人教版高中英语知识清单学案
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这是一份人教版高中英语知识清单学案,共19页。学案主要包含了就近一致原则,意义一致原则,语法一致原则等内容,欢迎下载使用。
人教版高三英语知识点总结
be / get / become used to 习惯于 be given to 喜欢;癖好 be related to 与…有关系 be addicted to 沉溺于;对…上瘾 be opposed to 反对 devote oneself to献身于;专心于 be devoted to 致力于;忠诚于 be admitted to 被…录取;准进入 be reduced to 沦为 reduce…to…使…沦为 be attached to附属于;喜欢;依恋 be adjusted to 适应 be known to 为…所知 be married to 和…结婚 be sentenced to被判处 be connected to 和…连在一起 be exposed to 暴露于;遭受 be compared to 被比喻成 compare… to…把…比作… be engaged to 与…订婚 be / become / get accustomed to // accustomed to 惯于;有…习惯 be engaged to 与…订婚 get down to 着手做 lead to 导致 object to反对;不喜欢;不赞成 put one’s mind to全神贯注于 give rise to 引起 look forward to 盼望 stick to 坚持 pay attention to 注意 attend to 专心;注意;照料 see to 负责;注意 contribute to对…作贡献;有助于 make contributions to对…作贡献 apply oneself to 致力于 come close to几乎;将近 reply to 回答 add to 增加 add up to 加起来 in addition to除…之外 turn to转向;求助于 feel up to 能胜任于 look up to 尊敬 admit to承认 belong to 属于 take to 喜爱;开始 cling to 附着 fall to 开始 respond to 回答;对…作出回应 accustom oneself to 使自己习惯于 amount to等于 prefer… to…更喜欢 set an example to 给…树立榜样 refer to 谈到;参考;查阅 agree to sth. 同意某事(比较:agree to do sth. 同意做某事) prefer… to…更喜欢 take / make a trip to到…地方去 join…to…把…和 …连接起来 turn a blind eye to对…视而不见 turn a deaf ear to 对…充耳不闻 show honor to向…表示敬意 put an end to(bring… to an end) 结束 set fire to 放火烧…… drink (a toast) to 为……干杯 propose a toast to 提议…… happen to… 发生了……事 occur to sb. 想起;想到 total up to 总计达 be close to 几乎;将近 hold to 坚持;抓住 help oneself to 随便用…… hold on to 抓住;固守 do harm to 对……有害处 do wrong to 冤枉某人 date back to 追溯到 when it comes to… 谈到……时 come to 来到;达到;结果为 (比较:come to do sth逐渐做某事) give an eye to着眼于 have an eye to doing 打算 the key to ……的答案 describe to 向……描述 treat sb. to sth. 请某人吃…… trust sth. to sb.把某物委托给某人 pay a visit to 参观…… access to 进入;取得的方法 be a stranger to 不习惯;对……陌生 on one’s way to 在去某处的路上;在达成某事的过程中 be kind to 对……和善 be important to 对……重要 be senior to 年龄长于…… be equal to 和……相等 be particular to ……所特有的(比较:be particular about 对……过于讲究;挑剔) be subject to 服从;隶属;易遭\受\患 be familiar to 为 ……熟悉 be similar to 和……相似 be open to 对……开放 be loyal to 对……忠诚 be helpful to对……有益处 be useful to对……有用 be good to sb对某人好(比较:be good for 对……有益处) be bad to 对……不好 be bad for(比较:对……有害处) be new to 对……不习惯;对……陌生 as to 关于;至于 next to(否定词前)几乎; be due to do sth.预定要做某事 next to ……的旁边 due to 由于;归因于…… thanks to 多亏了;由于 owing to 由于;因……的缘故 in / with regard to 关于 in /with relation to 关于;就……而论 subject to 在……条件下;依照 be given to 沉溺于 be related to 与…相关 get down to着手做 lead to 着手做 object to / be opposed to 反对 put one’s mind to全神贯注于 be equal to 胜任 devote oneself to献身于 give rise to 引起 look forward to 盼望 pay attention to 注意 lead to通向 see to 负责 access to 接近(某地的)方法 be addicted to 沉溺于… 对…上瘾 according to 根据 contribute to 为…作贡献 如: 1. access to 接近,进入(某地的)方法; 通路 The only access to that building is along that muddy track. 到那栋建筑的通路是沿着那条泥泞的路走。 2. according to 按照,依照,视……而定 The work was done according to his instructions. 那工作是依照他的指示做的。 3. be addicted to 沉溺于……,对……上瘾 He became addicted to the drug. 他上了毒瘾。 4. belong to 属于 This dictionary belongs to me. 这本词典是我的。 5. contribute to 为……做贡献,为……撰稿 Everyone should contribute what he or she can afford to society. 人人都应该尽自己的能力为社会做贡献。 6. devote to 献身,致力于…… He has devoted his life to helping disabled people. 他一生献身于帮助残疾人。 7. due to 因为,由于……而起 His lateness was due to the very heavy traffic on the motorway. 他迟到是因高速公路上车辆过多所致。 8. be equal to 与……相当,有能力胜任……的 Bill is quite equal to running the office. 比尔的能力足以管理这个部门。 9. get close to 靠近,接近 Today many people like to go out to get close to nature. 如今许多人喜欢到户外去接近大自然。 10. get down to 开始做某事,认真处理某事 It’s time I got down to some serious work. 我该认真干点正事了。 11. hold to 忠于……,坚持,遵循 Whatever your argument, I shall hold to my decision. 不管你怎样争辩,我将坚持我的决定。 12. help oneself to 自取,自用(食物,饮料等) Help yourself to a cigarette. 请随便用香烟吧。 13. look forward to 盼望,期待 We are so much looking forward to seeing you again. 我们非常盼望再见到你。 14. lead to 导致 This misprint led to great confusion. 这个印刷错误造成很大的混淆。 15. prefer…to…两者间更喜欢…… I prefer walking to cycling. 我愿意步行,不愿意骑自行车。 16. pay attention to 注意 Pay attention to what the teacher is talking about! 注意老师说的话! 17. refer to 提到,涉及到,关系到,参考,查阅 What I have to say refers to all of you. 我要说的事和你们大家都有关。 18. relate to 与……有关,涉及…… Wealth is seldom related to happiness. 财富鲜于幸福有关。 19. see to 照看或处理某事物 Will you see to the arrangements for the next committee meeting? 你来处理下次委员会会议安排,好吗? 20.stick to 坚持,不改变或不放弃 We don’t want to hear your opinions; stick to the facts! 我们不想听你的想法,只讲事实! 21.turn to 转向,求助于,转而做 The more depressed he got, the more he turned to drink. 他情绪越低落越是借酒浇愁。 22.used to 习惯于……,适应…… She is quite used to working hard. 她很习惯做艰苦的工作。高三英语知识点总结
一、就近一致原则 1.由or,not only...but also...,neither...nor...,either...or...,whether...or...,not...but...等连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时,通常根据就近一致原则,谓语动词要与离它最近的主语在数上保持一致。 Neither his parents nor I am able to persuade him to change his mind. 2.here/there引导一个句子而主语又不止一个时,通常根据就近原则,谓语动词要与离它最近的主语在数上保持一致。 Here is a ruler,a few pencils and two copybooks. 二、意义一致原则 1.谓语动词必须用单数的情况 (1)表示学科的名词以及works(工厂),news(消息)等作主语时,虽然本身为复数形式,但表示单数意义时,谓语动词仍用单数。 Politics is his favorite subject. (2)表示某些组织机构的名词、书/报名、国名、地名等作主语时,虽然形式上是复数,但所表示的意义是单数,所以谓语动词用单数。 Do you know when the United Nations was set up? 2.谓语动词必须用复数的情况 表示总称意义的名词,如people,police,public,cattle等作主语时,谓语动词用复数。 The police are searching for the murderer. 3.谓语动词的形式依据主语表示的意义而定 (1)集体名词,如family,class,group,team,club,company,government,population等作主语时,谓语动词的形式根据其在语境中表示的意义而定。当其表示集体意义,强调整体概念时,谓语动词用单数;当其表示集体中各个组成部分,强调个体概念时,谓语动词用复数。 As far as I know,his family is not very large but the family are all music lovers. (2)“the+形容词/分词”表示“一类人”时,谓语动词用复数。 The poor were looked down upon in the old days. 三、语法一致原则 1.由and连接的两个名词作主语 (1)“a/the+名词单数+and+名词单数”表示一个人(双重身份),谓语动词用单数。 The teacher and poet often gives lectures around the city. (2)“a/the+名词单数+and+a/the+名词单数”表示两个人,谓语动词用复数。 The teacher and the poet have just arrived. (3)“every+名词单数+and+every+名词单数”表示每一个人,谓语动词用单数。 Every boy and every girl has the right to receive education in our country. (4)通常由两个部件组成的物品如:a knife and fork (一副刀叉)等作主语,谓语动词用单数。 Bread and butter is not to his taste. 2.表示时间、数量、长度及价格的名词,尽管有时是复数形式但常被看作是一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式。 Is fifty pounds enough? 3.“分数/百分数+of+名词”作主语时,谓语动词的形式根据of后的名词的形式来定,如果名词是可数名词复数,谓语动词用复数形式;如果名词是单数可数名词或不可数名词,谓语动词用单数形式。 Two-thirds of the books are about science. Only 30% of the work was done yesterday.1、 at 如: 常用词组有: at noon, at night 表示时间的 at, in, on:表示片刻的时间,at 8 o’clock,at midnight, at the end of, at that time, at the beginning of, at the age of, at Christmas, at New Year 等。 in 表示一段的时间 如:in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, in October, in 1998, in summer, in the past, in the future 等。 on 总是跟日子有关,on Monday, on Christmas morning, on the following, on May Day, on a warm morning 等。 2、表示时间的 since 和 from:since 表示从过去到现在的一段时间的过程,常与现在完成时连用:from 表示从时间的某一点开始,不涉及与现在的关系。一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。 如:I hope to do morning exercises from today./ We have not seen each other since 1995. 3、表示时间的 in 和 after:两者都表示“在(某个时间)之后,区别在于in表示“在(一段时间)之后” ,而 after 则表示“在(某一具体时间点之后),in 短语和将来时态连用,after 短语和过去时态或将来时态连用。 如:We’ll be back in three days. After seven the rain began to fall. What shall we do after graduation? After two months he returned. 注意:after 有时也可以表示在一段时间之后(常用在过去时里) 4、表示地理位置的 in, on, to:in 表示在某范围内,on 指与什么毗邻,to 指在某环境范围之外 如:Changchun is in the northeast of China./ Mongolia is on the north of China./ Japan is tothe east of China. 5、表示“在……上”的 on 和 in:on 只表示在某物的表面上,而用 in 表示占去某物一部分,表示……上 如:There is a book on the piece of paper./ There is an interesting article in the newspaper./ He dug a hole in the wall. 6、表示“穿过……”的 through 和 across:through 表示从内部通过,与 in 有关;across 表示“穿过……”,表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过,与 on 有关。 如:Water flows through the pipe./ The old man walked across the street. 7、in the corner, on the corner, at the corner:in the corn 表示在落,in 指角的内面;on the corner 表示“在角上” ,on 指的不是内面,也不是外面,而含内外兼有之意;at the corner指“在拐角处” 指的是拐角外附近的外面。 如:The lamp stands in the corner of the room./ I met at with him at the street corner./ He sat on the corner of the table. 8、in the end, at the end of, by the end of:in the end 作“最后”“终于”解,可单独使用,后不接介词 of;at the end of 表示“在……末梢”“到……尽头” ,既可指时间,也可以指地上或物体。不可单独使用;by the end of 作“在……结束时”“到……末为止”解,只能指时间,不可单独使用。 如:In the end they reached a place of safety./ At the end of the road stands a beautiful garden./ They decided to have an English evening at the end of this week./ by the end of last month he had finished the novel 9、表示“关于”的 about 和 on:两者都有“关于”的意思,不过前者为一般用词,而后者表示“关于” ,为较正式的 “论述” 如:He came to tell me about something important./ He wrote a book on science 10、between, among:一般说来,between 表示两者之间,among用于三者或三者以上的中间。 如:You are to sit between your father and me./ He is always happy among his classmates. 注意:但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西,如果强调的是两两相互间接关系,适用于between。 如:Agreements were made between the different countries. 在谈到一些事物或一组事物, 而把它们视为分居两边时用 between。 如:The little valley lies between high mountains. 在谈事物 间的差别时,总是用 between。 如:They don’t know the difference between wheat, coats and barley. 11、besides, except, but, except for: besides 指除了……还有 如:All went out besides me except 指“除了,减去什么” ,不能放在句首。 如:All went out except me. but 与 except 意思近似,表示“除了……外”经常用在 no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything 等和其他疑 问词后面。 如:I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.; except for 表示“如无……就, 只是”表明理由细节。 如:His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes. 12、表示“用”的 in 和 with:表示工具的“用” 、表示“ ,用 with,而表示材料、方式、方法、度量、单位、语言、声音等的 “用” 用 in。 如:He is writing a letter with a pen./ He wrote the letter in pencil We measured it in pounds./ Read the text in a loud voice./ Tell me the story in English. 13、charge of 和 in the charge of:in 两者都表示 “由谁负责、照顾、管理” 区别在于: charge of 后接被照管的人或物, in the charge of 后面则跟照管的人。 如:Who is in charge of the project The project is in the charge of an engineer 14、as, like:as 作“作为”“以……地位或身份”解。 如:Let me speak to you as a father.(事实是父亲) like 作“象……一样”解 如:Let me speak to you like a father.(事实上不是父亲) 15、in front of 和 in the front of:in front of = before,是“在……前面”的意思(不在某物内) in the front of 则是“在……前部”的意思(在某物内) 如:There is a desk in front of the blackboard./ The boy sat in the front of the car. 16、in, into:into 表示动向,不表示目的地或位置。 如:We walked into the park.;in 通常表示位置。 We walked in the park; in 和 drop, fall, put, throw, break 等终止性动词连用时,也可以表示动向。 如:I have put the coin in (into) my pocket.我把硬币放进衣袋。】高三英语语法知识点总结虚拟语气在一些特殊词中的使用或含蓄条件句 1.wish后的宾语从句。 与现在愿望不一致,用主语十过去时,例如: I wi。hIwere you. 与过去愿望不一致,用主语+had+过去分词,例如:Iwish I had visited the White House whenI was in the States与将来愿望不一致,用主语+would (could)+原形。 2.It's time句型:当lt's tine后用that从句时应该为主i吾+should+动词原形或主语十过去时,例如:It,s time thatyou went to school.或It's time that you should go to schooL 3- If only引起的感叹句相当于“How I wish+宾语从句”。 (l)If only he could come.他要能来就好了。 (2)If only I had known the answer.我要早知道答案就好了。 4.WOuld rather,as if(though)引导的从句也需使用虚拟语气,表示过去的情况用过去完成时,表示现在与将来的情况用过去时,例如: (l)I'd rather you posted the letter right away. (2)She loves the children as if they were hers. 5.含蓄虚拟条件句含蓄条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句,而是利用其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条件。但是这类隐含式虚拟条件句往往都可以转化为if引导的条件句。常用来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有: (1)介词或介词短语。如but for,but that,without,in case of, under more favorable condition等。 (2)连词。如so that, unless, in case, supposing,lest, provided(倘若……),for fear that(唯恐),in orderthat, on condition that, if only(要是……就好了)等。 注意:lest, for fear that和in case引起的从句中谓语动词多用should+动词原形,但也可以不用虚拟语气,而用动词的陈述语气形式。例如:The foreign teacher spokeslowly in case we misunderstood him这位外籍教师说得很慢以免我们误解。 (3)通过上下文及内在含义,句中往往有but,otherwise, unfortunately等类似转折词。 without, but. but for, otherwise引起的短语或句子常暗含着含蓄条件。例如: ①Without you,1 would never know him ②But for your oooperation, we wouldn't have done it ③But that she was afraid, she would have said no. . ④i would be most glad to help you, butI am busy now. ⑤I would have come to the party yesterday, but ljwas working. ⑥I am busy now, otherwise l would do you the favor!高三英语语法知识点总结现在完成时 1、 现在完成时的概念:现在完成时表示动作发生在过去,其结果对现在有影响。 例:Tom has gone out (go的动作发生在过去,对现在有影响) 2、 延续性动词可以和表示一段时间的时间状语连用;非延续性动词则不可以。 例:正确说法:The train has been in the station for two hours; 错误说法:The train has stopped in the station for two hours. (这辆火车进站停了两个小时) 延续性动词 非延期性动词 定义 动作有持续性,可以持续一段时间。如:live(居住)就可live一年两年。 运作在短时间内结束,不能延续。如marry(结婚)就不能marry一年两年。 例词 Listen,play,rain,work Arrive,begin,borrow,finish 3、现在完成时的构成: (1)have(has)+过去分词:Tom has gone out。 (2)现在完成时的否定和疑问形式:否定形式在have、has后加not;疑问形式将Have、has提前,如Has Tom gone out。 (3)过去分词的概念及其变化形式: 概念:它和现在进行时中的“动词的ing形式”一样,只是英语中表达时态的一种固定形式。 变化形式:大多数动词的过去分词的外形和动词的过去式完全一样。只有那些不规则变化的动词,不运词的过去式不一样。具体参照“不规则动词表”。
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