全国统考2021高考英语一轮复习第2编语法突破专题十三构词法学案含解析

专题十三　构词法 1.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ，62)It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been ________ (poor) studied.答案：poorly　修饰动词studied应用形容词poor的副词形式poorly。2．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ，68)To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to ________ (strength) your leg muscles (肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes.答案：strengthen　在不定式符号to后面用动词原形。3．(2018·浙江高考，62)The obvious one is money; eating out once or twice a week may be ________ (afford) but doing this most days adds up.答案：affordable　be动词后应接形容词。affordable “付得起的”。4．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ，43)And, even if I weren't ________ (excite) enough about free credits, news about our instructor was appealing enough to me.答案：excited　系动词后面应用形容词，此处修饰人，故填excited。5．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ，55)________ (fortunate), after a brief stay in hospital, Ben was well enough to be allowed to leave and later the family met up for dinner.答案：Fortunately　副词作状语修饰整个句子，故用Fortunately。6．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ，59)I still can't believe what a ________ (coincident) it was.答案：coincidence　不定冠词a后面应接名词，故填coincidence。7．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ，48)In her ________ (excited), she didn't seem to realize that she was sharing the baby's photos with a complete stranger.答案：excitement　her后应接名词，故填excitement。8．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ，69)However, be ________ (care) not to go to extremes.答案：careful　名词加后缀­ful变成形容词，作表语或定语。此句用于be careful (not) to do sth.结构。9．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ，70)It is ________ (certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.答案：certainly　此处应用副词修饰形容词fun, certain加后缀­ly构成其副词形式。10．(2017·江苏高考，29，改编)Only five years after Steve Jobs' death, smart­phones defeated ________ (convention) PCs in sales.答案：conventional　此处应用形容词修饰名词PCs。名词后加后缀­al变成形容词，故填conventional。常用的英语构词法一　名词加后缀构成形容词二　动词加后缀构成形容词  三　动词加后缀构成名词四  名词加后缀构成相应意义的抽象名词 五  形容词加后缀构成副词­ly actually 实际上；事实上　　　　　entirely 完全地；全然地；整个地　　　　exactly 确实如此；恰好；确切地frequently 常常；频繁地                 gradually 逐渐地；逐步地   personally 就个人而言；亲自地selflessly 无私地；忘我地                sincerely真诚地；真挚地   unfortunately不幸地 六  形容词加后缀构成名词­nessbrightness 明亮；亮度；聪颖　　　　　　darkness 黑暗；漆黑　　　　　　　fitness 健康happiness 幸福；快乐   illness 疾病                             kindness 仁慈；好意sadness 悲哀；悲伤  seasickness 晕船                        sickness 疾病；恶心 七  形容词加后缀构成动词(一)­en blacken 使变黑  brighten 使更明亮；使更有希望　ripen 使成熟；成熟shorten 缩短；使变短  deepen 使……加深；变深  sharpen 使变得锋利weaken(对某事的决心)动摇；减弱；(使)变弱　　harden 变硬；硬化  widen 拓宽­izemodernize 使现代化　　　　　　　　realize 实现　　　　　　­ifysimplify 简化　　　　　　　　　　　diversify 使……多样化 八　形容词加前缀构成动词(二) en­前缀，表示“使得……，使成为……”enlarge 扩大　　　　　　　enable 使能够　　　　　　enrich 使富裕；充实；改善 九　常见的表示特定含义的前缀re­(重复，再)rearrange 重新整理　　　　　　　reappear 再现　　　　　　　　　rebuild 重建reconfirm 再证实  recount 重新计算                      recover 重新获得anti­(反，抗拒)anti­war 反战的　　　　　 　anti­pollution 防止环境污染的　　　　anti­social 反社会的bi­(二，双)bilingual 双语的　　　　　　　　　bilateral 双边的ex­(以前的)ex­president 前总统　　　　 　 　ex­husband 前夫　　　　　　ex­serviceman 退役军人 十　表示“人”的名词后缀­ist archaeologist 考古学家　　　　　artist 艺术家　　　　　　　　　　chemist 药剂师；化学家cyclist 骑自行车的人             dentist 牙科医生  journalist 记者；新闻工作者novelist 小说家  pianist 钢琴家；钢琴演奏者                scientist 科学家tourist 旅行者；观光者  typist 打字员              violinist 小提琴演奏者­an/­ianAmerican 美国人　　　 　 　Australian 澳大利亚人　　 　 　　European 欧洲人Russian 俄国人  Asian 亚洲人                  musician 音乐家politician 政治家                 librarian 图书管理员  historian 历史学家 十一　常用的否定前缀un­(不，非)＋形容词unable 不能的；不会的　　　　　　　　　　　　　unbearable 难以忍受的；不能容忍的uncertain 不确切的；无把握的  uncomfortable 不舒服的；不舒适的unfair不公正的；不公平的  unusual 不同寻常的；独特的dis­dislike 不喜欢　　　　　　　　disagree 不同意　　　　　　　disbelief 不信；怀疑disorder 失调；紊乱  disappearance 消失  disagreement 分歧；不一致il­， im­， in­，ir­illegal 违法的　　　　　　　　illiterate 不通顺的；文盲　　　　　　immoral 不道德的impossible 不可能的                    inaccurate 不准确的  incorrect 不正确的irregular 不规则的                      irresistible 不可抵抗的non­否定前缀non­stop 中途不停的；直达的　　　　　　　　　　non­violent 非暴力的non­smoker 不吸烟的人              non­profit 非营利的 Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．(2020·南昌市重点中学高三年级段考试题)________ (consequent), power walking, in addition to a healthy diet, helps manage your weight.答案：Consequently　分析句子成分可知，设空处放在句首，修饰整个句子，作状语，应用其副词形式。2．Speech is the fastest method of ________ (communicate) between people.答案：communication　介词of之后要用名词形式communication作宾语。3．(2019·四川省成都外国语学校学期初考试)A new habit is not about performance; it's about ________ (consistent) taking action.答案：consistently　修饰后面的动词短语taking action，使用副词作状语，故填consistently。4．Chinese scientists ________ (recent) had a chance to study a wild female panda with a newborn baby.答案：recently　修饰谓语动词应用副词形式。形容词recent＋­ly构成副词。5．The college years are supposed to be a time for important ________ (grow)  in autonomy (自主性) and the development of adult identity.答案：growth　前面有形容词important修饰，此处应填名词growth和后面的development构成并列关系。6．She went through a period of emotional ________ (adjust) after her marriage broke up.答案：adjustment　空格前有形容词emotional修饰，故应填名词。7．As a volunteer of environmental protection, I am writing to raise your ________ (aware) of protecting the environment.答案：awareness　在形容词性物主代词your后面，用名词形式。句意：作为环保志愿者，我书面倡议大家提高环保意识。8．(2019·四川省眉山一中办学共同体月考)Travelers can see these ________ (amaze) natural structures from the air or underwater.答案：amazing　应用形容词修饰后面的natural structures，作定语，指令人惊叹的自然风景。amazing “令人惊叹的”。9．(2019·山东省烟台一中高三质量检测)It's a chance for you to learn more about traditional Chinese culture. I am sure it will ________ (broad) your horizons.答案：broaden　句意：这是一个让你更多地学习中国传统文化的机会。我确信它会扩大你的视野。根据空格前面的will可知，后面应该使用动词，而broad是一个形容词，故填broaden。10．(2019·深圳耀华实验学校高三第一次月考)Life is just a blank cloth—you can paint a beautiful scene, or you can paint black ghosts (鬼) and ________ (danger) people.答案：dangerous　修饰后面的名词people，使用形容词作定语，指“危险的人们”，故填dangerous。Ⅱ.单句改错1．In the laboratory, chimps don't naturally share food either. Human children, on the other hand are extremely cooperate.________________________________________________________________答案：cooperate→cooperative　此处用形容词作表语。由派生构词法可知，v.＋­ive构成形容词。2．The fruits are small in size, but juicy and taste.________________________________________________________________答案：taste→tasty　形容词small, juicy和句子最后一个词为并列表语，故句末的词应改为其形容词形式。由派生构词法可知，v.＋­y构成形容词。3．Let's make joint efforts to create a green and harmony environment. Your cooperation would be much appreciated.________________________________________________________________答案：harmony→harmonious　修饰后面的名词environment，用形容词形式。4．Now let's express our thanks to Hayden for his great contribute to us and our school.________________________________________________________________答案：contribute→contribution　在形容词性物主代词his后面，用名词形式。5．Although he could understand few words, he was still amazing to see the colorful costumes and the unique way of performing.________________________________________________________________答案：amazing→amazed　说明人的感受，用amazed。