2020高考英语新增分方案大一轮复习外研新课改省份专用讲义：语法专题二代词

专题二代__词人称代词、物主代词与反身代词 类别功能第一人称第二人称第三人称主格作主语、表语Iweyouyouhesheitthey宾格作宾语、同位语、表语meusyouyouhimheritthem形容词性物主代词作定语myouryouryourhisheritstheir名词性物主代词作主语、表语或宾语mineoursyoursyourshishersitstheirs反身代词作宾语、表语或同位语myselfourselvesyourselfyourselveshimselfherselfitselfthemselves 1．人称代词(1)人称代词作主语用主格，作宾语、表语用宾格，但应注意以下两种情况：①作主语的人称代词如果孤立地使用于无谓语动词的句子中，或在这种句子中与动词不定式连用，常用宾格。—Susan, go and join your sister cleaning the yard.—Why me？John is sitting there doing nothing.——苏珊，去和你姐姐一起打扫院子。——为什么我去？约翰坐在那里什么也没做。②含比较级的句子中than, as后用主格、宾格都可以。He is taller than me (I)．他比我高。但在下列句子中有区别：I like Jack as much as her.＝ I like both Jack and her.我喜欢杰克，也喜欢她。I like Jack as much as she.＝I like Jack and she likes him, too.　我喜欢杰克，她也喜欢他。(2)两个以上的人称代词并列，其次序排列原则：在并列主语中，“I”总是放在最后，排列顺序为：二 三 一(人称)。宾格me也一样。You, she and I will be in charge of the case.我、你和她三人将负责这个案件。2．物主代词(1)形容词性物主代词相当于形容词。置于名词之前，作定语。(2)名词性物主代词相当于名词，在句中作主语、表语、宾语或与of连用作定语。I am an admirer of yours.我是你的粉丝。3．反身代词　含有反身代词的习惯用语devote oneself to　　　　　　　 致力于dress oneself   自己穿衣enjoy oneself   玩得高兴help oneself to   随便吃，随便用 hide oneself   把自己藏起来make oneself at home   不受拘束 say to oneself   心里想seat oneself   坐下 teach oneself   自学come to oneself   恢复知觉behave oneself   表现得体，有礼貌apply oneself to   致力于by oneself   独自地 of oneself   自动地　　　  [命题点感悟]                         单句语法填空①(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find________ (they) alive.解析：them　空格前面是动词find，空格处作宾语应用宾格，故填them，指代上文的gorillas。②(2017·浙江6月高考)“She thought I had hurt ________(I)，” says Pahlsson.解析：myself　句意：Pahlsson说：“她以为我伤到了自己”。根据前面的主语I可知，此处要用反身代词作宾语。③(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)About one month after this photo was taken, I entered my second year of high school ...This picture often brings back to me many happy memories of ________ (I) high school days.解析：my　此处意为“这张照片常常让我想起我高中时的许多快乐的记忆”，故应该填形容词性物主代词my。④(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)On my recent visit, I held a lively three­month­old twin that had been rejected by _______ (it) mother.解析：its　句意：在最近的一次参观中，我抱着一对可爱的、三个月大的双胞胎大熊猫中的一只，这只大熊猫被它的妈妈遗弃了。此处应该使用形容词性物主代词its作定语。⑤(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden ________ (we) view and gain knowledge we cannot get from books. 解析：our　根据前面的主语we可知，此处要用our，表示“能够开阔我们的视野”。⑥(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)At first, I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by ________ (I). 解析：myself　根据语境可知，此处指“我自己做决定”，故应用myself。⑦(2016·四川高考)When he came back, I found a bunch of flowers in ________ (he) hand.解析：his　由前面的“When he came back”可知，这束花是在“他的(his)”手里。⑧(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)Five minutes later, Tony saw ________ (he) parents.解析：his　根据语境及英语表达习惯，应当在parents前用与主语Tony相一致的物主代词his。  it的用法 1．指天气、时间、距离、环境等。It often rains here in summer.(表示天气)这里夏天时常下雨。It is twenty miles from here to the village.(表示距离)从这里到那个村庄有20英里路。2．代替前面提过的事物。—What's in the picture？图画里是什么？—It is a cat.是一只猫。3．当说话者不清楚或没必要知道说话对象的性别时，可用it来表示。Is it a boy or a girl？是男孩还是女孩？4．用作形式主语或形式宾语，代替不定式、动名词或从句。常用于下列句型：(1)it作形式主语的常用句型：①It＋be＋adj./n.＋(for/of sb.)＋不定式②It is no good/no use/useless/of no use doing sth.③It's (well) worth doing sth.④It＋be＋名词短语(a pity/a fact/no wonder/...)/adj.＋that从句⑤It＋特殊动词(seems/appears/turned out/occurred to sb./...)＋that从句⑥It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句⑦It＋takes＋(sb.) some time/some money to do sth.(2)it作形式宾语的常用句型：①主语＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep/find/...＋it＋adj./n. for/of sb. to do/从句②主语＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep/find/...＋it＋useless/worth/worthwhile/no use/no good/a waste of time money/energy ...＋doing ...③主语＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep/find/...＋it＋important/necessary/natural/essential/clear＋that ... should ...It is the teachers' duty to teach the students.教学生是老师的职责。I have made it clear that nobody is allowed to smoke here.我已经讲得很清楚，任何人不准在这儿吸烟。5．用于like, enjoy, hate, love, appreciate等表示喜欢、情感的动词以及depend on/upon, see to等动词短语后，再接when, if, that等引导的从句。I'd appreciate it if you could attend our party.如果你能参加我们的聚会，我将不胜感激。[命题点感悟]                         单句语法填空①(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give______ a try.解析：it/running　根据句意可知，此处表示“我们都应该尝试着跑跑步”，故填代词it，指代上文的running，此处也可直接填名词running。②(2018·浙江6月高考)Many westerners who come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap ________ can be to eat out.解析：it　此处应用it作形式主语，动词不定式短语to eat out为真正的主语。③(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using ________every day.解析：it　此处用it指代上文的“the railway”。④(2015·浙江高考)Close to the school there was a beautiful park with many trees around ________.解析：it　a beautiful park为单数，故应用it指代。不定代词 1．both, all, either, any, neither, none的用法　        词义指代　　　　　　　都任何都不两个人或物botheitherneither三个或三个以上的人或物；不可数名词allanynoneI've bought two books; you can have either.我买了两本书，你要哪本都行。I'm sorry I can't lend you any (money)．对不起，我不能借给你(钱)。None of this money is mine.这笔钱没有一点是我的。[名师指津]　any 表示“一些”，多用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中；用于肯定句中，表示“任何的或任何一个”。Any child can do that.任何一个孩子都能做到。2．one, another, the other, some, others, the others的用法  一个/一些另外一个/一些剩余的一个/一些单数oneanotherthe other复数someothersthe othersI don't like this hat. Please show me another one.我不喜欢这顶帽子。请让我看看另外一顶。I have two books: one is English, and the other is French.我有两本书，一本是英语的，另一本是法语的。Some are Chinese; others are Americans.一些是中国人，另外一些是美国人。There are many books on the table. Some are English, and the others are Chinese.桌子上有许多书。一些是英语的，其余的是汉语的。3．none, nobody/no one, nothing的用法 指代用来回答相当于none人或物how many/ muchnot a/an/any＋名词或“no＋名词”nobody/no one人whonot anyone/ not anybodynothing物whatnot anything—How much money do you have？你有多少钱？—None.一点也没有。I wished someone could help me, but there was no one at the moment.我希望当时有人能帮我，但当时没有人。—Who is in the room？谁在屋里？—No one/Nobody.没有人。—What are you doing now？你现在在做什么？—Nothing.什么也没做。[名师指津]　none后面可跟of短语，而something/anything/everything/nothing和someone/anyone/everyone/no one却不能。None of them knew about the plan because it was kept a secret.他们中没有人知道那项计划，因为那还是个秘密。4．many, much, few, little, a few, a little的用法  不同点相同点many/muchmany修饰或替代可数名词复数；much修饰或替代不可数名词两者都表示“许多”few/littlefew修饰或替代可数名词复数；little修饰或替代不可数名词用于否定句，表示“几乎没有”a few/a littlea few修饰或替代可数名词复数；a little修饰或替代不可数名词用于肯定句，表示“一些”He can speak a little French, but he knows little English.他能说点法语，但几乎不懂英语。5．不定代词用于固定搭配中nothing but　　　　　　 仅仅，只是anything but   决不something of   有几分，略微or something   诸如此类的人或物all but   几乎，差不多every other day   每隔一天each other   (两者)互相one another   (三者或三者以上)互相 [命题点感悟]                         单句语法填空①(2015·陕西高考)My soccer coach retired last week. I wanted to do ________ special for him at his retirement party. 解析：something　在肯定句中一般用something，表示“一些事”。②(2015·四川高考)We've been spending a lot of time singing in karaoke bars. It's been three Saturdays now and it really costs me ________.解析：much　此处指的是花费很多钱，代指不可数名词，故填much。[专题过关训练]                                                              Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．They had to chase the overprotective mother away first, so that they could get close enough to rescue the baby.2．When tea and coffee were first introduced to Europe in the 18th century, people had different ideas about their (they) use.3．It is important to think about the people of a destination country and how tourism affects them.4．Yesterday evening, just before dusk, I spotted a pigeon badly tied up with a sharp string, hitting the wall and the tree branches, to free himself (he) from the kite string. 5．Many singles say the regular dating scene has just led them from one bad experience to_another and are ready to try something else.6．Nobody likes to talk about death, but the reality is — everyone is going to die at one point, but none of us know the day, or the hour.7．All of us have read thrilling stories. In many of them (they) the hero had only a limited and specified time to live.8．Both teams were in hard training; neither was willing to lose the game.9．Some great people can see possibilities where_others see only problems.10．When we look at someone, maybe even ourselves (us), we see the external clay.11．My parents took me to see our doctor, who told me it was a good idea to eat only a little.12．It is a very precious present from my (I) Canadian teacher, which I treasure very much.13．My father is the man I respect most. Strict as he may be, he never fails to show his (he) care and consideration.14．About 36% of them are fond of surfing the Internet, which helps them (they) know about the latest news and current affairs in the world.15．Yesterday, one of my favorite stamps was lost, which made me really upset. I looked for it everywhere and asked everybody in the room, but still couldn't find it.Ⅱ.运用语法写靓句1．我打算本周六上午去拜访您，不知您那时是否有时间。(wonder)I_am_visiting_you_this_Saturday_morning._I_wonder_whether/if_you_will_be_available_then.2．(2017·天津高考书面表达)我写信告诉你最近我生活和学习的一些事。(recent)I'm_writing_to_tell_you_something_about_my_life_and_study_in_recent_days.3．一些人支持这个观点，然而，其他人强烈反对它。(in favor of, strongly against)Some_are_in_favor_of_the_idea;_however,_others_are_strongly_against_it.4．在我看来，我们学生应当遵守学校制度，做学校让我们做的事情。(in one's opinion, obey, whatever)In_my_opinion,_we_students_should_obey_the_regulations_of_our_school,_and_do_whatever_our_school_asks_us_to_do.5．你告诉我你是否方便好吗？(convenient)Would_you_tell_me_if_it's_convenient_for_you?6．张老师是一位非常受人尊重的老师，一位我们永远都不会忘记的老师。(most, respected)Mr._Zhang_is_a_most_respected_teacher,_one_we'll_never_forget.Ⅲ.语法填空(2019·济南模拟)Flying cars may soon become a __1__ (real)．The rideshare service Uber has asked __2__ expert from NASA, the American space agency, __3__ (help) the company develop cars that can fly.Uber plans to use flying vehicles __4__ the future to avoid traffic in and around cities.The company wants to use small, totally electric aircraft, __5__ could take off and land like a helicopter on top of parking garages.Uber said its flying vehicles would be much __6__ (quiet), cost less to operate and produce less pollution than helicopters.One person in San Francisco __7__ (write) on Twitter, “I used to think that the flying car was a ridiculous idea. __8__ I changed my mind this morning when I sat in heavy traffic.”Another person added from Mumbai, India：“I'm reading about Uber __9__ (hire) a NASA engineer to build flying cars, while I'm stuck in traffic.There is hope.”The expert predicts there will be several early models of cars that can't fly __10__ (they) but with human pilots within one to three years.1．reality　冠词后面应用名词，此处表示“飞行汽车将成为现实”。2．an　此处指来自NASA的一名专家。expert为可数名词，且在此为单数，expert的读音以元音音素开头，此处为泛指，所以填an。3．to help　Uber公司要求来自NASA的一位专家去帮助公司开发能飞行的汽车，故用to help。ask sb. to do sth.“请求某人做某事”。4．in　固定短语in the future意为“在将来”。5．which　先行词为aircraft，非限制性定语从句的关系词代指物，应用which，不能用that。6．quieter　根据下文的“than”可知，此处为比较级。7．wrote　一位在旧金山的人在Twitter网站上写文章。事情发生在过去，所以用一般过去时。8．But　used to do意为“过去常常”，含有“现在不这样”的意思，故此处表示转折。过去认为(研制)飞行汽车是个荒谬的主意，但是今天早上当我被困在拥堵的交通中时，我改变了想法。9．hiring　hire与其逻辑主语Uber之间是主动关系，且与句子谓语之间没有连词，故用现在分词hiring。10．themselves　此处指“several early models of cars”，故用反身代词，表示“汽车模型自己飞行”。