2020版一轮复习英语人教·全国版学案：语法第一部分第三讲形容词、副词

第三讲形容词、副词 形容词与副词的比较等级　 [全析考法] Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years ________ (long) than non­runners.解析：longer　根据空后的than和语境可知，此处应该使用副词比较级形式，故填longer。2．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)He screams the ________ (loud) of all.解析：loudest　根据空前的the以及空后的of all可知此处应用副词最高级。3．(2018·6月浙江高考)There could be an even ________ (high) cost on your health.解析：higher　此处表示这么做可能还会让你付出更高的健康代价。根据even可判断，此处要用形容词的比较级。4．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)As a result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.Even ________ (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.解析：worse　根据语境可知，此处表示程度的加深，所以用副词比较级形式，even worse表示“更糟糕的是”。5．(2017·6月浙江高考)Sixteen years ________ (early), Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring to cook a meal.解析：earlier　sixteen years earlier表示“早在16年前”。此时的earlier相当于before，一般直接跟在时间名词的后面。6．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work, you should take a step back and identify (识别) those of ________ (great) and less importance.解析：greater　and连接并列成分，根据后面的less可知，此处要用形容词比较级形式。7．(2014·全国卷Ⅰ)Finally, that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is ________ (clean) than ever.解析：cleaner　从后面的“than”可知此处要用形容词比较级，故填cleaner。8．(2014·广东高考)After our plane landed, we went to the hotel.We had made our reservation six months ________ (early), but the man at the front desk said there had been a mistake.解析：earlier　由“had made”可知该动作发生在到达旅馆之前，故应该是早在六个月之前我们就已经预订了，所以用副词比较级earlier。Ⅱ.单句改错1．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I was afraid to speak in front of a larger group of people.________________解析：larger→large　根据句意，作者害怕在一大群人面前讲话，这里没有比较的含义，故将larger改为large。2．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)They often get up earlier and water the vegetables together.________________解析：earlier→early　get up early意为“早起”，句中没有比较的意思，故不用比较级。3．(2016·四川高考)The dishes that I cooked were Mom's favoritest.________________解析：favoritest→favorite　favorite没有比较级和最高级。[谨记规则](一)形容词和副词比较等级的构成规则1．规则变化构成例词原级比较级最高级单音节的词一般情况下直接加­er和­estsmallsmallersmallestgreatgreatergreatesthardharderhardest以不发音的e结尾的单音节词加­r和­stnicenicernicestcutecutercutestlargelargerlargest以一个辅音字母结尾，且前面只有一个元音的词，先双写词尾的辅音字母后再加­er和­estfatfatterfattestthinthinnerthinnesthothotterhottest以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的词，先把y变为i再加­er和­esteasyeasiereasiesthappyhappierhappiestearlyearlierearliest其他双音节和多音节的形容词或副词都在前面加more和mostcarefulmore carefulmost carefulpopularmore popularmost popularefficientlymore efficientlymost efficiently  [特别注意]　(1)有少数几个双音节形容词，既可以加­er和­est，又可以加more和most构成比较级和最高级。这些双音节词是：common, handsome, quiet, pleasant, cruel, stupid, tired和以­ow, ­er结尾的词。(2)有些形容词没有程度可分或形容词本身就表示某种程度，因此没有比较级和最高级。这类形容词有：right(正确的), wrong(错误的), excellent(优秀的), possible(可能的), empty(空的), first(第一的), wooden(木制的), final(最后的), east(东方的), last(最后的)等。2．不规则变化原级比较级最高级good, wellbetterbestbad, illworseworstmany, muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther(指时间或空间上“更远的”)farthest(指时间或空间上“最久的；最远的”)further(指空间距离“更远的”；在更大程度上)furthest(指空间距离“最远的”；在最大程度上)oldolder/elderoldest/eldest  (二)形容词、副词比较等级的用法1．原级的用法(1)“as＋形容词/副词原级＋as”与“not＋as/so＋形容词/副词原级＋as”表示同级比较，即两个或两部分人或物在性质上或程度上相同/不同。He doesn't run so/as fast as his younger brother.他没有他弟弟跑得快。(2)当as ...as结构中有名词时，可用以下结构：Henry does not have so/as many books as I have.亨利的书没有我的书多。2．比较级的用法(1)“形容词/副词比较级＋than”表示“两者中一方比另一方更……”。“less＋多音节形容词/副词原级＋than”结构表示“一方不及另一方……”。The book is less interesting than that one.这本书不如那本书有趣。(2)“the＋形容词/副词比较级，the＋形容词/副词比较级”表示“越……，就越……”。The more interaction the robot has with humans, the more it learns.机器人与人类交流得越多，它学会的就越多。(3)“形容词/副词比较级＋and＋形容词/副词比较级”表示“越来越……”。It becomes colder and colder when winter comes.冬天来了，天气越来越冷。(4)“the＋形容词/副词比较级＋of the two＋名词”表示“某人或某物是两者中较……的”。Mike is the taller of the two boys.迈克是两个男孩中个子比较高的那个。(5)形容词/副词比较级可以用much, even, still, far, a little, a lot, rather等来修饰。It was also much more than we could afford, but far less than the original asking price.这个价格仍然远远超出我们能够负担得起的价位，但是它已经远远低于最初的要价了。3．最高级的用法(1)表示三者或三者以上的比较，常见的结构为“the＋最高级＋表示比较范围的短语或从句”，表示“……是……中最……的”。The dog has a funny, short tail and certainly the funniest face of the dogs in the world.这只狗有一条逗人而短的尾巴，它的脸肯定是世上最逗人的狗脸了。(2)“one of the＋最高级＋可数名词复数”表示“最……的……之一”。This is one of the most important events in modern history.这是现代历史上最重要的事件之一。(3)用比较级或原级表示最高级含义。①“否定词语＋比较级”表示最高级含义。②比较级形式表示最高级含义。(4)最高级可以用序数词及by far, nearly, almost, much, by no means等修饰。 (三)倍数表达法倍数表达法例句A＋谓语＋倍数＋形容词/副词比较级(＋名词)＋than＋BThe electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster than traditional garbage as a whole.总的来说，泛滥成灾的电子废弃物正以比传统垃圾快三倍的速度增加。A＋谓语＋倍数＋as＋形容词/副词原级＋as＋BThis restaurant wasn't half as good as that other restaurant we went to.这家饭店还不如我们以前去过的那家饭店的一半好。A＋谓语＋倍数＋the＋名词(size, length, height, wei­ght等)＋of＋BWhen you study the local map, you'll find this town is twice the size of that one.当你研究当地的地图时，你会发现这座城镇是那座(城镇)的两倍大。A＋谓语＋倍数＋that＋of＋B＝A＋谓语＋倍数＋what从句The output of this year is three times that of 2018.＝The output of this year is three times what it was in 2018.今年的产量是2018年的三倍。 常见副词　 [全析考法]单句改错1．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Immediate, I raised my hand.________________解析：Immediate→Immediately　此处为副词作状语，故将Immediate改为Immediately。2．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)A few minutes late, the instructor asked me to stop the car.________________解析：late→later　“一段时间＋late”表示“迟到多长时间”；“一段时间＋later”表示“多长时间之后”。此处表示“几分钟后，教练让我把车停下来”。3．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Beside, they often get some useful information from the Internet.________________解析：Beside→Besides　句意：此外，他们还经常从网上获取一些有用的信息。beside“在……旁边”，是介词；besides“此外”，是副词。4．(2014·全国卷Ⅰ)Nearly five years before, and with the help of our father, my sister and I planted some cherry tomatoes (圣女果) in our back garden.________________解析：before→ago　表示在说话时之前用ago；相对于过去的某个时间或动作之前才用before。故before应改为ago。5．(2014·全国卷Ⅰ)Since then — for all these years — we have been allowing tomatoes to self­seed where they please. As a result, the plants are growing somewhere.________________解析：somewhere→everywhere　somewhere意为“某处”，而此处语境表示“植物到处生长”，故应用everywhere“到处”。[谨记规则](一)易混词辨析beside在旁边(或附近)besides 此外，而且late迟的，晚的later后来，以后ago以前(以现在为起点)before以前(以过去为起点)somewhere某处everywhere到处 (二)形近副词辨析　　      (三)连接副词用法一览语法填空解题“3策略”1．利用提示词(1)看到提示词在名词前作定语、在系动词后作表语，或在宾语后作宾补，要想到用形容词；(2)看到提示词修饰动词、形容词、副词，或整个句子作状语时，要想到用副词。2．利用标志词(1)若是两者之间相比，且空格后有than, 要想到用形容词或副词的比较级；(2)and, or, but等并列连词连接的平行结构，如果其中之一是比较级，要想到另一并列成分也应用比较级；(3)注意使用比较等级的固定搭配或句型，如：①the＋比较级 ..., the＋比较级 ...②the＋最高级＋标志性词语或从句3．利用修饰语(1)看到修饰语much, still, even, far, a lot, a little, a great deal, (by) far, a bit等以及百分数，要想到比较级；(2)看到修饰语by far, nearly, almost, by no means, not really以及序数词等，要想到最高级。据第1条解题1．In some crowded (crowd) cities, the car has polluted the air so badly that people get sick just from breathing it.2．E­hongbao is actually (actual) a kind of lucky money from and to relatives and friends during festivals or on special occasions.据第2条解题3．The harder (hard) you try to beat him, the more likely you will get hit.4．Technology is getting better and cheaper (cheap)．5．During the end of the 19th century and the beginning of 20th century, Beijing Opera finally formed and became the biggest (big) of all operas in China.6．Road safety has aroused wider (wide) attention of the public than before.据第3条解题7．In fact, people are much closer (close) to dogs in a way than to cows, pigs or even horses.8．Please don't misunderstand me.But don't you think we should take things a bit easier (easy), darling? 9．Of the two lectures, the first was by far the better (good), partly because the speaker had an extraordinary style.10．It might have made it a little harder (hard) for everybody because it meant they had to turn around, but that didn't stop the kids in the class.短文改错解题“3关注”1．关注比较范围如果是两者之间的比较，则用比较级；如果是三者或三者以上的比较，则用最高级。2．关注搭配句式看含有比较等级的固定搭配和句式是否准确。3．关注常见副词的用法据第1条解题1．Since his family was rich than mine, he had more toys than I did.rich→richer2．And if you decide to take Dr.Klein's advice, you can make yourself even happy by recommending the technique to others.happy→happier3．I even have a large vocabulary than before.large→larger4．But he stays outside the list of the world's 10 rich people.rich→richest据第2条解题5．The more I learn English, the easy it becomes.easy→easier6．To make matters bad, now I have to share a room with my younger sister, Maggie. bad→worse7．Therefore, I was determined not to let him down any long.long→longer据第3条解题8．First, it's an activity concerned with all parts of my body, which is quite a good way for me to keep fit.Beside, it's an activity I can enjoy whatever the weather is like except when it rains heavily.Beside→Besides9．Water is very important to us, without which there would be no life.Therefore, some people don't turn the tap off at once after using it.Therefore→However10．I lived in my hometown ten years before.before→ago                                                                  Ⅰ.语法填空When it's your birthday, you add another year to your age. Another Earth year, that is.Earth is one of eight planets __1__ circle around the sun. Each planet travels along its own path __2__ (call) its orbit. The time it takes for a planet to complete one whole orbit is the length of __3__ (it) year.Earth takes about 365 days __4__ (make) one orbit, so our year is 365 days long. But the planets all move __5__ different speeds and some planets need to travel much __6__ (long) distances than others to go all the way around the sun. Each planet needs __7__ different amount of time to finish one orbit, and the lengths of their years are all different.If you are turning 5 Earth years old today, Earth has made 5 __8__ (trip) around the sun since the day you were born. But in that same amount of time, speedy Mercury (水星) __9__ (go) around the sun nearly 21 times. That makes you almost 21 Mercury years old. However, if you are on Venus, you are about 8 Venus years old. __10__， how many candles should you put on your birthday cake? Depends on which planet you're on. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章用生日这一话题引出了“年”的概念，生动地描述了太阳系各行星“年”的不同。1．that/which　考查定语从句。设空处引导限制性定语从句修饰planets，且在从句中作主语，故填that/which。2．called　考查非谓语动词。因call与path之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，故填called作path的后置定语。3．its　考查代词。由设空处后的名词year可知，此处应填形容词性物主代词its。4．to make　考查非谓语动词。take some time to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“花费时间做某事”。5．at　考查介词。at different speeds意为“以不同的速度”。6．longer　考查形容词比较级。由句中的than可知，设空处应填比较级longer。7．a　考查冠词。a different amount of time为固定搭配，意为“不同数量的时间”。8．trips　考查名词复数。根据设空处前的5可知，应用名词复数，故填trips。9．has gone　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。由nearly 21 times可知，go所表示的动作已经发生，Mercury为单数且与go around之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在完成时的主动形式。10．Therefore　考查副词。由上下文语境可知，空处前后为因果关系，且此处表示结果，故填Therefore。 Ⅱ.短文改错My aunt Jenny works as lawyer.She is very generous, kindly and helpful.She always helps with people in need.Every year on her birthday he visits a local school and gives the poor children there some toys, school things, or sometimes where they really need in their daily life.Early this year, she worked even hard and invited more friends to join her.To her delight, they all promise to celebrate their birthdays in the school and send various gift to the children there！So now, every time one of them has his/her birthday, they come together to spreading joy and love to those children who really desire to be loving.答案：第一句：as 后加 a第二句：kindly→kind第三句：去掉 with第四句：he→she; where→what第五句：hard→harder第六句：promise→promised; gift→gifts第七句：spreading→spread; loving→loved