2020版一轮复习英语重大版学案：学通语法第九讲定语从句

第九讲定语从句 单句语法填空 1．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that/which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.2．(2018·6月浙江高考)Many westerners who/that come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.3．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Like anything，it is possible to have too much of both, which is not good for the health.4. (2017·6月浙江高考)Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden，where it remained until the carrot’s leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it.5．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479  BC, influenced the development of chopsticks.6．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid­1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.一、关系代词引导的定语从句1．who, whom, whose引导的定语从句(1)who 或whom均可指代人，但who在从句中作主语或宾语，whom在从句中作宾语；两者在引导限制性定语从句时常可用that替换。作主语时，who/that不可省略；作宾语时，whom/who/that可以省略。①I’ve become good friends with several of the students in my school who/whom/that I met in the English speech contest last year.我与好几位去年在英语演讲比赛中结识的同校同学成了好朋友。②I have many friends to whom I’m going to send post cards.我有很多打算寄贺卡给他们的朋友。(2)whose表所属关系，一般指人，也可指物，在从句中作定语。指物时相当于of which；指人时相当于of whom。My eldest son, whose work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.(2017·天津高考单选)我的大儿子现在在纽约，他的工作带他去世界各地。2．that, which引导的定语从句(1)which指物，在从句中可以作主语、宾语，也可作定语，作宾语时可以省略。that指人或物均可，在从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语，作宾语时可以省略。She showed the visitors around the museum that/which had been constructed three years before.她带着这些游客参观了那座三年前建造的博物馆。(2)限制性定语从句中，关系代词只用that 不用which的情况：①先行词为不定代词anything, nothing, something, everything, all, some, none, little, few, the one等时。I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone else’s fault.我拒绝接受因别人的错误而对我进行的指责。②先行词是形容词最高级或序数词，或先行词前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.他们在桂林参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。③先行词被the only, the very, the last, the same, any, every, each, few, little, no, some, all等修饰时。The only part of the meal that I really liked was the dessert.这顿饭只有甜点是我真正爱吃的。④先行词中既有表示人又有表示物的名词时。They will never forget the things and persons that they’ve seen or heard of during their long journey.他们将永远不会忘记在他们的长途旅行中见到或听说过的人和事。(3)关系词只用which而不用that的情况：①关系词引导非限制性定语从句时。The boy was away from home for a week, which worried his parents very much.这个男孩离家一个星期了，这使他父母很担心。②当从句中的介词提前，构成“介词＋关系代词”结构时。We live in an age in which more information is available with greater ease than ever before.我们生活在一个信息比以前更容易获得的时代。3．as引导的定语从句(1)as 可以引导限制性定语从句，常用于“so/such/the same＋先行词＋as ...”结构中。Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.像在我们车间使用的机器是中国制造的。　 which引导定语从句代指前面整句话内容时只能位于主句之后。He kept lying to me, which annoyed me greatly.他总是对我说谎，这事使我很恼火。 　　　(2)as 也可以引导非限制性定语从句，定语从句说明整个句子，可放在主句之前、之中或之后。常用的这种类似插入语的句式有：as the saying goes, as is said above, as is mentioned above, as often happens, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等。“You can’t judge a book by its cover，” as the old saying goes.正如老话所说的那样：“人不可貌相。”二、关系副词引导的定语从句1．where 引导的定语从句where表示地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，相当于“介词in/at/on ...＋which”。Opposite is St.Paul’s Church, where you can hear some lovely music.(2015·北京高考单选)→Opposite is St.Paul’s Church, in which you can hear some lovely music.对面是圣保罗大教堂，你们在那里能听到一些动听的音乐。　当先行词为situation, case, stage, point, activity, atmosphere等抽象名词，且在定语从句中表示事情发生的情况、阶段等时，常用关系副词where引导。You reach a point where medicine can’t help.你到了药物无法治疗的地步。 　　　 2．when 引导的定语从句when表示时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，相当于“介词in/at/on/during ...＋which”结构。We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, when the weather may be better.(2016·天津高考单选)我们将会把去公园野餐的时间推迟到下周，那个时候天气可能会更好一些。3．why引导的定语从句why表示原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，相当于“介词for＋which”结构。Do you know the reason why/for which he didn’t attend the meeting?你知道他没参加会议的原因吗？   非限制性定语从句中，常用for which 表示原因而不用why。I had told them the reason, for which I didn’t attend the meeting.我把理由告诉了他们，为此我没有去开会。 　　　　三、“介词＋关系词”引导的定语从句1．介词和关系代词的确定若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介词后，即“介词＋whose＋名词”结构。一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：1先行词的意义；2从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配；3句子的意思。①Trading leather shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted.皮鞋生意是格林一家所致力于的事业。(be devoted to “献身，致力于”)②I wish to thank Professor Smith, without whose help I would never have got this far.我希望感谢史密斯教授，没有他的帮助，我永远不会走这么远。③Recently I bought an ancient vase, whose price (＝the price of which) was very reasonable.最近我买了个古代的花瓶，它的价钱很合理。2．“of＋关系代词”引导的定语从句在some, any, few, little, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each等代词或数词的前、后表示整体与部分的关系可以用of which/whom。Many young people, most of whom were well­educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.(2016·江苏高考单选)很多年轻人都到偏远地区去追逐自己的梦想，他们中的大多数都受过良好的教育。3．“介词＋where”引导的定语从句有时“介词＋where”可以引导定语从句，此时要和“介词＋which”引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。His head soon appeared out of the window, from where he saw nothing but trees.他的头很快从窗口探了出来，从那里除了树木他什么也看不到。(from where相当于from out of the window，而不是from the window)      [典题精选][我来改正][常设误点]①(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.②(2016·四川高考)The dishes what I cooked were Mom’s favorite.①they→that/which②what→that/which或去掉what(1)关系词与非关系词的错用关系代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语；what不能引导定语从句。③(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)In their spare time，they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden,  that is on the rooftop of their house.③that→which(2)that与which的错用在不定代词、最高级、序数词等后用that；在非限制性定语从句和介词后用which。④(2019·涪陵区高三一模)The book, of whose the cover is broken is of great help to all of us.④whose→which(3)which和whose的错用在定语从句中，关系代词which在从句中常作主语或宾语，也可作定语，而whose只可作定语，“whose＋n.”相当于“the＋n.＋of which”或“of which＋the＋n.”。⑤(2018·嘉峪关市一中三模)There are many people think that wealth is better than health.⑤在people后加who或think→thinking(4)关系词的缺失在there be结构中，容易受汉语影响而漏掉用作主语的关系词who/that/which等。  Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．I know many farmers, some of whom leave their homes to  work in the big city to support their families.2．Sometimes your appearance is a mirror, which  reflects your quality in a way. 3．The reason  why he failed in the exam was that he didn’t study hard.4．The result was not the same as they had expected, which  was rather disappointing.5．My daughter, whose  job requires her to do a lot of travelling, is always away from home.6．Please put the letter in the place  where  he can easily find it.7．(2018·海口二模)So, they looked around for a soccer club that/which would be able to do this for them.8．(2018·重庆八中二模)Freeflyers, as the name suggests, enjoy the more spontaneous (即兴的) thrill of doing their own things.9．There are many forms of communication, which  include texting, cellphones, email, and social media.10．Serious head and neck injuries happen most often to athletes who/that  play contact sports like football.11．(2019·济南模拟)The new program is really a big step up from everything else that  we’ve seen.12．We’ll reach the sales targets in a month  that/which we set at the beginning of the year.Ⅱ.单句改错1．(2019·福建单科质检)Could you recommend a hotel where is in the centre of the town？where→that/which2．The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere that his employees enjoy their work.that→where3．Travelling abroad, you should follow the customs of the country where you are visiting.去掉where或where→which/that4．We can take part in some activities together, when I can introduce you to others. when→where5．I’d like a room which window looks out over the sea.which→whose6．Mr  Smith is such a popular teacher as all of us think highly of him.去掉him或as→that7．I have three foreign teachers, two of them are from Canada.them→whom或two前加and8．I have a picture by a famous painter who was sent to me for my birthday.who→which/thatⅠ.语法填空Mr and Mrs  Zuckerberg announced to donate money again! The couple donated a total of 3 billion dollars to their program __1__ (call) CZI over the next 10 years to help cure, prevent or manage all diseases by the end of the 21st century.In December 2015, they launched the program just to honor the birth of __2__ daughter, Max.Last year, when their baby girl was born, the Facebook’s CEO __3__ (give) away the majority of his wealth and wrote a letter to their new baby girl, in which he announced the __4__ (create) of the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, __5__ will focus on personalized learning, curing disease, connecting people and __6__ (build) strong communities.“For your generation to live in a __7__ (good) world, there is so much more our generation can do，” Zuckerberg wrote.“Today we will spend our lives doing our small part to help solve these challenges.We will give 99% of our Facebook shares — __8__ (current) about $45 billion — to advance this valuable mission，” he wrote.“We know this is a small contribution compared __9__ all the resources and talents already working on these issues, __10__ we want to do what we can, working alongside many others.”语篇解读：Facebook创始人扎克伯格和他的妻子再次宣布捐款30亿美元用于医学领域，这是继扎克伯格夫妇为了纪念女儿的降生将名下大部分财产捐献后的又一次善举。1．called　本句中已有谓语动词donated，因此设空处应用非谓语动词；call与program之间为被动关系，故应用过去分词作后置定语修饰program，相当于定语从句which is called CZI。2．their　此处指的是扎克伯格夫妇的女儿，应填形容词性物主代词their。3．gave　根据时间状语“Last years, when their baby girl was born”可知，此事发生在过去，应用一般过去时。故填gave。4．creation　设空处前有冠词the，后有介词of，因此应用名词形式。故填creation。5．which　分析句子结构可知，设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative，指物，关系词在从句中作主语，故用which引导。6．building　focus on doing sth.为固定搭配，意为“聚焦做某事”，设空处与personalized learning, curing disease, connecting people为并列关系，同作介词on的宾语，应用动名词形式。7．better　根据句意可知，此处表示“一个更好的世界”，暗含比较意义，应用比较级。故填better。8．currently　设空处在句中作状语，表示“目前”，应用副词。故填currently。9．to/with　compare A to/with B意为“把A和B作比较”，为固定搭配。故填to/with。10．but　根据句意，此处应为转折关系，故填but。Ⅱ.短文改错I’m tired and covered in dust. I’ve been digging all day and I’ll be doing the same tomorrow. Sound awful, doesn’t it? But I’ve never had so many fun in my life. As an archaeology student, I have already knew something about the Qin Tomb and the Terracotta Warriors. Most Chinese children can tell you Qin Shihuang was the first emperor joined China together. He was a brilliant ruler, and he was also a cruel man who killed thousands of people. When he became king of the state, he immediate ordered workers to construct an underground tomb for him, which is said to contain great treasures. But the actual entrance to the tomb has ever been found, nor has the tomb been opened. There are ancient descriptions of crossbows hiding at the tomb’s entrance. It’s said that if everyone steps across the entrance, the crossbows will be fire.答案：第三句：Sound→Sounds第四句：many→much第五句：knew→known第六句：emperor后加that第七句：and→but第八句：immediate→immediately第九句：ever→never第十句：hiding→hidden第十一句：everyone→anyone; 去掉be