2021高三英语人教版一轮教师用书：板块2第2讲　形容词、副词和比较级


第2讲　形容词、副词和比较级
[全国卷考情分析]
题型
典题试做
命题解读
语
法
填
空
1． (2019·全国卷Ⅰ) Scientists have responded by noting that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion(错觉) that populations are higher (high) than they actually are.
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been poorly (poor) studied; however, biologists calculate that there are about 20，000－25，000 polar bears worldwide.
3．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ) Her years of hard work have finally(final)been acknowledged after a customer nominated(提名)her to be Cheshire's Woman Of The Year.
4．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)They also shared with us many traditional stories about Hawaii that were hugely (huge)popular with tourists.
1．考查形容词或副词比较等级的用法；
2．考查词类转换。
短
文
改
错
1． (2019·全国卷Ⅰ) I became interesting in playing football thanks to a small accident. interesting→interested
2．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)The first time I went there, they were living in a small house with dogs, ducks, and another animals. Last winter when I went here again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chickens. another→other；here→ there
1．形容词之间或形容词与副词的错用；
2．形近引起的错用；
3．比较等级的错用。

考点一
形容词和副词的基本用法

Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2019·东北三省四市二模)Uber said its flying vehicles would be much
(quiet)，cost less to operate and produce less pollution than helicopters.
quieter　[考查形容词的比较级。根据下文的than可知，此处用比较级。]
2．(2019·唐山第一次调研)Al's adult son, Ernie, however，is one of the
(kind) men I have ever known.
kindest　[考查形容词的最高级。句意：然而Al已成年的儿子Ernie是我认识的最有爱心的人之一。根据I have ever known可推知设空处需用形容词的最高级。]
3．(2019·广东七校联合体第二次联考)My dad was 90 years old.He could hardly see very well and walks with a stick.I was scanning the restaurant，waiting to sit at the first table that was (convenient) than others.
more convenient　[考查形容词的比较级。根据该句中的than可知，空处用形容词的比较级。]
4．(2019·淮北模拟)The more you think about it, the (hard) you will fall asleep.
harder　[此题考查“the＋比较级...the＋比较级...”结构。]
Ⅱ.单句改错
5．(2019·太原二模)By using your muscles to do powerful things, you can make them strong than before.
strong→stronger　[考查形容词的比较级。根据than可知此处应用比较级形式，故将strong改为stronger。]
6．(2019·广州一模)She said her favoritest place was the gym.
favoritest→favorite　[考查形容词。favorite本身就有最高级的含义，意为“最喜爱的”，无比较级和最高级形式，故用原形favorite。]
7．(2019·成都模拟)Anyway, I'll get used to living here and hope everything will be more better soon.
去掉more或将more→much　[考查形容词的比较级。better本身表示比较级，前面不能再用more，但可以用more的原形much来修饰。]

1．形容词的基本用法
(1)形容词在句中可作定语、表语、宾语补足语、主语补足语、状语等。
Although it doesn't taste of anything special，it's still worth a try.
尽管它尝起来没有任何特殊的地方，但是还是值得一试。
Conditions were so bad that it was impossible for him to find the trail again.
天气状况太差，他想找到雪橇的轨迹是不可能的。
(2)形容词作状语主要表示原因、结果或伴随等，其逻辑主语必须与句子主语保持一致。
Light­hearted and optimistic，she is the sort of woman to spread sunshine to people through her smile.她无忧无虑、积极乐观，是那种用微笑给别人带来快乐的人。
[易错提醒]　以­ly结尾的形容词，常见的有：friendly，lovely，lively，lonely，elderly，deadly 等。
2．副词的基本用法
(1)副词主要用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或修饰整个句子，表示时间、地点、程度、方式等。
They gave money to the old people's home either personally or through their companies.
他们或者亲自或者通过他们的公司给敬老院送钱。
(2)常考的连接性副词：though“然而，可是”(用于句末)；meanwhile“在此期间”；therefore/thus/consequently“因此，所以”；moreover/furthermore“而且，此外”；besides“另外，还有”；however“然而”；instead“相反，代替”；anyway/anyhow“尽管，即使这样”；otherwise“否则”。
The young man couldn't afford a new car.Instead，he bought a used one.
那个年轻人买不起新车，便买了一辆二手的。
The house was too expensive and too big.Besides，I'd grown fond of our little rented house.这个房子太贵、太大了，而且，我已经越来越喜欢我们租的这间小屋了。
[易错提醒]　易用错的几类副词
(1)意义有别的同根副词。如：free(免费地)/freely(自由地)，hard(努力地)/hardly(几乎不)，late(晚，迟)/lately(最近)，most(很，最)/mostly(主要地)，fair(公平地)/fairly(相当地)，near(临近)/nearly(几乎)等。
(2)有些副词有两种形式：以­ly结尾时表示抽象意义；与形容词同形的表示具体意义。如：close接近/closely密切地；wide宽地/widely广泛地；high高地/highly高度地；deep深地/deeply 深深地。

考点二
形容词和副词的比较等级

Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2019·广州调研)Salesmen and waiters are two of the (much) common jobs that students try to find during the summer months.
most　[考查形容词的最高级。该处指“最常见的”，故用最高级。]
2．(2019·广东湛江调研)The more support you win from others, the
(fast) you will move toward your goal.
faster　[句意：你赢得别人的支持越多，就会越快地接近你的目标。此处为“the＋比较级，the＋比较级”结构，意为“越……越……”。因此，设空处应用比较级。故填faster。]
3．(2019·湖北八校第一次联考)Whatever happens in China, the third
(large) country in the world with 20 percent of the world's population, will certainly shape the immediate and distant futures of us all.
largest　[考查形容词最高级。由空前的the third可知，此处表示最高级的含义，故用形容词最高级修饰名词country。]
Ⅱ.单句改错
4．(2019·河北五个一名校联盟二模)I was in the kitchen with my wife and children when we heard a loud noise. A few minutes late, our house fell down.

late→later　[句意：我和我妻子、孩子们正在厨房里，就在那时我们听到了一声巨响。几分钟后我们的房子便倒塌了。“一段时间＋later”表示“一段时间之后”，而“一段时间＋late”表示“迟到多长时间”。本句表示“几分钟后”，故将late改为later。]

1．比较级和最高级的构成
(1)规则变化
变化规则
例词
单音节的词一般在后
面加­er和­est
tall→taller→tallest
quick→quicker→quickest
以“辅音字母＋­e”结尾
的词，在后面加­r和­st
late→later→latest
pale→paler→palest
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的
词，将y改为i，再加­er和­est
early→earlier→earliest
heavy→heavier→heaviest
以一个辅音字母结尾的重
读闭音节词，则双写这个
辅音字母，再加­er和­est
thin→thinner→thinnest
hot→hotter→hottest
其他双音节和多音节的词
都在前面加more和most
careful→more careful
→most careful

[易错提醒]　有少数几个双音节以及­ow，­er，­le结尾的词，既可以加­er和­est，又可以加more和most构成比较级和最高级。常考的词：narrow，common，clever，simple，quiet，stupid等。
(2)不规则变化
good/well→better→best；bad/ill→worse→worst；many/much→more→most；far→farther/further→farthest/furthest；old→older/elder→oldest/eldest；little→less→least
2．比较等级的用法
(1)同级比较
①as＋adj./adv.(原形)＋as...“和……一样”；not as/so＋adj./adv.(原形)＋as...“和……不一样”
Since people are fond of humor，it is as welcome in conversation as anywhere else.因为人们喜欢幽默，所以在谈话中或其他任何地方它都是受欢迎的。
②当as...as结构中有名词时，可用以下结构：
as＋形容词原级＋a(n)＋n.＋as...
as＋many＋可数名词复数＋as...
as＋much＋不可数名词＋as...
I'm not a little tired today after giving the room a thorough cleaning and I have never had as tiring a day as today.
今天对房间进行了大扫除之后我很累，我从来没有过比今天更累的一天了。
(2)比较级
“形容词/副词比较级＋than”表示“两者中一方比另一方更……”。“less＋形容词/副词原级＋than”结构，表示“一方不及另一方……”。
I know my sister better than anyone else.Once she has made up her mind，nothing can change it.
我比其他任何人更了解我姐姐。她一旦下定决心，没有什么能够改变。
[易错提醒]　修饰比较等级的副词：much，even，still，far，yet，a little，a lot，a bit，rather，any等。more，very等副词不可修饰比较级，这也是短文改错中常出现的错误之一。
(3)最高级
①表示三者或三者以上的比较，常见的结构：“the＋最高级＋表示比较范围的短语或从句”，表示“……是……中最……的”。
Andy is content with the toy.It is the best he has ever got.安迪对这个玩具很满意。这是他得到的最好的玩具。
②最高级的其他表达法
a．否定词＋比较级
b．比较级＋than＋any other＋单数名词
比较级＋than＋all the other＋复数名词
比较级＋than＋any of the other＋复数名词
比较级＋than anything/anyone else
Your story is perfect；I've never heard a better one before.你的故事太完美了，我以前从来没有听过比这更好听的故事。
The Yangtze River is longer than any other river/than all the other rivers/than any of the other rivers in China.
长江比中国的其他任何一条河都长。
[易错提醒]　有些词本身就有最高级含义，不能再用最高级形式，常见的有：favorite，wonderful，exhausted等；有些词本身有比较级含义，但不与than连用，如be senior to等。
(4)含有比较等级的特殊句型
①“the＋adj./adv.­er，the＋adj./adv.­er” “越……，越……”
②“adj./adv.­er＋and＋adj./adv.­er”“越来越……”
③“the＋adj.­er＋of the two＋名词”“某人或某物是两者中较……的那个”
④no more than“仅仅”，not more than“至多；不超过”
⑤more...than...“与其说……不如说……”
⑥no＋比较级＋than “和……一样不……”
⑦not＋比较级＋than “不比……更……”。
⑧倍数句型
a．A is＋倍数＋比较级＋than＋B
b．A is＋倍数＋as＋原级＋as＋B
c．A is＋倍数＋the＋名词(size，length，height等)＋of＋B
The more positive an article，the more likely it was to be shared.
一篇文章越积极乐观，就越有可能被大众分享。
The electronic waste is increasing three times faster than traditional garbage as a whole.总的来说，电子废弃物正以比传统垃圾快三倍的速度增加。
More and more people realize the importance of learning a foreign language well.
越来越多的人认识到学好一门外语的重要性。

考点三
形容词和副词的词性转换

Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2019·河南郑州一中测试) (sad), people can no longer visit the cave.
Sadly　[考查副词。句意：很遗憾，人们不能再参观那个洞穴了。空格处位于句首作状语修饰后面整个句子，故用副词形式；根据提示词可推知用sadly，且位于句首，其首字母要大写。]
2．(2019·山西孝义实验中学二模)As the last name became (wide) accepted, the first letter was capitalized.
widely　[考查副词辨析。句意：随着姓氏被广泛接受，其首字母被大写。设空处作状语，修饰accepted，故填副词widely。wide也可作副词，但表示“充分张开”，因此此处不能填wide。]
3．(2019·重庆第一次调研)The lava stone areas are (color) because the lava is rich in many kinds of minerals.
colorful　[考查形容词。该空作表语，说明主语的性质、状态，故用形容词。colorful表示“色彩丰富的”。]
Ⅱ.单句改错
4．(2019·长沙名校第二阶段诊断)Second, parents' instruction seems to be very importance to their children's growth.
importance→important　[考查形容词。根据前面的to be very可知此处要用形容词important。]
5．(2019·武昌区调研)For one reason, what you are studying is bad needed nowadays in China.
bad→badly　[考查副词。修饰动词needed，要用副词，而不能用形容词。]
6．(2019·河南郑州一中阶段检测)During the day, you can walk or sit on a boat to enjoy the natural scenery along the stream. The scene at night is attractively as well.
attractively→attractive　[句意：在白天你可以漫步、乘船来欣赏小溪两边的自然景色。在夜里那里的景色也很诱人。错误处作表语说明主语The scene的特征，需用形容词而非副词作表语，故将attractively改为attractive。]

形容词和副词的词形变化及词性转换是形容词和副词的考查热点。如果用来修饰名词或在系动词后作表语，应用形容词形式；如果用来修饰形容词、副词、动词或整个句子，则应用副词形式。正确分析句子结构，判断设空处在句中所作的句子成分，并牢记形容词变副词的规则(可参见第三讲构词法)，是解答此类题目的关键。
【技法点拨】
在语法填空中：
1．准确理解句意，分析句子结构，判断空格处要填的词在句中作什么成分。如果用来修饰名词或位于系动词后作表语，应为形容词；如果用来修饰动词、副词、形容词或整个句子，则为副词。
2．观察空格后是否有表示比较的提示词than，表示比较范围的in/of短语、定语从句、或含有比较级的固定句式，如“the＋比较级...，the＋比较级...”结构等，以此判断是否需要填形容词或副词的比较等级。另外，解题时还需注意上下文提供的一些暗示信息。
[易错提醒]　在短文改错中：
1．注意形容词和副词之间的误用：①如果修饰名词，要用形容词；如果修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，要用副词。②作定语、表语或宾补，要想到用形容词；作状语应为副词；
2．看比较范围，判断形式是否正确。如果是两者之间的比较，则用比较级；如果是三者或三者以上的比较，则用最高级；
3．看比较级前是否误加了more；
4．看含有比较等级的固定句式是否准确；
5．注意一些习惯表达，查看形容词或副词的形式。如：sooner or later; what's more/worse等。


Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2019·陕西西工大附中模拟)We can never expect a (blue) sky unless we create a (little) polluted world.
bluer; less　[第一空是“can＋否定词 ... ＋形容词/副词比较级”结构，表示最高级含义；第二空根据全句的语境可知填比较级。]
2．(2019·沈阳二中模拟)Fabien is (current) working on a documentary film about the adventures of Mission 31．
currently　[空格前为be动词is，后为实义动词，故应填副词修饰动词。]
3．(2019·山西太原模拟)I think you'll get a bit (fat) by then. By the way, is there anything I can do for you?
fatter　[根据系动词get可知，填形容词作表语。a bit修饰比较级，故填fatter，注意拼写规则。]
4．(2019·山东济宁模拟)If the patient was extremely fat, it was
(possible) to hear any heartbeat at all.
impossible　[根据语义可知，此处表示“不可能的”。故填possible的反义词，在其前加前缀“im­”。]
5．(2019·江西上饶模拟)In many countries, it is not unusual for families of different backgrounds to live together. ， in the US, this idea may still be considered odd.
However　[根据上下文逻辑关系可判断，此处表转折，且由逗号与句子隔开，故填However。]
6．(2019·黑龙江大庆月考)It is the (old) and only surviving no­dam irrigation system in the world.
oldest　[根据后面的in the world属于比较的范围，因此用最高级的形式。句意：这是世界上最古老的而且是仅存的无坝灌溉系统。]
7．(2019·河南平顶山模拟)Imagine how much (happy) you would be if you stopped complaining?
happier　[指不抱怨时和抱怨时相比，要用形容词比较级。]
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．(2019·河北石家庄质检)That sounds wonderfully as collecting stamps is my hobby as well.

wonderfully→wonderful　[sound为系动词，其后应用形容词作表语。]
2．(2019·安徽蚌埠五中模拟)When the real hunger pains start to hit, they will seek out comfort foods. Not surprising, pizza tops the list.

surprising→surprisingly　[修饰整个句子， 应使用副词作状语， 故将surprising改为surprisingly。]
3．(2019·石家庄二中调研)Young people can especially play such many games that they cannot stop.

such→so　[games是可数名词复数，前有many修饰时，其前须用so，即此处是“so many＋可数名词复数”的结构，故将such改为so。]
4．(2019·湖北襄阳四中模拟)The caves in Naica which were once used for mining lead are 800 kilometers deeply.

deeply→deep　[前面有具体的数字，表示具体的深度，故使用deep; deeply表示抽象意义。]
5．(2019·衡水中学三调)Parents' expectations for how good their children do at school and the environment at home are important determinants of achievement.

good→well　[how从句中的谓语动词是do，修饰动词do，应该使用副词well。故将good改为well。]

Ⅰ.语法填空
(2019·广州综合测试二)Throughout history，people have thought of the ocean as a diverse and limitless source of food.Yet today there is clear evidence that the ocean has a limit.Most of the big fish in our ocean are now 1． (go)．One major cause is overfishing.People are taking so many fish from the sea that many species cannot replace 2. (they)．
For centuries，local fishermen caught only enough fish for their own and their community's needs.However，from the early 20th century，people around the world became interested 3. consuming protein­rich foods.People began 4.
(catch) large quantities of fish for profit and selling them to worldwide markets.In a very short period of time，commercial fishing 5. (great) reduced the number of large predatory fish，such as cod and tuna.
Today，there are still plenty of fish in the sea，6． they're mostly just the little ones.Small fish，7． include sardines and anchovies，have more than doubled in number—largely because there are not enough big fish 8. (eat) them.
Such large fish 9. (be) necessary，because they hunt and kill the sick and weak smaller fish.Without this weeding out，or survival of the fittest，ecosystems become less stable.As a result，fish are less able to survive 10. (difficult) such as pollution，environmental change，or changes in the food supply.
1．gone　[考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知，空处作表语，故填形容词gone，意为“不在了，不见了”。注意：此处为非被动的含义。]
2．themselves　[考查代词。根据该从句的主语为many species可知，此处应用其反身代词，表示“自我替换”。]
3．in　[考查介词。be/become interested in意为“对……感兴趣”，为固定用法，故用介词in。]
4．catching　[考查非谓语动词。begin doing/to do sth.意为“开始做某事”，是固定用法，又由句中的“and selling”可知，此处与selling是并列关系，形式应相同，故填catching。]
5．greatly　[考查副词。修饰动词一般用副词，故用副词greatly修饰动词reduced，在句中作状语。]
6．but　[考查连词。根据语境可知，此处表示转折，故用连词but。]
7．which　[考查定语从句。分析句子结构并根据语境可知，此处引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语，修饰先行词Small fish，故用which。]
8．to eat　[考查非谓语动词。enough...to do sth.意为“足够的……去做……”，为固定用法，故用不定式。]
9．are　[考查主谓一致。根据本句中的they可知，Such large fish表示复数概念，故谓语动词用复数。]
10．difficulties　[考查词性转换。根据语境中所列举的各种困难可知，此处用名词的复数形式，故用difficulties。]
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2019·河北衡水中学期末)Great changes have taken place in the way of communication in people's life in recent years.
In the past，people kept in touch with each other mainly by written letters or using the public telephone. But now almost everyone have his own mobile phone. People can communicate for each other almost at any place and at any time. What's more，people have easy access to the Internet，what enables them to send and receive emails whatever they like.
With this changes，people's pace of life has been quickened and people's work has been made more efficiently. It is used to take several days to hear of each other, but now it takes only several minutes, even if they are on two different continents. In word, people have an easier life nowadays.
【答案】　
Great changes have taken place in the way of communication in people's life in recent years.
In the past，people kept in touch with each other mainly by letters or using the public telephone. But now almost everyone his own mobile phone. People can communicate each other almost at any place and at any time. What's more，people have easy access to the Internet， enables them to send and receive emails they like.
With changes，people's pace of life has been quickened and people's work has been made more . It used to take several days to hear each other, but now it takes only several minutes, even if they are on two different continents. In word, people have an easier life nowadays.