives in the next flat. 我邀请了吉姆，他就住在隔壁。
4. 含义不同
比较下面的两个句子：
☛I have a sister who is a doctor. 我有一个医生的姐姐。（姐姐不止一个）
☛I have a sister, who is a doctor. 我有一个姐姐，她是当医生的。（只有一个姐姐）
5. 先行词不同
限制性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词则可以是名词或代词，也可以是短语或句子；另外，当先行词为专有名词或其他具有独一无二性的普通名词时，通常要用非限制性定语从句，而不用限制性定语从句。
☛Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得开车很快，这是很危险的。（which指drive too fast）
☛He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改变了主意，这使我很生气。（which指整个主句）
☛Mr. Smith, who is our boss, will leave for Japan next week. 我们的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。（先行词为专有名词，要用非限制性定语从句修饰）
☛Her father, who has a lot of money, wishes her to study abroad. 她父亲很有钱，希望她出国学习。（先行词为表独一无二意义的普通名词，要用非限制性定语从句修饰）
6. 关系词不同
关系词that和why可用于限制性定语从句中，通常不用于非限制性定语从句；另外，在限制性定语从句中，关系词有时可以省略，而在非限制性定语从句中关系词一律不能省略。
【典例分析】
1. （2019· 新课标II卷·语法填空）Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, ___62___ she opened with her late husband Les.
【答案】where
【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知，先行词为the pet shop，在非限制性定语从句中作opened一词的宾语，故用which。
2. （2017· 新课标卷III·语法填空）But Sarah, 64 has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove （prove） that she has brains as well as beauty.
【答案】 who
【解析】考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知， 64 has taken part in shows along with top models是非限制性定语从句，非限制性定语从句中缺少主语，且先行词为Sarah，指人，要用who。
3.（2016·全国新课标卷I·语法填空）But my connection with pandas goes back 64（to） my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, 65 I was the first Western TV reporter 66（permitted）（permit） to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
【答案】when
【解析】考查定语从句。后面是非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少状语，又因先行词是时间，故填when。
三、as，which引导的定语从句
一、相同点
两者引导非限制性定语从句时，可指代主句中的部分或整个句子的内容，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，位于主句之后有时可互换。
☛The meeting was put off, as /which was exactly what we wanted. 会议被推迟了，这正是我们想要的。
☛He was a doctor, as/which I knew from his manner. 他是一名医生，我是从他的举止中知道的。
二、不同点
1. as可以放在主句前后，也可插入主句之中；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句之后。
☛As is known to all, fish can’t live without water. 众所周知，鱼离开水无法生存。
☛Air, as we know, is gas. 正如我们所知，空气是气体。
2. 在非限制性定语从句中，which后的be动词不可省；而as后的be动词可以省略。
☛She told me she won the match, which was a lie. 她告诉我们她赢得了比赛，这是一个谎言。
☛The material is elastic, as （was） shown in the figure. 这种材料是有弹性的，正如图中所示。
3. which在非限制性定语从句中作主语时可用各类动词作谓语；而as作主语时，谓语常用系动词，如be，seem，become等，一般不用其他行为动词。
☛He saw the girl, which delighted him. 他看见了那个女孩，这让他很高兴。
☛He didn’t say anything at the meeting, as/which seemed very strange. 他在会议上一言未发，这看起来非常奇怪。
4. as常用＂正如＂含义，常用的结构有as we know（众所周知）；as often happens（正如常发生的那样）；as is often the case（情况常常如此）；as we all can see（正如我们看到的）；be announced / expected / known / imagined / mentioned / said / shown / reported等。这些结构常放句首，偶尔也可以放句中或句末。
☛As is known to all, China is a developing country. 众所周知，中国是一个发展中国家。
☛Kate was late for school, as often happened. 凯特上学迟到了，正如常发生的那样。
5. 在非限制性定语从句中，which可指代主句中的某一个单词，as不可以。
☛My brother enjoyed playing basketball, which he really plays well. 我哥哥喜欢打篮球，他打得非常好。
☛Beijing, which he was born in, is our capital. 北京，他出生的地方，是我们的首都。
6. ＂介词+关系代词（介宾代物）＂中关系代词只能用which。
The Travel Agency, with which our company has been dealing for several years, has opened for new branches. 那家与我们交易了好几年的旅行社又开了新的分店。
☛Air is a mixture of gases, of which oxygen forms 21 percent. 空气是一种气体的综合体，其中氧气占了21%。
7. 从句中的谓语动词是否定形式时，常用which。
☛He can write a letter in English, which I can not. 他可以用英语写信，我不能。
☛Metal will bear beating with a hammer, which a stone will not. 金属能承受得住用锤子敲打，但是石头则不能。
8. 非限制性定语从句中的关系代词代表前面主句中的宾语从句时，常用which。
☛He said he had passed the exam, which was untrue. 他说他通过了考试，这是假的。
【典例分析】
1. （2018·北京卷·单项填空）She and her family bicycle to work, _________ helps them keep fit.
A. which B. who C. as D. that
【答案】A
【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：她和家人骑自行车去上班，这有助于她们保持健康。＂_________ helps them keep fit＂是非限制性定语从句，该从句修饰整个主句，引导词在从句中作主语，故该从句应用关系代词which引导。A选项正确。
2. （2017·新课标卷I·语法填空）Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, is not good for the health.
【答案】 which
【解析】句意：很可能摄入过多的脂肪和盐，那对健康没有好处。分析可知which is not good for the health为非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面的整句话。
3.The number of smokers, ________ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
A. it B. which C. what D. as
【答案】D
【试题解析】分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，指代的是整个主句的含义，故可排除A、C两项。as引导非限制性定语从句时，表示＂如同，正如＂，符合题干意思，故选D项。
4.（2017学年上海外国语大学附属外国语学校期中）He has made as much progress ________ is enough for him to be admitted to Fudan University.
A. as B. that C. what D. which
【答案】A
【解析】考查定语从句。根据句意＂他已经取得了足够复旦大学录取的骄人的成绩。＂可知空处及后面的句子是修饰前面的名词progress的，所以是定语从句。因关系词在定语从句中作主语，可用关系代词as，that和which，又因先行词有as 修饰，所以用as，即构成＂as+ many /much+n.（可数或不可数名词）+ as...＂的结构；而what不能引导定语从句，只能引导名词性从句。故选A。
考向四 ＂介词+关系代词＂引导的定语从句
●＂介词＋关系代词＂的用法
当关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，我们通常用＂介词＋关系代词＂引导定语从句。如果指＂人＂，用＂介词＋whom＂；如果指＂物＂，用＂介词＋which＂。
●＂介词＋关系代词＂结构中介词的选用
1. 一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：①先行词的意义；②从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配；③句子的意思。
☞I’ll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.
我永远不会忘记孩童时代我在乡村度过的时光。
2. 表示＂整体和部分关系＂，介词常用of。在some，any，few，none，all，both，neither，most，each等代词或数词的前、后可以用of which/whom。
☞John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of whom are family members.
约翰邀请了大约40人参加他的婚礼，他们当中绝大部分是家庭成员。
3. 有时＂介词＋where＂可以引导定语从句，此时要和＂介词＋which＂引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。
☞His head soon appeared out of the window, from where he saw nothing but trees.
他的头很快从窗口探了出来，从那里除了树木他什么也看不到。（from where相当于from out of the window，而不是from the window）
●在定语从句中，含介词的短语动词不可拆开使用（短语拆开后含义发生变化），如look after, look for等。
●＂of which / whom＂有时可以用＂whose＋名词＂结构来改写。
●当先行词为way并且定语从句中缺少状语时，通常用in which或that引导定语从句（in which或that可省略）；如果定语从句中不缺少状语，则用关系代词引导（that 或which 可省略）。
【典例分析】
1. （2017·江苏卷·单项填空）In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of ________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.
A. which B. its C. whose D. whom
【答案】C
【解析】考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，one of ________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation是非限制性定语从句，先行词是the World Food Programme，关系词在非限制性定语从句中作定语，修饰名词purposes，所以用关系代词whose引导，故选C项。句意：1963年，联合国成立了世界粮食计划署，其目的之一就是缓解世界范围内的饥荒。
2. （2016 • 江苏卷·单项填空）Many young people, most _________were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
A. of which B. of them C. of whom D. of those
【答案】C
【解析】考查定语从句。本题定语从句的先行词是Many young people，关系代词whom指代先行词，在定语从句中作介词of的宾语。句意：很多年轻人都前往偏远地区追求它们的梦想，其中大部分人都受过良好教育。故C项正确。
考向五 定语从句与其他句型的区别
一、限制性定语从句与同位语从句的区别
关系副词引导限制性定语从句中的关系词有跟他们含义相应的先行词，而引导同位语从句时则没有与他们含义相应的先行词。
☞Sorry, I’ve forgot the day when we met for the first time.
抱歉，我记不起我们第一次见面的日子了。（定语从句，先行词the day 与when含义相应）
☞I’ve no idea when we met for the first time.
我不知道我们第一次是什么时候见面的。（同位语从句，idea与when没有任何联系）
二、定语从句与时间状语从句的区别
当定语从句的引导词与时间状语从句的连接词都是when时，定语从句修饰、限制、说明时间名词，只能放在先行词的后面；而时间状语从句说明动作发生的情况，并且可以放在主句的前面。
☞Do you know the time when the class is over? 你知道下课的时间吗？（定语从句）
☞It was already five o’clock when the class was over.
=When the class was over, it was already five o’clock.
当课结束时，已经是五点钟了。（时间状语从句）
三、定语从句与地点状语从句的区别
当定语从句的引导词与地点状语从句的连接词都是where时，定语从句修饰、限制、说明地点名词；而状语从句则说明动作发生的地点，where没有对应的地点名词或代词。
☞This is the place where we used to live a few years ago. 这就是几年前我们常居住的地方。（定语从句）
☞Let’s go where we can find a better job.
我们到我们能找到更好工作的地方去吧。（地点状语从句）
四、定语从句与强调句型的区别
定语从句对名词或代词的修饰和限制，关系词可能是that, which, as, who, but, 另一方面，句子中的It有所指；而强调句型是对某部分加强语气，强调语气的连接词只能是that, who，并且句子中的It 没有任何意义；一般比较明显，而有时就难以区别，还需要根据上下文的语境来判断。
It is a book that he wants.
它究竟是强调句型还是定语从句，就要从语境上来考察。如果它是用来回答What is this / that? 这样的问题，意思是：它是一本他想要的书。句子显然是定语从句。如果是用来回答What does he want? 这样的问题，那么意思是：他想要的是一本书。显然，句子是强调句型。
五、定语从句与结果状语从句的区别
定语从句中的关系词在从句中还要作某种成分，因而从句成分不完整；而结果状语从句中的连接词不作任何句子成分，因此句子成分完整。
☞It is such an interesting book as we all like. 它是我们大家都喜欢的如此有趣的书。（定语从句）
☞It is such an interesting book that we all like it. 它是一本如此有趣的书，我么大家都喜欢它。（结果状语从句）
比较：It is such an interesting book that we all like. 强调句型。意思是：我们大家都喜欢的是一本如此有趣的书。
六、定语从句与独立主格结构的区别
定语从句一般有关系词、主谓结构完整；而独立主格结构没有关系词、也没有谓语动词。
☞The book being very interesting, we all like it. 由于这本书有趣，我们大家都喜欢它。
☞The book which / that is very interesting was published last year. 这本有趣的书是去年出版的。
【典例分析】
1. —He wrote a lot of novels, none of ____________ were popular.
—It’s the same with his wife. She wrote some plays, but none of ____________ was a success.
A. these；them B. which；which
C. those；which D. which；them
【答案】D
【解析】本题很容易误选A、B。选对该题的关键是：要注意前面一句的 none of...没有并列连词（说明它才是非限制性定语从句，所以其后填which）；而后面一句的none of...前有一并列连词but（说明它与前面一句构成并列句，所以其后填them）。
2. After the war, a new school building was put up ____________ there had once been a theatre.
A. that B. where
C. which D. when
3. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town _____________ he grew up as a child.
A. which B. where
C. that D. when
【答案】2. B 3. B
【解析】定语从句中有表示地点的先行词，而地点状语从句中则没有；定语从句的关系词根据需要可用
＂介词+which＂来代替where，而地点状语从句则通常只能由where引导。因此第2题中无表示地点的先行词，是表示地点的状语从句，故填where，第3题中the small town是先行词，为定语从句，故填where，也可用in which替换。
【检测训练】
1. Between the two parts of the concert is an interval ________ the audience can buy ice-cream.
A. where B. that C. when D. what
2. Emperor Qinshihuang united the seven major states into one unified country________ the Chinese writing system began to develop in one direction.
A. that B. in that
C. where D. which
3. Opposite is St. Paul’s Church, ________ you can hear some lovely music.
A. whom B. whose C. as D. where
4. The place ________ you are going to visit is the ruins of a palace.
A. in which B. at which C. where D. which
5. I don’t like the way ________ he talks with his parents.
A. which B. in which C. how D. where
6. The activity hopes to give people ________ opinions are rarely heard the chance to tell their story.
A. their B. whose C. those D. the
7. I can't believe the restaurant ________ I have eaten such wonderful meals is going to close down.
A. at where B. at which C. which D. that
8. Tom will go to Shanghai, ________ he plans to stay for one week.
A. when B. that C. which D. where
9. I'm considering buying a dictionary, ______ is a great help in our study.
A. which B. what C. that D. as
10. There are a great number of attractions in Tianjin, ______ I like the Ancient Cultural Street best.
A. which B. where C. among them D. among which
11. I shall never forget those days ________ I lived in the army with the soldiers, ________has a great effect on my life.
A. that; which B. when; which
C. when; that D. which; that
12. I have reached a point in my career ________ I need to decide which way to go.
A. that B. where C. which D. why
13. Mary lives in the room , the door ________ opens east.
A. Of it B. of which C. of what D. whose
14. All________ made________ possible for China to succeed in carrying out its open and reform policy.
A. that happened; it B. what happened; it
C. what happened; that D. that happened; that
15. Sales director is a position________ communication ability is just as important as sales.
A. which B. where C. when D. why
16. The house, ________ was destroyed in the terrible fire, has been repaired.
A. whose roof B. which roof C. its roof D. the roof
17. In just over three years, she has accumulated tens of millions of fans overseas, ________ is not only the recognition of her high-quality video content, but also the result of the increasing influence of Chinese culture.
A. where B. why C. which D. that
18. Newton is considered _______ a gifted scientist with very human weaknesses who stood at the point in history _______ magic ended and science began.
A. to be; that B. being; which C. to be; where D. been; when
19. Covid-19, the most deadly virus in recent years, began to attack people at the beginning of this year, from ________effect people are still suffering.
A. whose B. where C. which D. when
20. Air pollution has caused millions of deaths every year, ________ has become a great concern.
A. when B. which C. what D. that
21. It was in this school________ name he will never forget ________ he won the speaking competition about how the army and rescue workers made joint efforts to return the earthquake disaster area to normal.
A. whose; that B. where; that C. whose; where D. that; that
22. Mike’s disappointment was shared by several players who were present, ________ were so upset that they shouted at the judge.
A. some of them B. some of which
C. some of that D. some of whom
23. It was at the school ________ was named after a hero ________ he spent his childhood.
A. which; where B. that; which C. that; where D. which; that
24. What surprised me most was not what he said but________ he said it.
A. the way which B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way
25. He talked about the teachers and schools ________ he had visited.
A. which B. who C. what D. that
26. I received a letter, ________ poor spelling made me think it was written by a child.
A. which B. that C. whose D. who
27. In addition to his traditional medical treatment, he tried to put himself in situations________ would bring about positive emotions.
A. which B. where C. why D. as
28. He wrote many children’s books, nearly half of________ were published in the 1990s.
A. whom B. them C. which D. it
29. April Fool’s Day is a traditional festival —_______ people play harmless jokes on others.
A. which B. where C. that D. when
30. Tom, ________ was brought up by his uncle, is clever.
A. that B. who C. whom D. whose
31. I’ll never forget the days ________we spent in the quiet village 10 years ago.
A. when B. that C. whose D. why
32. A man with a bleeding hand hurried in and asked, “Is there a hospital around ________ I can get some medicine for my wounded hand？”
A. that B. which C. where D. what
33. David is such a good boy ________ all the teachers like.
A. that B. as C. who D. whom
34. Is this the factory ________ computers are built?
A. that B. where C. which D. in that
35. I don’t like ________ you speak to her.
A. the way of which B. the way in that C. the way which D. the way
36. Recently I bought a computer, ________ was acceptable.
A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of whose
37. I would like to live in a country ________it often snows in winter.
A. that B. which C. when D. where
38. My father, ________work takes him all over the world, is in Washington at the moment.
A. That B. whose C. his D. who
39. The UN set up the World Food Programme, one of ________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.
A. that B. which C. who D. whose
40. We went through a period________ communications were very difficult in the rural areas.
A. whose B. where C. when D. which
41. These days, pet-keeping urge has spread even to parts of the world ________ have no tradition of sink into a comfortable couch with a furry creature.
A. where B. that C. in which D. at which
42. Among the countries listed in the 2021 World Happiness Report, those at the bottom were mainly underdeveloped countries ________ issues such as political conflicts have been widespread in recent years.
A. of which B. where C. what D. when
43. In 1950 there were only two large cities of 8 million or more, ________ was in the developing world.
A. none of which B. neither of them
C. either of them D. neither of which
44. When I was a child, I would play with my friends in the place ______ used to be an old park.
A. where B. what C. which D. when
45. ________ is known to us all, failure usually results from laziness while diligence can result in success.
A. What B. Which
C. As D. When
46. The first trial of this medicine took place in 1899, _______ the company, _______ Hoffmann worked, began distributing（分发；分配） the medicine in powder（粉末） form to physicians to use with patients.
A. when; which B. when ; for which C. which; in which D. which; where
47. Can you tell me the way ________ I can improve my English?
A. to which B. which C. of which D. in which
48. It was in the village ______he was brought up _______an earthquake happened, causing serious damage.
A. that; what B. which; that C. that; which D. where; that
49. American women usually identify their best friend as someone ________ they can talk frequently.
A. who B. whom C. about whom D. with whom
50. He passed the college entrance examination，________ made his parents very proud.
A. that B. who C. which D. it
参考答案
1. C
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：在音乐会的两个部分之间是观众可以买冰淇淋的幕间休息。此处为定语从句修饰先行词interval，先行词在从句中作时间状语，应用关系副词when引导。故选C。
2. C
【解析】考查定语从句引导词。句意：秦始皇将七个主要国家统一为一个国家，（在这里）中国的文字系统开始向一个方向发展。分析可知，“________ the Chinese writing system began to develop in one direction”为之前名词“one unified country”的定语从句，先行词在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where引导从句。故选C项。
3. D
【解析】考查定语从句引导词。句意：对面是圣保罗教堂，在那里你可以听到一些美妙的音乐。根据句意可知，设空处指代前文的St. Paul’s Church，所以设空所在句是一个定语从句，St. Paul’s Church是先行词；分析定语从句成分可知，you作主语，hear作谓语，some lovely music作宾语，可知设空处作状语，所以此处应用关系副词；先行词 St. Paul’s Church表示地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，所以此处应用表示地点的关系副词where引导。故选D项。
4. D
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：你将要参观的地方是一座宫殿的废墟。分析可知，“________ you are going to visit”为之前名词“The place”的定语从句，先行词在从句作动词“visit”的宾语，应用关系代词which作为从句引导词。故选D项。
5. B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我不喜欢他和他父母说话的方式。此处为定语从句修饰先行词way，way作先行词时，可用in which、that或省略关系词。故选B。
6. B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：该活动希望给那些很少听到自己意见的人一个机会来讲述自己的故事。分析句子结构可知，此空引导定语从句opinions are rarely heard，先行词是people，结合句意，先行词是opinions的定语，两者之间是所属关系，所以用关系代词whose引导，故选B。
7. B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我不敢相信我在那里吃过那么美味的饭菜的餐馆要关门了。此处为“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句，修饰先行词restaurant，结合短语at the restaurant可知应用介词at；作介词的宾语，指物，在“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，指物，只能用which。故选B。
8. D
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：汤姆将去上海，他计划在那里呆一个星期。分析句子可知，Shanghai为先行词，在定语从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where。故选D项。
9. A
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我正在考虑买一本字典，它对我们的学习很有帮助。此处为非限制性定语从句修饰先行词dictionary，先行词在从句中作主语，指物，故应用关系代词which引导。what不能引导定语从句；that不能引导非限制性定语从句；as引导非限制性定语从句时，主要起与上下文连接的作用，表达说话人的看法、观点，并指出主句内容的出处或根据等，此处不符合。故选A。
10. D
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：天津有很多景点，其中我最喜欢的是古文化街。分析可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的先行词attractions，表示“在那些景点之中”，用介词among，介词+关系代词引导的定语从句，指物，只能用which，所以用among which引导。故选D项。
11. B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我永远不会忘记和士兵们一起在部队生活的那些日子，这些日子对我的生活影响很大。本句中有两处定语从句，第一处为“ ________ I lived in the army with the soldiers”，先行词为days，且关系词在定语从句中充当时间状语，应填关系副词when；第二处为“________has a great effect on my life”，是非限制性定语从句，其修饰限定的是前面的一整个句子，且关系词在从句中充当主语，应填关系代词which。故选B项。
12. B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：在我的职业生涯中，我已经到了我需要决定走哪条路的地步。 分析句子可知，空格处引导定语从句，先行词是a point，表示抽象地点，在从句中作地点状语。故选B。
13. B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：玛丽住在那间门朝东的房间里。分析句子结构，此处为定语从句，排除A项和C项；先行词the room和the door有所属关系，the +名词+of which/whom=whose+名词，此处the room指物，需用which引导定语从句。故选B。
14. A
【解析】考查定语从句和it用法。句意：发生的这一切使中国的改革开放政策得以成功实施。第一空，定语从句修饰先行词all，关系词在从句中作主语，且为不定代词，只能用that引导；第二空，为结构“make it adj. for sb. to do sth.”，it作形式宾语。故选A。
15. B
【解析】考查定语从句的关系词。句意：销售经理是一个职位,在这个职位上,交流能力和销售能力一样重要。分析句子可知，本句为限制性定语从句，position 为先行词，在定语从句中作地点状语，关系副词为where。故选B。
16. A
【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：在那场可怕的大火中被烧毁的那所房子的屋顶已经修好了。分析句子可知，The house为先行词，作定语从句的定语，与roof为所属关系。所以关系代词为whose。故选A项。
17. C
【解析】考查非限制性定语从句的关系代词。句意：短短三年多的时间里，她已经在海外积累了数千万的粉丝，这不仅是对她高质量视频内容的认可，也是中国文化影响力与日俱增的结果。分析句子可知，本句为非限制性定语从句，横线前的句子作定语从句的主语，关系代词为which。故选C项。
18. C
【解析】考查固定搭配和定语从句的关系词。句意：牛顿被认为是一位很有天赋的科学家，他处于一个魔术终结科学开启的历史时期，他也有普通人所特有的弱点。短语be considered as/to be“被视作是”，是固定搭配，因此第一个空该填to be；分析句子可知，第二个空所在句是一个限定性定语从句，先行词是the point in history，抽象空间概念，在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where引导。故选C项。
19. A
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：新型冠状病毒，近年来最致命的病毒，开始在今年初攻击人类，人们仍在遭受新冠病毒之苦。A.whose关系代词，意为“......的”，在定语从句中作定语； B.where关系副词，指地点，在从句中作状语； C.which 关系代词，指物，在从句中作主语或宾语；D.when关系副词，指时间，在定语从句中作状语；分析句子可知，此处是“介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词是Covid-19，指物，关系词在从句中作定语，应使用whose。结合选项，可知选项A与文意相符，故选A项。
20. B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：空气污染每年造成数以百万计的死亡，这已经引起了巨大的担忧。分析句子结构可知，空前句成分完整，逗号隔开的后半句缺少主语，考虑非限制性定语从句，先行词是整个前句，此时要用关系代词which来引导定语从句。故选B项。
21. A
【解析】考查定语从句和强调句型。句意：正是在这所他永远不会忘记名字的学校里，他赢了演讲比赛，这场比赛是关于军队和救援人员如何共同努力，使地震灾区恢复正常的。第一空：此空引导定语从句name he will never forget，先行词是this school，和从句中name之间是所属关系，所以此空用whose； 第二空：此空是强调句型 It is… that …，此处强调地点状语in this school，去掉it was和that后，句子结构完整，故选A。
22. D
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：当时在场的几个选手也和 迈克一样失望，其中一些人非常沮丧，冲着裁判大喊大叫。分析可知，设空处及之后内容为非限制性定语从句。空白处表示“一些队员”some of players, 先行词为players，此处作介词of的宾语，所以关系代词要用whom，结合选项，选项D符合题意，故选D。
23. D
【解析】考查含有定语从句的强调句型。句意：是在根据一个英雄命名的学校，他度过了他的童年。整体是一个强调句型，被强调部分为at the school，地点状语，school 在定语从句中作主语，先行词为物，关系代词用that或which；强调句型It was …that …为强调句型，判断强调句型是否成立，可以把It was … that 三个词去掉，看句子是否成立。本句在去除It was … that 之后，句子依然成立。综合两者，D为正确项。故选D。
24. D
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：使我惊奇的不是他说什么而是他说话的方式。分析可知，the way同时作was的表语，后面he said it作way的定语，省略引导词that 或in which。结合选项，选项D符合题意，故选D。
25. D
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：他谈到了他参观过的学校和看望过的老师。此处为定语从句修饰先行词the teachers and schools，先行词在从句中作动词 visited的宾语，且先行词既有人又有物，只能用关系代词that引导。故选D。
26. C
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我收到一封信，糟糕的书写让我以为它是由一个小孩写的。关系词指代先行词letter在定语从句中作定语，故选C。
27. A
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：除了他的传统医学治疗，他试图把自己置于能带来积极情绪的情况下。分析句子结构可知，空格后为定语从句。先行词situations是物，在定语从句中作主语，所以用关系代词which引导限制性定语从句。故选A。
28. C
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：他写了很多儿童读物，其中近一半是在上世纪90年代出版的。此处为“介词+关系代词”结构非限制性定语从句修饰先行词books，作介词的宾语，指物，在“介词+关系代词”结构非限制性定语从句中只能用which引导。故选C。
29. D
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：愚人节是一个传统节日，人们会对别人开一些无害的玩笑。分析可知，设空处引导定语从句，先行词为“April Fool’s Day”，关系词代替它在从句中充当时间状语，所以应用关系副词when。故选D。
30. B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：Tom是他叔叔带大的，他很聪明。分析句子结构及句意可知，此空引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是Tom，指人，在从句中充当主语，所以用关系代词who引导，故选B。
31. B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我永远不会忘记10年前我们在这个安静的村庄度过的日子。句中先行词为 days ，在定语从句中作动词spent的宾语，所以用关系代词which或that引导。故选B。
32. C
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：一个手还在流血的人匆匆走了进来，问道:“这附近有医院吗?我的手受伤了，能弄到药吗?”分析句子结合句意可知，此处包含一个定语从句，先行词为hospital，指地点，所以用关系副词where引导从句，修饰先行词hospital，where作从句的地点状语，故选C项。
33. B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：David是一个所有老师都喜欢的男孩子。分析句子结合句意可知，此处包含一个定语从句，先行词为boy，指人，且被such修饰，所以应用as代替先行词，引导从句，作从句的宾语，故选B项。
34. B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：这就是制造计算机的工厂吗?分析句子结合句意可知，此处包含一个定语从句，先行词为the factory，指地点，且从句缺少地点状语，所以用关系副词where引导从句，故选B项。
35. D
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我不喜欢你跟她说话的方式。分析句子可知此处包含一个定语从句，先行词为the way，表示方式，关系词在从句中作状语，可用that或in which ，也可以省略，故选D项。
36. B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：最近我买了一台电脑，价格还可以接受。分析句子可知，________ was acceptable为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 a computer，根据句意，可知是其价格是合理的，所以应该为名词的所有格形式，所以可以用whose price或者the price of which来引导，故选B。
37. D
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我喜欢住在冬天经常下雪的国家。句中先行词为country，在定语从句中作地点状语，所以用关系副词where引导。故选D。
38. B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我父亲的工作使他周游世界，他现在在华盛顿。分析句子结构可知，此处为定语从句。先行词my father在定语从句中做定语修饰名词work，所以用关系代词whose引导非限制性定语从句。故选B。
39. D
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：联合国成立了世界粮食计划署，其目的之一是缓解世界范围内的饥荒。句中先行词 the World Food Programme在非限制性定语从句中作名词purpose的定语，所以用关系代词whose引导。故选D。
40. C
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我们经历了一段农村通讯非常困难的时期。定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语，先行词为period，所以应用关系副词when引导。故选C。
41. B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：如今，养宠物的冲动甚至传播到了世界上一些没有和毛茸茸的动物窝在舒适沙发里的传统的地方。A. where关系副词，在定语从句中作状语；B. that关系代词，在定语从句中作主语、宾语；C. in which相当于关系副词，在定语从句中作状语；D. at which相当于关系副词，在定语从句中作状语。分析句子结构可知，空格处是限制性定语从句，修饰先行词parts of the world，再分析定语从句结构可知，关系词将先行词代入定语从句作主语，所以应使用关系代词。故选B项。
42. B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：在《2021年世界幸福报告》中列出的国家中，垫底的主要是不发达国家，这些国家近年来政治冲突等问题普遍存在。此处为定语从句修饰先行词underdeveloped countries，先行词在从句中作地点状语，故应用关系副词where引导。故选B。
43. D
【解析】考查定语从句和代词。句意：1950年，只有两个人口超过800万的大城市，都不在发展中国家。“In 1950 there were only two large cities of 8 million or more”和“was in the developing world”两个句子之间应有连词，所以排除选项B和C。分析句子结构，________ was in the developing world.是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词为two large cities，所以应用neither表示两者都不。故选D。
44. C
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：当我还是个孩子的时候，我总是和我的朋友在过去是一个老公园的地方玩。分析句子可知，空格处引导定语从句，先行词是place，从句中作主语，指物，用关系代词which，故选C。
45. C
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：正如我们都知道的，失败是因为懒惰，而成功则由于勤奋。分析句子结构可知，引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句，从句中缺少主语，且位于句首，表示“正如……”应用as。故选C。
46. B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：这种药物的第一次试验是在1899年，当时霍夫曼工作的公司开始将这种药物以粉末的形式分发给医生，供病人使用。分析句子可知，_______ the company, _______ Hoffmann worked, began distributing（分发；分配） the medicine in powder（粉末） form to physicians to use with patients为非限制性定语从句，先行词在从句中作时间状语，应用when；_______ Hoffmann worked为非限制性定语从句，先行词为the company，设空处为引导词，work后不能直接接宾语，应借助介词for，意为“为...工作”，根据句意，第二个空应填for which，根据句意和语境，故选B。
47. D
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：你能告诉我怎样才能提高英语水平吗?分析句子可知，________ I can improve my English?为限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 the way，设空处是关系词，根据句意可知，是“用什么方式提高英语”，需要借助介词in，根据句意和语境，故选D。
48. D
【解析】考查定语从句和强调句型。句意：就是在他长大的那个村子里发生了地震，造成了严重的破坏。分析句子可知，本句包含限制性定语从句，先行词为village，作后面定语从句的地点状语，用where引导；本句中含有It was…that…结构，构成强调句型，被强调部分为in the village where he was brought up，为整句的地点状语。故选D项。
49. D
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：美国女性通常认为最好的朋友是能经常交谈的人。分析句子可知，本句为限制性定语从句，先行词为someone，表示人，先行词作定语从句中talk with的宾语，此题中将with提到引导词前，with为介词，后面用whom。故选D项。
50. C
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：他通过了大学考试，这让他的父母很自豪。根据句意可知，空格引导非限制性定语从句，指代前文他通过大学考试这件事，关系代词which且在从句中作主语。故选C项。