2021年中考英语总复习专题.15 主谓一致（考点详解）

这是一份2021年中考英语总复习专题.15 主谓一致（考点详解），共13页。学案主要包含了定义，基本用法1. 意义一致等内容，欢迎下载使用。
考点15主谓一致命题趋势
　  主谓一致是指谓语动词与主语在人称和数上保持一致，主谓一致必须遵循三原则：语法一致原则，意义一致原则，就近一致原则。对于主谓一致的考查，主要集中在单项选择、完形填空、汉译英及语篇运用中中。在学习过程中，要掌握主谓一致的基本用法及常见搭配。考查题型：从命题形式来看，主谓一致以单项选择、完形填空为主、词语语篇填空等。考查重点：主谓一致的三个原则：语法一致原则，意义一致原则，就近一致原则。   主谓一致的三个原则一、定义主谓一致是指谓语动词与主语在人称和数上保持一致，主谓一致必须遵循三原则：语法一致原则，意义一致原则，就近一致原则。二、基本用法1. 意义一致意义一致又称为概念一致原则，指的是谓语动词的单复数取决于主语所表达单复数意义，而不取决于表面上的语法联系。如：Maths is difficult for us. 数学对我们来说很难。The police are trying to search for the thief on the hill. 警察们正在山上尽力搜查小偷。My family are having lunch now.我们一家人现在正吃午饭。Twenty dollars is too expensive for the book.这本书20美元太贵了。【例】The woman behind the girls _____________ a famous actress. A. is B. are C. have  D. has【答案】A【解析】在本句中，句子主语为woman，所以谓语动词应用单数形式，排除B、C两项。本句为系表结构，排除D项。故选A。（1）表示总称意义形单意复的名词，如people, police, cattle等作主语时，只当作复数看待，谓语在任何情况下都用复数。如：The cattle are one cause of the problem. 造成戈壁滩的原因之一是牲畜问题。The police are searching for a murderer in that mountain. 警察正在山中搜寻一名杀人犯。（2）以army, class, enemy, family, government, group, team，crew, crowd, public等集体名词作主语时，谓语应视其情况而用不同形式：当作主语被看作一个整体时，谓语用单数，如果被看成是其中的个体成员时，谓语就用复数。如：Our class is better than any other class at playing basketball in our school. 在打篮球方面，我们班胜过我们学校的任何一个班。Our class are playing a basketball match tomorrow. 我们班同学明天要举行一场篮球赛。Our family is not poor any more. 我们家已经不再贫困了。My family all speak the Intuit language. 我一家人都讲因努伊特语。（3）当一些有两部分构成的表示衣物或工具的名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式，如glasses（眼镜）, trousers（裤子）, shoes（鞋子），chopsticks（筷子）, goods（货物）, scissors（剪刀）, socks（袜子）, compasses（圆规），但如果这些名词前有a pair of等量词修饰时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。如：Your trousers need washing. 你的裤子该洗了。My glasses are new. 我的眼镜是新的。A pair of compasses is an instrument for drawing circles. 圆规是画圆的工具。A pair of new shoes is in your suitcase. 一双新鞋在你的手提箱里。Two pairs of socks are enough for me. 对我来说，两双袜子就足够了。（4）由“pair, piece of +名词/代词”作主语时，谓语动词与pair, piece等词保持一致与后的代词、名词无关。如：There is a pair of shoes left. 只剩下一双鞋了。The pieces of stone were then carried to the new place for the temple.所有的石块被运到新建寺庙的地方。（5）当表示时间、金钱、距离、重量、长度、价值等数词短语作主语时，根据意义一致原则，通常被看作一个整体，其谓语用单数。如：Twenty years is a long time to us. 对于我们来说，20年是一段很长的时间。One thousand pounds is a lot of money. 一千英镑是很大一笔钱。（6）如果主语由“the+形容词”担任时，往往根据意义一致原则，来决定谓语动词的单、复数形式。如果表示一类人时，谓语动用复数形式；如果指个人或抽象概念时，则谓语动词用单数形式。如：The old are taken good care of in our country. 在我们国家老人受到很好的照顾。The sick is one of the students in our class. 那位病人是我们班的一个学生。The beautiful lives forever. 美是永存的。（7）考点7：表示数量的短语“one and a half＋名词复数”及“a＋单数名词＋and＋a half”作主语时，谓语用单数。如：One and a half oranges has been left on the table. 桌子上只剩下一个半桔了。A month and a half has passed. 一个半月时间过去了。（8）某些单复数同形的名词作主语时，依照意义一致的原则，表示单数意义时，谓语动词用单数；反之谓语动词则用复数形式。如：One day this white sheep was lost. 有一天，这只白色的绵羊丢了。There are many fish in the Jia Ling River. 嘉陵江里有很多鱼。A Japanese is coming to visit our school tomorrow. 明天有个日本人要来参观我们学校。We Chinese are realizing the four modernizations. 我们中国人正在实现四个现代化2. 语法形式一致的原则语法一致即指的是主语为单数形式时，谓语动词使用单数形式，主语如果为复数形式，那么谓语动词也使用复数形式。如：My bike is under the tree. 我的自行车在树下。These books are old. 这些书是旧的。Tom is a good student.汤姆是个好学生。They often play football on the playground.他们经常在操场上踢足球。【例】The Greens _____________ dinner in the kitchen now. A. is having    B. having     C. are having【答案】C【解析】the Greens意为＂格林一家；格林夫妇＂，表复数意义，故选C。（1）以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：Much land has been deserted in this area in the past few years. 在过去的几年中，这个地区的许多土地已经沙化。To start smoking is quite easy, but to give it up needs courage. 开始吸烟很容易，但是要戒烟却需要勇气。Reading English newspapers is a good way of improving your English. 阅读英文报纸是提高你英语水平的好方法。What you need most is to have a good sleep. 你所需要的就是好好睡一觉。How you can get there is a problem. 你怎么到那儿去还是个问题。（2）由and或both...and来连接并列主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：Swimming and walking are good exercises. 游泳和散步都是好运动。He and I were classmates when we were at college. 他和我在上大学时是同学。Both John and Ann have got pen-friends. 约翰和安都有笔友。Both Zhou Lan and Yang Pei like sports. 周兰和杨蓓都爱好体育。注意：① 并列主语如果表示同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数形式（这时and后的名词前没有冠词）。如：The manager and secretary was absent at the meeting. 经理兼书记没有出席会议。The manager and the secretary are busy now. 经理和书记现在都很忙。Their teacher and friend is Mr. Li. 他们的老师和朋友是李先生。② 由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别被no, each, every或many a修饰时，其谓语动词用单数形式。另外，more than one+名词作主语时，谓语用单数形式。如：In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education.在我们国家里，每个男孩和女孩都有权利接受教育。Each man and each woman is asked to help. 每个男士和妇女都被请来帮忙。Many a student is having practice in that factory. 许多学生正在那家工厂实习。More than one student is interested in the book. 不止一个学生对这本书感兴趣（3）如果主语是单数，尽管后面跟有(together) with, as well as, like, but, except, besides, including, no less than, rather than, as much as, more than, along with, in addition to等介词短语，其谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，则谓语动词也用复数。如：An English teacher together with some students has climbed to the top of the mountain. 一位英语老师和几个学生已经爬到了山顶。Mary as well as her friends likes this painting. 玛丽和她的朋友都喜欢这幅画。No one except my close friends knows anything about this matter. 除了我的亲密朋友谁也不知道这件事。（4）不定代词each, either, neither和由 some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：Each (of us) takes a cup of coffee. (我们)每人都喝一杯咖啡。Everyone knows smoking cigarettes is bad for health. 大家都知道吸烟不利于身体健康。Nothing is to be done. 没有什么要干的事。Everybody obeys the school rules; anybody who breaks the rules is punished. 每个人都必须遵守学校规则，任何人违反了规则将受到惩罚。（5）不定代词none 以及由“none/neither＋of＋复数合词（或代词）”构成的短语作主语时，谓语用单复数均可，这取决于说话人的意思。当说话人着眼于“每一个都不.......”或“两个中的任何一个都不.......”时，谓语动词用单数；当说话者着眼于“所有的都不.......”或“两个中的全部都不.......”时，谓语动词用复数。如：None know when that was. (强调所有的人)没人知道这是什么时候的事。None is so good as he. (强调每一个人)没有人像他那么好。None of them have/has a car. 他们都没有小汽车。（他们没有一个人有小汽车。）Neither of them know/knows the answer. 他们两个全都不知道答案。（他们两个人谁也不知道答案。）Neither of the article is (are) interesting. 其中没有哪篇文章有趣。（6）“a lot of , lots of, plenty of, the rest（majority）of, some（most, all等）of＋名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要与of后面的名词（短语）保持一致。如：Some of us do not know much about the theatre. 我们中有一些人还不太懂得戏剧。Some of the sugar is wet. 有些糖是湿的。Most of the students in our class are leagues. 我们班上大多数学生是团员。Most of the food tastes delicious. 大多数食物味道很好。Half of the work is left unfinished. 一半的工作没有完成。Half of the apples are given to the children. 一半的苹果送给孩子们。Lots of damage was caused by smoking. 许多损害是由吸烟引起的。Plenty of English books are on the shelf. 许多英语书在书架上。注意：① all单独作主语表示“人”时，谓语用复数；表示“整个事件或事情”时，谓语用单数。如：All are present. 所有的人都出席了。(表示人)All is well. 一切都好。(表示整个事情或情况)②“a number of+复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；“the number of+复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。A large number of buildings were burnt down. 许多楼房被毁了。A number of students in our class are out by the lake. 我们班有些学生到湖边去了。The number of students in our school is 2500. 我们学校的学生人数是2500名。The number of books on women published in China is growing. 在中国，有关妇女书籍出版数目在增加。The number of wagging dances per minute told the exact distance to the feeding place. 每分钟摆尾的次数表明了到喂食处的精确距离。（7）由“分数或百分数+of +名词（或代词）”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要与of后面的名词（短语）保持一致。如：燥或者是沙漠地区。Two thirds of the people present are against the plan. 在场的三分之二的人反对这个计划。More than 70 percent of the surface of our earth is covered by water.我们地球的70%的表面被水所覆盖。30 percent of the students in our class are girls. 我们班30%的学生是女生。Two thirds of the country is dry or desert. 这个国家的三分之二的地方气候干（8）如果主语是由“a kind of或this/that kind of, a series ( a species) of，a pair of”等 +名词构成，谓语动词通常用单数形式。如：This kind of men is dangerous. 这种人是危险的。Is this kind of car made in Shanghai? 这种汽车是上海制造的吗？There is a kind of rose in his garden. 他的花园里有玫瑰花。This kind of apple/apples is rather expensive. 这种苹果相当贵。 That kind of snake/snakes is dangerous. 那种蛇很危险。注意：“these/those kinds of＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词要用复数。These kinds of tests are good. 这种测试很好。Those kinds of apple trees have not yet grown up. 那种苹果树还没有长大。3. 就近原则“就近原则”又称为近邻一致原则，指的是主语由两个或两个以上的名词或代词构成，谓语动词的单复数形式应与紧邻的名词或代词保持一致。如：Either my father or brother is coming. 我父亲来，要不然就是我弟弟来。Not only you but also they are good students. 不仅你是好学生，而且他们也是好学生。Not only the teacher but also his students like playing football.不仅老师喜欢踢足球，而且他的学生也喜欢踢足球。There is a pen and some books on the desk.课桌上有一支钢笔和一些书。【例】Not only you but also I ________ interested in the cartoon called Peppa Pig.A. am B. is C. are【答案】A【解析】考查句子的主谓一致。句意：不仅是你，我也对卡通片《粉红猪小妹》感兴趣。A. am用于主语是I的一般现在时；B. is用于主语是单数第三人称的一般现在时；C. are用于主语是复数的一般现在时。短语＂not only…but also＂引导的主语和后面动词主谓一致遵循临近一致原则，比较近的主语I是第一人称，be动词用am, 故选A。（1）当or, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also..., not...but...., whether...or...等连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词单复数取决于最靠近于它的名词或代词。如：Either you or Lily is to do the cleaning after supper. 不是该你，就是该莉莉在晚饭后打扫卫生。Not only the mother but also the children were there. 不但母亲在那里，而且孩子们也在那里。（2）当There be句型后面有两个或两个以上的名词时，be动词要和最靠近它的那个名词在人称和数上保持一致。如：There is a pen and two books on the table.=There are two books and a pen on the table. 桌子上有一支笔和两本书。 主语与主谓一致的关系1、并列结构作主语由and或both... and连接两个名词、代词作主语，表示不同的人或事物时，句子的谓语用复数。John and Mike are good friends. 约翰和迈克是好朋友。Both bread and milk are good for you. 面包和牛奶对你都有好处。【注意】and连接的两个名词作主语，在意义上指同一人、同一物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数。如：The famous singer and dancer is coming to Chongqing. 那位著名的歌唱家兼舞蹈家要来重庆。2、＂名词+介词短语＂作主语名词或代词后接as well as，with，along with，together with，except，but等短语作主语时，谓语动词的形式应和介词短语前的名词或代词的人称和数保持一致。如：She as well as other students likes playing computer games. 她和其他学生都喜欢玩电脑游戏。He with his parents is working in the fields. 他正和他的父母在地里干活。Nobody but you and me knows it. 除了你和我，没人知道。3、不定代词作主语（1）当作主语的名词前有each，neither，either，every修饰或each，neither，either作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：Each student has a book. 每一个学生都有一本书。Either answer is correct. 两个答案都是正确的。Neither parent is with him. 他的父母都没有和他在一起。Every minute is important to us. 每一分钟对大家都很重要。（2）当复合不定代词someone，anyone，somebody，anybody，nobody，everybody，something，anything，nothing，everything等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：Somebody is waiting for you outside. 有人在外面等你。Is everybody here today? 今天大家都到了吗？ Something is wrong with my watch. 我的手表出故障了。Nobody was away yesterday. 昨天没有人离开。【例】Now the students each _____________ an English-Chinese dictionary. A. has  B. have  C. is having  D. are having【答案】B【解析】have 当＂有＂讲时，不能用于进行时，排除C、D；each用于主语the students之后作同位语，不影响谓语动词的数，故选B。特殊名词作主语1. 国名、人名、书名、报刊名、组织机构等专有名词作主语时，即使其形式上是复数，谓语动词也要用单数。如：The United States lies to the east of China. 美国在中国的东方。(国名)Engels was good at learning foreign languages. 恩格斯擅长学外语。(人名)2.＂the+形容词＂作主语时，表示某类人，谓语动词用复数。如：The sick are taken good care of. 病人得到很好的照顾。The old are supposed to be spoken to politely. 跟老人讲话要有礼貌。3. 以-s结尾的学科名词，如maths，physics，politics等和以-s结尾的抽象名词，如news，plastics等作主语时，谓语动词要用单数。如：Physics is very difficult for me to learn. 物理对我来讲很难学。The news was very exciting. 这条新闻十分激动人心。4. 单复数形式相同的名词，如Chinese，Japanese，sheep，deer等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数由名词前的修饰语来确定。如：A Chinese wants to see you. 一个中国人想见你。Ten sheep are eating grass there. 那边有10只绵羊在吃草。【注意】Chinese，Japanese，English等前加the表示一国人，作主语时，谓语动词用复数。The Chinese speak Chinese. 中国人说汉语。【例】Physics _____________ more interesting than maths, I think. A. are B. is  C. was  D. were【答案】B【解析】表示学科的名词physics，虽然是以-s 结尾，但意义上是单数，作主语时，谓语动词使用单数形式。这里指的是一般情况，用一般现在时，故选B。表数量概念的词或短语作主语1. 表示时间、金钱、距离、重量等的复数名词作主语时，通常看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数。Ten years has passed quickly. 10年很快就过去了。如：Ten dollars is enough. 10美元就够了。100 kilometers is a long way. 100千米是一段很长的路。2. 加减乘除运算中的谓语动词用单数，其中加法与乘法也可用复数。如：Two and two is/are four. 2加2等于4。Six times one is/are six. 6乘以1等于6。3. ＂many a/more than one+单数名词＂作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：There is more than one answer. 有不止一个答案。Many a student has passed the exam. 许多学生通过了考试。4. ＂one and a half+复数名词＂作主语时，谓语用单数。如：One and a half days is all I can spare. 一天半是我所能支配的全部时间。One and a half pears is left on the plate. 一个半梨被留在盘子里。5. the rest of.短语作主语时，如果of后接复数名词，谓语用复数；如果of后接不可数名词，谓语用单数。如：The rest of the bikes are on sale. 余下的自行车降价出售。The rest of the bread is gone. 剩余的面包不见了。6.＂none of+复数名词＂作主语时，谓语动词既可以用单数也可以用复数。如：None of the dogs was/were there. 那儿没有狗。7.＂a number of+名词复数＂表示＂许多/大量的……＂，其后的谓语动词用复数；＂the number of+名词复数＂表示＂……的数量＂，其中心词为number，故谓语动词用单数。如：A number of farmers are standing over there. 许多农民站在那边。The number of the students in this school has reached over 2，000. 这所学校的学生数量已达到2 000多人。8. ＂a lot of/lots of/plenty of+名词＂作主语，谓语动词由of后的名词来确定。如果of后是不可数名词，谓语动词用单数；如果of后是复数名词，谓语动词用复数。如：A lot of time is needed. 需要大量的时间。Plenty of workers are working. 许多工人在工作。【例】—What _____________ the number of the students in your school? —About two thousand. A number of them _____________ from England. A. is; are  B. is; is 　　 C. are; is  D. are; are【答案】A【解析】第一空处的主语为the number of the students，表示学生的数量，故用is；第二空处的主语为A number of them，表示他们们的许多人，故用are。动名词、不定式和从句作主语动名词、不定式或从句作主语时，谓语一般用单数。如：Doing morning exercises is good for your body. 做早操对你的身体有益。To play with fire near a gas station is very dangerous. 在加油站附近玩火很危险。What he said at the meeting is very important. 他在会上的发言很重要。【例】To lose themselves in the net bar _____________ on teenagers’ future. A. have a bad effect B. has a bad effectC. have a good effect  D. has a good effect【答案】B【解析】单个的动词不定式短语作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式，因为沉迷网络对青少年的未来没有好处，所以选has a bad effect。主谓一致辨析类别例句and连接并列主语时，谓语动词常常使用复数；但是and连接的并列主语指同一人、同一物时，谓语使用单数。The writer and teacher is coming. 那位作家兼教师来了(作家和教师指同一个人)The writer and the teacher are coming. 作家和老师来了。(作家和老师是两个人)＂单数名词或代词+ but/besides/except/including/like/with/along with/as well as /rather than/such as/together with+名词或代词作主语，谓语使用单数形式，如果之前的名词或代词是复数，则谓语使用复数。Mike with his father has been to England.迈克同他的父亲去过英格兰。Mike, like his brother，enjoys playing football. 迈克像他的哥哥一样喜欢踢足球。＂the number of+复数名词＂作主语，谓语用单数;＂a(good/large) number of+复数名词＂作主语，谓语动词用复数。The number of the students is over eight hundred. 学生人数超过八百。A number of teachers are present today，and the number of them is 500. 许多教师今天都出席了，有500人。由两个相同部分组成的一个整体名词作主语，谓语动词用复数，如chopsticks，glasses，shoes，socks，stockings, trousers, boots等。若此类名词被＂a kind of/a pair of’’修饰时，谓语动词用单数。The scissors are on the shelf next to the cupboard. 剪刀在橱柜旁边的架子上。A pair of glasses costs quite a lot these days. 近些天，眼镜的售价很高。当not only... but also...，not... but...，or，either... or….，neither... nor...等连接并列主语时，以及在there be句型中，谓语动词的单复数形式采用就近一致原则。Neither Jack and I have seen this film.杰克和我都没有看过这部电影Either you or he is to attend the meeting tomorrow.或者是你或者是他去参加明天的会议。某些集体名词，如class, club, family, team, group等，作主语时，谓语动词采用意义一致原则，即依据名词的具体含义来确定谓语动词的单复数形式。The company has grown rapidly in the last five years.这家公司五年来迅速发展壮大。The family are celebrating Thanksgiving in this picture.在这张相片里，全家人正在庆祝感恩节。 注意：如果这一类集体名词作为一个整体看待时，谓语动词使用单数形式，如果这一类词指的是具体成员，则谓语动词应该使用复数形式。 谓语动词只用单数的情况主语抽象表单一，集体名词整体看；and连接两名词，或人或物不可分；every，each以及no，并用and连名词；三＂e＂neither不定代，所构合成正式单；news，means，works，貌似复数实则单；还有ics结尾学科词，国，书，剧名兼格言；时重长度与价值，主单不受随行控；many，more than连单数，名词数量一个半，谓语单数不多看。谓语动词可单可复的情况可单可复有8类，集体名词一大类，看作整体用单数，个体单看用复数；不定代词疑问词，部分、半数及剩余，这些作主看内容，该单该复看含义；The加分词形容词，指人一定是复数，若与分词指抽象，仍用单数莫迟疑；one of引导定从句，修饰复数是真的，若有the only在前头，从句指的是单一；人口数目与比例，大多、种类作主语；许多、分数、百分数，是单是复看意义；四则运算很随意。谓语动词用复数的情况人们加警察，家禽并牛群，常作复数没问题；服装鞋袜及手套，自然全是用复数。