Unit 4　Scientists who changed the world Part 1-2022版英语必修第三册译林版（2019） 同步练习 （Word含解析）

Unit 4　Scientists who changed the world

Part 1　Welcome to the unit &Reading

基础过关练

Ⅰ.单词拼写

1.The country chose to 　　　(实施) research work on 12 types of vaccines from 10 research units across the country. 

2.I've never cooked this before so it's an 　　　(试验). 

3.While piggy banks(存钱罐) teach children the 　　　(智慧) of saving, large quantities of information about saving are also updated for adults. 

4.You'd better watch some Chinese TV programs, for example, CCTV-NEWS, which will help you correct your pronunciation 　　　(错误). 

5.We'll have to 　　　(延迟) the meeting until next week. 

6.She took a 　　　(广泛的)view of the duties of being a teacher. 

Ⅱ.用方框内短语的适当形式填空

speed up; pay off; refer to; die of;draw on; through trial and error

1.What we should do is to 　　　　　　each other's strength to achieve common development. 

2.I promised not to 　　　　　　the matter again. 

3.The grapes will soon be ripe. Let's 　　　　　　our preparations for the grape harvest. 

4.Personally speaking, I'd rather 　　　　　　thirst than drink champagne. 

5.As Tuck began to grow into a bigger build by the 7th grade, the experience of playing against older opponents began to 　　　　　　. 

6. 　　　　　　, they finally reached the conclusion under the instruction of their chemistry teacher. 

Ⅲ.单句语法填空

1.An animal's sense of smell is still crucial to its 　　　　(survive). 

2.My 　　　　(intend) to write this letter is to invite you to join in an outing that we will go on these days. 

3.China will get more actively engaged in global economic governance and make economic globalization more open, balanced and beneficial 　　　　all. 

4.They may only have a 　　　　(limit) amount of time to get their points across. 

5.I think this is really 　　　　(sufficient) clear and let's not spend any more time on this issue. 

Ⅳ.课文语法填空

Because of her contribution to the fight against malaria, Tu Youyou has become the first female Chinese scientist 　1　 (receive) a Nobel Prize. 

Born in 1930 in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, Tu　2　(study) medicine at university in Beijing and acquired a broad knowledge of both traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine. In 1969 Tu became head of a team that intended to find a cure for malaria. 　3　(inspire) by an over 1,600-year-old text about preparing qinghao extract with cold water, she succeeded in making qinghao extract that could treat malaria in mice. 　4　, the trials on real patients were likely 　5　(postpone) because they did not have sufficient safety data. To speed 　6　 the process and ensure its safety, Tu and her team volunteered to test qinghao extract on themselves first. 

The efforts of Tu and her team finally paid　7　. In November 1972, they 　8　(success) discovered the most effective part of the extract and named it qinghaosu, 　9　 is now a key part of many malaria medicines. Tu encouraged scientists to further explore the treasure house of traditional Chinese medicine　10　 raise it to a higher level. 

1. 　　　2. 　　　3. 　　　4. 　　　5. 　　　 

6. 　　　7. 　　　8. 　　　9. 　　　10. 　　　能力提升练 

Ⅰ.阅读理解

A

(2020湖北四校高一下期中联考,)

Emilia Dobek's interest in space and the universe started in the third grade when she and her father watched a blood moon—a total lunar eclipse (月食)—outside their Skokie house. “It is just really cool how the universe can change and how something like that happens,” Dobek said.

Now a seventh grader at East Prairie Elementary School, Dobek recently won the national Discovery Education Lockheed-Martin Beyond Challenge by designing a space station for traveling to Mars.

Dobek competed by handing in a two-minute video where she presents her design.

“My design will not only ensure the safety of the astronauts (宇航员) but also make sure their comfort is out of this world,” she says in her video.

Dobek's design calls for building the Mars Storage Station to store plentiful supplies. In the video, Dobek explains how her spacecraft (宇宙飞船)—the Adventurer—will land in a space station. Dobek's design includes physical activity for the astronauts. They can choose their exercise machines and virtual (虚拟的) reality environment. So they will be able to watch downloaded shows and even see places on Earth such as their homes.

Dobek said she began her project by performing her research and then she constructed the design over three weeks to a month, working on it whenever she could, including on weekends.

When Andrea Smeeton, her teacher, saw the video and her design before they were sent, she said she had a feeling that she could win. “I don't know why but maybe it was the excitement and the detail in the project,” Smeeton said. “I have taught for a long time and many of my students are gifted but this project is just very creative and it gives hope to a space program.”

Dobek and her parents traveled to Washington D.C. in April where they learned Dobek had won. When she texted her teacher the happy results, Smeeton admitted that she cried.

“I want to tell other kids to follow their dreams,” Dobek said. “Whatever they want to do,they should kind of just push for it. They should always try their best.”

1.What change did Dobek show after watching the total lunar eclipse?

A.She determined to be a scientist.

B.She took to working with her father.

C.She got interested in the universe.

D.She gave up her dream of becoming an astronaut.

2.What can be learned about Dobek's design?

A.It replaces the role of the Adventurer.

B.It enables astronauts to connect with their family.

C.It ensures the safety of the supplies in the spacecraft.

D.It aims to make life in the Mars space station comfortable.

3.How did Smeeton feel about Dobek's design after seeing it?

A.She felt it was pretty amazing.

B.She felt it was a little disappointing.

C.She felt it was less fun than she had expected.

D.She felt it was as good as other students' designs.

4.What kind of girl is Dobek?

A.Energetic and friendly.

B.Productive and selfless.

C.Strong-willed and generous.

D.Forward-looking and inventive.

B

(2021安徽卓越县中联盟高一下期中联考,)

When you're struggling to finish a term paper, preparing a big presentation or studying for final exams, sleep might be the first thing you sacrifice so you have time to get all the work done. To make up for it, you might start drinking coffee to help you study late into the night. But there's bad news if you're trying to keep that kind of schedule for more than a couple of days.

“We were particularly surprised that the performance advantage invested by two daily 200-milligram doses (剂量) of caffeine was lost after lack of sleep for three nights, ” lead author Tracy Jill Doty declared in a statement. “These results are important, because caffeine is widely used to deal with performance decline following periods of lack of sleep. The data from this study suggests that the same effective daily dose of caffeine is unable to prevent performance decline over many days of lack of sleep.”

The sample size was very small (48 people), so we can't think everyone will respond the same way. Those 48 people slept five hours per night for five nights straight. They got a caffeine dose equal to a large cup of coffee around 8 am and another around 12 pm each day. For the first two days, the people who got caffeine were performing better on attention and reaction tests. But by the third day, the caffeine was no longer helping them perform any better than the people who didn't get any caffeine.

Increasing the caffeine dose may have changed that. “But the more caffeine you consume, the more negative side effects you feel,” Doty said. “This work goes along with lots of other work showing that the negative effects of lacking sleep are difficult to overcome. This is true even with a heavy daily dose of caffeine.”

5.Who will be the intended reader of the text?

A.Educators. B.Students.

C.Adults. D.Officials.

6.How was the experiment mainly conducted?

A.By listing examples.

B.By reasoning.

C.By analyzing results.

D.By arguing.

7.What does the result of the study show?

A.Caffeine fails to perform better over an extended time.

B.Increasing caffeine can promote one's performance.

C.Drinking too much coffee might lead to sleep loss.

D.Caffeine doesn't prevent performance decline at all.

8.What can be a suitable title for the text?

A.Coffee: Sleep Loss

B.Coffee: Performance Increase

C.Enough Sleep Makes Coffee Work

D.The More Coffee, The Worse Effects

Ⅱ.七选五

(2021江苏盐城高一下期中适应性考试,)

Light in a bottle

This is such a simple idea! It's a special lamp that needs and costs nothing to run. It wasn't invented by a famous scientist, but by a man called Alfredo Moser in Brazil sixteen years ago. In his hometown at the time, they had problems with electricity. 　1　 One day, Moser and his friends were talking about how they could create a signal in an emergency. One of them suggested using a bottle to reflect the light from the sun. This made Moser think. 　2　 

All you need is a clean plastic bottle. Fill it with water and close it with a black top. The black top attracts the sun. A drop of bleach (漂白剂), the kind you use to clean the house, is added to the water to keep it clean. Then a small hole is cut in the roof of the room where you want the light, and the bottle is pushed through the hole. 　3　 It's much stronger than the light from a candle! 

Moser shared his idea with his neighbours and his light bottles were fixed in the local supermarket. Ten years later, the MyShelter Foundation in the Philippines heard about Moser's idea. 　4　 Now there are Moser lamps in more than 140,000 homes throughout the Philippines and the idea has spread to a number of other countries, too. 　5　 Moser lamps have surely made life easier for a lot of people! 

A.Why not use water to make light?

B.In India, the bottles are used in countryside schools.

C.Moser is very good at making things around the home.

D.People's homes and small businesses were often left in the dark.

E.Following Moser's method, the organization started making this kind of lamp in 2011.

F.While there's sunlight outside, the light will be carried through the water into the room below.

G.The MyShelter Foundation also offers training to people who want to earn money by fixing the lamps in their communities.

1. 　　　2. 　　　3. 　　　4. 　　　5. 　　　 

答案全解全析

Unit 4　Scientists who changed the world

Part 1　Welcome to the unit & Reading

基础过关练

Ⅰ.1.conduct　2.experiment　3.wisdom　4.errors　5.postpone　6.broad

Ⅱ.1.draw on　2.refer to　3.speed up　4.die of　5.pay off

6.Through trial and error

Ⅲ.1.survival　考查名词。句意:动物的嗅觉对其生存仍然至关重要。形容词性物主代词后接名词,根据its可知空处用名词形式;survival表示“生存,存活”时是不可数名词,故填survival。

2.intention　考查名词。句意: 我写这封信是想邀请你参加我们这几天要进行的一次远足。形容词性物主代词后接名词,根据My及语境可知空处用名词,故填intention。

3.to　考查介词。句意: 中国将更加积极地参与全球经济治理,使经济全球化更加开放、平衡、共赢。 be beneficial to为固定搭配,意为“对……有益”。故填to。

4.limited　考查形容词。句意:他们可能只有有限的时间来讲清楚自己的观点。形容词修饰名词,空处修饰名词amount,表示“有限的”,故用形容词limited。

5.sufficiently　考查副词。句意:我想这真的足够清楚了,我们不要在这个问题上再多花任何时间了。空处修饰形容词clear,故用副词形式。

Ⅳ.1.to receive　考查动词不定式。被序数词修饰的名词后常接动词不定式作后置定语,根据the first可知,用动词不定式作后置定语。

2.studied　考查动词的时态。该句陈述的是过去发生的事情,用一般过去时,故填studied。

3.Inspired　考查过去分词。空处为非谓语动词作状语,根据by可知,主语she和动词inspire之间为被动关系,故用过去分词作状语。

4.However　考查副词。根据语境可知,空处前后为转折关系;根据逗号可知,空处用副词However。

易错分析

此处易错填But。空格后有逗号,故只能用However而不能用But。

5.to be postponed　考查固定搭配和被动语态。be likely to do为固定搭配;主句主语the trials on real patients和动词postpone之间为被动关系,故用被动语态,故填to be postponed。

6.up　考查固定搭配。speed up为固定搭配,意为“加速”。

7.off　考查固定搭配。pay off为固定搭配,意为“成功,奏效,取得好结果”。

8.successfully　考查副词。空处修饰动词discovered,故用副词形式。

9.which　考查定语从句。分析该句结构可知,空处引导非限制性定语从句,关系词在从句中作主语,指代qinghaosu,故填which。

10.and　考查连词。分析可知,explore和raise为并列成分,故用并列连词and。

能力提升练

Ⅰ.A

◎语篇解读　这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了女孩Emilia Dobek对太空有很大的兴趣,并且通过设计一个去火星的空间站赢得了大奖。

1.C　细节理解题。根据第一段第一句Emilia Dobek's interest in space and the universe started in the third grade when she and her father watched a blood moon—a total lunar eclipse—outside their Skokie house.可知,在观看完月全食后Dobek对宇宙产生了兴趣。故选C。

2.D　细节理解题。根据第四段中Dobek所说的话My design will not only ensure the safety of the astronauts but also make sure their comfort is out of this world可知,Dobek的设计不仅能确保宇航员的安全,还能确保他们生活的舒适度。故选D。

3.A　细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中的“I don't know why but maybe it was the excitement and the detail in the project,” Smeeton said. “I have taught for a long time and many of my students are gifted but this project is just very creative and it gives hope to a space program.”可知,Smeeton认为这个项目非常有创意,有望成为真正的太空计划。由此可推知,Smeeton认为Dobek的设计非常令人惊叹。故选A。

4.D　推理判断题。根据本文内容可知,Dobek对太空非常感兴趣,并且设计了一个去火星的空间站,她的老师认为这个设计有望成为真正的太空计划,由此可推知,Dobek非常具有远见和创造力。故选D。

【高频词汇】　1.elementary adj.初级的;基本的 　2.out of this world 棒极了　3.plentiful adj.许多的,充足的,丰富的

B

◎语篇解读　这是一篇说明文,主要介绍了一项科学研究成果:人们如果多日睡眠不足,即使喝咖啡也没有用。

5.B　推理判断题。根据第一段第一句When you're struggling to finish a term paper, preparing a big presentation or studying for final exams, sleep might be the first thing you sacrifice so you have time to get all the work done.(当你正努力完成一篇学期论文,准备一个重要的展示或为期末考试而学习时,睡眠可能是你牺牲的第一样东西,这样你就有时间完成所有工作。)可以推断出,本文主要是针对经常熬夜的学生而写的,故本文潜在的读者是学生,故选B项。

6.C　推理判断题。根据第三段中的They got a caffeine dose equal to a large cup of coffee around 8 am and another around 12 pm each day. For the first two days, the people who got caffeine were performing better on attention and reaction tests. But by the third day, the caffeine was no longer helping them perform any better than the people who didn't get any caffeine.可知,该实验是通过分析比对三天摄入咖啡因的实验组和没有咖啡因摄入的对照组的表现结果而进行的,故选C项。A项“列举事例”;B项“推论”;D项“辩论”。

7.A　细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“We were particularly surprised that the performance advantage invested by two daily 200-milligram doses of caffeine was lost after lack of sleep for three nights,” lead author Tracy Jill Doty declared in a statement.可知,长时间缺乏睡眠后,咖啡因的作用就会消失,咖啡因不能长时间起作用,故选A项。

8.C　主旨大意题。通读全文可知,本文主要介绍了“人们如果多日睡眠不足,即使喝咖啡也无济于事”这一研究结论,结合选项可知C项Enough Sleep Makes Coffee Work(充足的睡眠能让咖啡发挥作用)概括较为全面准确,故选C项。

【高频词汇】　1.struggle to do努力做……　2.sacrifice v.牺牲;献祭　3.make up for补偿　4.a couple of几个;一对　5.deal with 处理,对付　6.no longer不再

长难句分析

原句　When you're struggling to finish a term paper, preparing a big presentation or studying for final exams, sleep might be the first thing you sacrifice so you have time to get all the work done.

分析　本句为并列复合句。so是并列连词,连接前后两个并列分句,表示因果关系。在前一分句中,When引导时间状语从句,先行词the first thing后跟省略关系代词that的定语从句。

译文　当你正努力完成一篇学期论文,准备一个重要的展示或为期末考试而学习时,睡眠可能是你牺牲的第一样东西,这样你就有时间完成所有工作。

Ⅱ.◎语篇解读　这是一篇记叙文,文章介绍了莫泽发明的莫泽灯和莫泽灯给人们带来的便利。

1.D　根据上文In his hometown at the time, they had problems with electricity.(当时在他的家乡存在供电问题。)可以判断,空处介绍该问题导致的结果:人们的家和小企业经常处在黑暗之中。故选D项。

2.A　上文提到This made Moser think.(这让莫泽思考。)空处承接上文,说明思考的内容:为什么不用水来发光呢?故选A项。

3.F　根据上文Then a small hole is cut in the roof of the room where you want the light, and the bottle is pushed through the hole.(然后在你想要光线的房间的屋顶上开一个小洞,把瓶子推进洞里去。)可以判断,空处解释这样做的原因:当外面有阳光的时候,光线会通过水传送到下面的房间。故选F项。

4.E　根据下文Now there are Moser lamps in more than 140,000 homes throughout the Philippines and the idea has spread to a number of other countries, too.(现在,在菲律宾超过140,000个家庭安装了莫泽灯,这个主意也传播到了许多其他国家。)可以判断,空处介绍产生这种结果的原因,故选E项。

5.B　根据上文Now there are Moser lamps in more than 140,000 homes throughout the Philippines and the idea has spread to a number of other countries, too.可知,空处介绍其他国家使用这种灯的情况,B项介绍了印度使用这种灯的情况,故选B项。

【高频词汇】　1.signal n.信号,暗号;指示灯 v.发信号

2.emergency n.紧急状况,突发事件　3.reflect vt.反射;反映;显示,表明 v.认真思考　4.be added to被添加到……中　5.spread v.传播