2019年上海市高考模拟试题9英语试题（解析版）

上海市英语高考模拟试卷(九）
I. Listening Comprehension
Section A (10%)
Directions： In Section A，you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation，a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions 'will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it， read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have, heard.
1. A. $10. B. $8. C. $16. D. $12.
2. A. At a concert. B. At a restaurant.
C. At an art museum. D. At a flower shop.
3. A. A teacher. B. A policeman. C. A doctor. D. An athlete.
4. A. Parent and child. B. Husband and wife.
C. Teacher and student. D. Shop assistant and customer.
5. A. A pair of trousers. B. A suit.
C. A coat. D. A blouse.
6. A. The man is planning a trip to Austin. B. The man has not been to Austin before.
C. The man doesn’t like Austin. D. The man has been to Austin before.
7. A. Find a larger room. B. Sell the old table.
C. Buy two bookshelves. D. Rearrange some furniture.
8. A. She is fond of pizza very much.
B. She disagrees with the man.
C. She doesn’t understand what the man says.
D. She doesn’t like pizza very much, either.
9. A. She doesn't mind it as the road conditions are good.
B. She is tired of driving in heavy traffic.
C. She is unhappy to have to drive such a long way every day.
D. She enjoys it because she's good at driving.
10. A. It was a long lecture, but easy to understand.
B. It was not as easy as she had expected.
C. It was as difficult as she had expected.
D. It was interesting and easy to follow.
Section B (15%)
Directions ： In Section B，you will hear two passages and one longer conversation. After each passage and conversation , you will be asked several questions. The passages and the conversation will be read twice，but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question， read the jour possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.
Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.
11. A. Twin volunteers. B. Twin prisoners.
C. Two police officers. D. Two patients.
12. A. To see if tea and coffee would do any harm to people.
B. To see how much tea and coffee one could drink a day.
C. To see whether his people were telling a lie.
D. To see whether the drinks had the same effect.
13. A. They both lived a long life. B. One of them survived the experiment.
C. Both of them died soon. D. They suffered a lot from the experiment.
Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.
14. A. It is listed in the teaching program. B. It is important to English teaching.
C. Effective listening results in good grades. D. It's more taught than any other subject.
15. A. Listening helps to send plain message.
B. Listening develops interpersonal relationship.
C. Listening has little to do with interpersonal relationship.
D. Good listening helps to deliver an important speech.
16. A. Good listening means a good job.
B. Listening requires understanding.
C. With good listening, you can receive messages.
D. Listening is an important means of communication.
Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.
17. A. Interviewer and interviewee. B. Boss and employee.
C. Fellow workers. D. Teacher and guide.
18. A. Marketing products. B. Studying a foreign language.
C. Developing teaching programs. D. Selling software.
19. A. Social background. B. Work experience.
C. Wide knowledge. D. Intelligent mind.
20. A. To Japan B. To Chile. C. To Korea. D. To South America
II. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A (10%)
Directions： After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word ； for the other blanks，use one word that best fits each blank.
The sun’s changing energy levels are not to blame for recent global warming and, if anything, solar variations over the past 20 years should have had a cooling effect, scientists have said.
Their findings add to a growing body of evidence ___1___ human activity, not natural causes, lies behind the rising average world temperatures, which ___2___ (expect) to reach their second highest level this year since records began in the 1860s.
There is little doubt that solar variability has influenced the Earth’s climate in the past and ___3___ well have been a factor in the first half of the last century, but British and Swiss researchers said ___4___ could not explain recent warming. Over the past 20 years，all the trends in the sun that could have had an influence on Earth's climate ___5___ (be) in the opposite direction to that required to explain the observed rise in global mean temperatures.
Most scientists say emissions of greenhouse gases, mainly from burning fossil (化石的) fuels in power plants, factories and cars, are the prime cause of the current warming trend. A ___6___ (decrease) group pins the blame on natural variations in the climate system, or a gradual rise in the sun’s energy output.
They concluded that ___7___ rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen since the late 1980s could not be attributed to solar variability, ___8___ mechanism was used.
The ___9___ (warm) years in the past 150 years have all been since 1990 and a United Nations climate panel, ___10___ (draw) on the work of 2,500 scientists, said this year it was “very likely” that human activities were the main cause.
【答案】1. that
2. are expected
3. may 4. it
5. have been
6. decreasing
7. the 8. whatever
9. warmest 10. drawing
【解析】
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文，介绍了科学家发现全球平均气温不断上升的背后是人类活动，而非自然原因。
【1题详解】
考查同位语从句。句意：越来越多的证据表明，全球平均气温不断上升的背后是人类活动，而非自然原因，预计今年全球平均气温将达到19世纪60年代有记录以来的第二高水平。此处为同位语从句，从句成分完整，所以用that引导，只起连接作用，无实义，补充说明evidence的内容。
【2题详解】
考查时态和固定句式。句意同上，be expected to do表示“预计/有望……”，which 指代先行词the rising average world temperatures并在非限定性定语从句中作主语，讲述的是客观事实，应该用一般现在时，故填are expected。
【3题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：毫无疑问，太阳的变化在过去影响了地球的气候，这很可能是上世纪上半叶的一个因素，但英国和瑞士的研究人员说，这不能解释最近的气候变暖。may well表示“很可能、有充分理由可以”，故填may。
【4题详解】
考查代词。句意同上，此处指代太阳的变化在过去影响地球的气候这个因素，故填it。
【5题详解】
考查时态。句意：在过去的20年里，所有可能对地球气候产生影响的太阳活动趋势都与解释观测到的全球平均气温上升所需要的方向相反。时间状语“Over the past 20 years”表明用现在完成时，故填have been。
【6题详解】
考查形容词。句意：越来越少的人将其归咎于气候系统的自然变化，或者是太阳能量输出的逐渐上升。修饰名词group用形容词，decreasing表示“持续减少的”，故填decreasing。
【7题详解】
考查冠词。句意：他们的结论是，自上世纪80年代末以来全球平均气温的迅速上升，无论以哪种角度来看，都不能归因于太阳的变化。此处指的是前面提到的“全球平均气温的迅速上升”，应该用定冠词表特指，故填the。
【8题详解】
考查让步状语从句。句意同上，分析句子结构可知，此处为让步状语从句，表示“无论什么”，故填whatever。
【9题详解】
考查形容词最高级。句意：过去150年来最热的年份都是1990年以后。定冠词the修饰形容词最高级，故填warmest。
【10题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：一个联合国气候小组根据2500名科学家的研究成果表示，人类活动很可能是导致气候变化的主要原因。a United Nations climate panel与draw之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，表示主动，用现在分词作状语，故填drawing。
【点睛】注意that连接同位语从句时，从句为一个句意完整的陈述句，that不能省略，没有具体的意思，不充当句子成分，只起连接作用。如：
The idea that you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong.
你认为不动脑筋就能做好这件工作的想法是完全错误的。(that引导的从句作idea的同位语，补充说明idea的内容)

Section B (10%)
Directions： Complete the following passage by using the -words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A gap year is often a time when young people travel or work to earn more money for school.
Gap years are much more ___11___ in Europe than in the United States, especially among children born to wealthy families. But now, more Americans are showing an interest in the idea of a gap year. In fact, several U. S. colleges and universities are now ___12___ students to delay their studies to make use of a gap year.
In 2016, Malia Obama, daughter of then-president Barack Obama, ___13___ a lot of media attention when she decided to postpone the start of their studies by a year. Like Malia Obama, Rosalie Stoke, who had already been accepted for ___14___ by her university of choice, made the same choice.
In ___15___ 2013，Stoke connected with a family in Barcelona, Spain. They agreed to let her live with them and paid her a small amount to help care for their children for seven months. Stoke studied Spanish during her free time in Barcelona. She then used the money to travel for two months.
When returning to the United States to begin her studies at Virginia Tech in 2014, Stoke said she felt at ease and that she knew more about herself as a person. Also, when talking with friends who went ___16___ to college from high school, she found many had a difficult time in their first year of college. Some told her they ___17___ the field of study they had chosen. Others said they felt lost at the college or that they were wasting time doing things like ___18___.
Jennifer Powell-Lunder, a ___19___ psychologist who works mostly with young people, says these feelings are common among first-year college students. She says more young people are ___20___ admission to college than ever before. That means the level of competition is the highest it has ever been. She says young people today have to do more than ever before to be seen as successful. Taking a gap year may help reduce some of the pressure.
【答案】11. B 12. K
13. C 14. E
15. G 16. I
17. A 18. H
19. D 20. F
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文，以罗莎莉·斯托克为例介绍了欧美学生休间隔年的情况。
【11题详解】
考查形容词。句意：间隔年在欧洲比在美国普遍得多，尤其是在富裕家庭出生的孩子中。此处缺少形容词作表语，表示“常见的、普遍的”，故填B。
【12题详解】
考查时态。句意：事实上，一些美国的学院和大学正在敦促学生推迟学业以利用间隔年。此处缺少动词作谓语，urge sb to do表示“敦促/强烈要求某人做某事”，“are”表明为现在进行时，此处填现在分词，故填K。
【13题详解】
考查时态。句意：2016年，当美国前总统奥巴马的女儿玛利亚决定推迟一年开始学业时，她受到了媒体的广泛关注。此空缺少动词作谓语，表示“收到”，时间状语表明应该用一般过去时，故填C。
【14题详解】
考查名词。句意：和玛利亚一样，已经被她所选择的大学录取的罗莎莉·斯托克也做出了同样的选择。作介词for的宾语用名词，表示“录取、进入许可”，故填E。
【15题详解】
考查名词。句意：2013年秋季，罗莎莉·斯托克与西班牙巴塞罗那的一个家庭取得了联系。根据英语表达习惯可知此处应该填季节或月份，表示“在某年某月/季节”，fall表示“秋天”，故填G。
【16题详解】
考查副词。句意：此外，当她和高中就直接上大学的朋友聊天时，她发现很多人在大学的第一年都过得很艰难。修饰动词went用副词，straight表示“直接”，go straight to表示“直接去”，故填I。
【17题详解】
考查时态。句意：一些人告诉她，他们质疑自己选择的研究领域。此处缺少动词作谓语，表示“质疑”，事情发生在过去，应该用一般过去时，故填A。
【18题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：其他人则表示，他们在大学里感到迷茫，或者他们在浪费时间参加社交聚会之类的事情。介词like后接动名词作宾语，party做不及物动词时，表示“参加社交聚会”，故填H。
【19题详解】
考查形容词。句意：临床心理学家埃尼弗·鲍威尔兰德主要与年轻人打交道，她说这种感觉在大一学生中很常见。修饰名词psychologist用形容词，clinical表示“临床的”，故填D。
【20题详解】
考查时态。句意：她说，现在申请上大学的年轻人比以往任何时候都多。此处缺少动词做谓语，表示“寻找”，“are”表明为现在进行时，此处填现在分词，故填F。

III. Reading Comprehension
Section A (15%)
Directions ： For each blank in the following passage there are four -words or phrases marked A , B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
An art program is helping students at some of the lowest performing schools in the United States.
On June 8，much of the world ___21___ the United Nations World Oceans Day. The idea is to remind people how important the world’s oceans are to all life on Earth, to celebrate their beauty, and to bring attention to the ___22___ human activity has on the oceans.
This year, the theme is “Our Oceans, Our Future,” with special emphasis on finding solutions to plastic pollution, and ___23___ marine litter for a healthier ocean and a better future.
The world's oceans ___24___ nearly three fourths of the Earth's surface, and contain 97 percent of our planet’s water. They produce over half of our oxygen，help regulate our climate, absorb carbon dioxide，and support the greatest ___25___ of life on our planet.
Nearly half of all species on Earth depend on the oceans for survival, and for many of the rest, including people, the oceans ___26___ the quality of life.
The oceans are also ___27___ to the world’s economy, because they are key to transportation and recreation. As over 95 percent of the underwater area remains unexplored, it is nearly a ___28___ that their depths may hold the cure to many a disease, the ___29___ to many a problem.
And yet, as much as 40 percent of the world’s oceans are ___30___ affected by human activities that result in pollution, over-fishing, and loss of coastal habitats. Of particular ___31___ is plastic garbage. Some of it comes from ships that use our rivers, lakes and seas, and eventually ___32___ into the ocean. But about 8 million metric tons of plastic waste washes off land into the ocean each year.
Once there, it begins to ___33___ until it turns into small fragments known as micro-plastics. Plastics are a serious threat, because they degrade very slowly, trap sea creatures, damage habitats like coral reefs, and are ___34___ by marine animals. Researchers have documented the impacts of plastic on over 650 different marine species—including sea turtles, seals, whales, dolphins，porpoises, seabirds, and fish.
On World Oceans Day, we must remember that the health and safety of our oceans is our collective ___35___，one that we cannot afford to neglect. Only through good stewardship can we safeguard the health of our oceans, and ensure that the oceans continue to meet the needs of future generations.
21. A. makes B. observes C. watches D. establishes
22. A. impact B. energy C. effort D. attempt
23. A. promoting B. defending C. preventing D. protecting
24. A. carry B. wrap C. involve D. cover
25. A. abundance B. effect C. influence D. feature
26. A. destroy B. improve C. damage D. spoil
27. A. accessible B. indispensable C. harmful D. available
28. A. certainty B. doubt C. phenomenon D. symptom
29. A. revolution B. contribution C. resolution D. distribution
30. A. hardly B. barely C. nearly D. heavily
31. A. importance B. concern C. value D. priority
32. A. makes its way B. loses its way C. fights its way D. goes its own way
33. A. break out B. break down C. break into D. break through
34. A. digested B. disliked C. enjoyed D. swallowed
35. A. source B. resource C. responsibility D. wealth
【答案】21. B 22. A 23. C 24. D 25. A 26. B 27. B 28. A 29. C 30. D 31. B 32. A 33. B 34. D 35. C
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文，介绍了今年世界海洋日的主题以及严重威胁海洋健康的塑料污染问题。
【21题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：6月8日，世界上许多国家都在庆祝联合国世界海洋日（6月8日是联合国世界海洋日）。A. makes制作；B. observes 庆祝；C. watches观看；D. establishes建立。根据本空后的“the United Nations World Oceans Day”可知，6月8日，世界上许多国家都在庆祝联合国世界海洋日，故B项正确。
【22题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：这节日是为了提醒人们世界上的海洋对地球上所有的生命是多么重要，来庆祝它们的美丽，并引起人们对人类活动对海洋的影响的关注。A. impact 影响；B. energy能量；C. effort努力；D. attempt尝试。have impact on表示“对……有影响”，故A项正确。
【23题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：今年的主题是“我们的海洋，我们的未来”，特别强调寻找塑料污染的解决方案，为了更健康的海洋和更美好的未来防止海洋垃圾。A. promoting提升；B. defending防卫；C. preventing防止、阻止；D. protecting保护。根据本空后的“marine litter for a healthier ocean and a better future.”可知，此处是说为了更健康的海洋和更美好的未来防止海洋垃圾，故C项正确。
【24题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：世界上的海洋几乎占地球表面的四分之三。A. carry搬运；B. wrap缠绕；C. involve包含；D. cover覆盖、占……大面积。根据本空后的“nearly three fourths of the Earth's surface”可知，海洋几乎占地球表面的四分之三，故D项正确。
【25题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：它们产生我们所需的一半以上的氧气，帮助调节我们的气候，吸收二氧化碳，支持我们星球上大量的生命。A. abundance丰富、大量；B. effect效果；C. influence影响；D. feature特征。根据常识可知，地球上的很多生命依靠海洋生存，abundance of表示“许许多多的”，故A项正确。
【26题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：地球上近一半的物种依靠海洋生存，而对包括人类在内的许多其他物种来说，海洋改善了生活质量。A. destroy破坏；B. improve改善、改进；C. damage损害；D. spoil掠夺。根据空后的“the quality of life”可知，海洋改善了包括人类在内的许多其他物种的生活质量，故B项正确。
【27题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：海洋对世界经济也是不可或缺的，因为它们是交通和娱乐的关键。A. accessible可进入的；B. indispensable绝对必要的、不可或缺的；C. harmful有害的；D. available可得到的。根据空后的原因可知，海洋对世界经济也是不可或缺的，故B项正确。
【28题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：由于95%以上的水下区域仍未被探索，几乎可以肯定的是，它们的深处蕴藏着许多疾病的治疗方法和许多问题的解决方法。A. certainty必然；B. doubt疑问；C. phenomenon现象；D. symptom症状。因为有那么广阔的区域还未被探索，所以几乎可以肯定海洋深处蕴藏着许多疾病的治疗方法和许多问题的解决方法，故A项正确。
【29题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意同上。A. revolution革命；B. contribution贡献； C. resolution解决、决议；D. distribution分配。resolution to表示“……的解决办法”，故C项正确。
【30题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，世界上多达40%的海洋受到人类活动的严重影响，这些活动导致污染、过度捕捞和沿海栖息地的丧失。A. hardly 几乎不；B. barely仅仅；C. nearly将近；D. heavily严重地。根据本空后的“affected by human activities that result in pollution, over-fishing, and loss of coastal habitats”可知，海洋受到人类活动的严重影响，故D项正确。
【31题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：特别令人关注的是塑料垃圾。A. importance重要性；B. concern担心、关注；C. value价值；D. priority优先。上文说人类活动给海洋带来了很多问题，特别令人关注的是塑料垃圾，Of particular concern表示“特别值得关注的是”，故B项正确。
【32题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：其中一些塑料垃圾来自使用我们的河流、湖泊和海洋的船只，并最终进入海洋。A. makes its way into进入；B. loses its way迷路；C. fights its way奋力前进；D. goes its own way独自行动。上文说塑料垃圾是最令人关注的海洋污染问题，此处指塑料垃圾进入海洋，故A项正确。
33题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：一旦进入海洋，它就开始分解，直到变成被称为微塑料的小碎片。A. break out爆发；B. break down分解；C. break into闯入；D. break through突破。根据空后的“until it turns into small fragments known as micro-plastics”可知，进入海洋后，塑料垃圾就开始分解，故B项正确，
【34题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：塑料是一个严重的威胁，因为它们降解非常缓慢，会困住海洋生物，破坏珊瑚礁等栖息地，并被海洋动物吞食。A. digested消化；B. disliked不喜欢；C. enjoyed喜欢； D. swallowed吞下。根据空后的“by marine animals”可知，塑料会被海洋动物吞食，故D项正确。
【35题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们必须牢记，（保护）海洋的健康和安全是我们所有人的责任。A. source 来源；B. resource资源；C. responsibility责任；D. wealth财富。海洋对地球上的生物非常重要，所以保护海洋的健康和安全是我们每个人的责任，故C项正确。

Section B (22%)
Directions： Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or un finished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D, Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
WASHINGTON—What parent doesn’t want to mold his or her child to be better, faster, smarter, more capable? Even though human parents can’t do that, a robot that builds its own children can. Scientists at the University of Cambridge in England have created a mother robot that not only constructs its own children, but tests their performance.
It's a robotic version of nature’s survival of the fittest. The mother robot analyzes the performance of each of the “children” it creates, and incorporates preferential traits into the next generation.
“As the mother creates them and puts them to work, she evaluates how they’re behaving, and she uses data from this behavior to create the next generation of robots,” explained research scientist Andres Rosendo.
There's no human intervention, except for a computer command to create a robot capable of moving from one place to another. The mother builds its children by gluing together pieces with small motors inside, in different configurations. Then it watches how quickly the children move, keeping the designs of the ones that moved the fastest.
“The mother robot can actually build hundreds of child robots and see the performance of these child robots. And if their performance is good, keep their design for the next generation. And if bad, just let it go，” said Fumiya Iida, lead researcher.
The motivation to produce better children is controlled by the research team, which provides an incentive.
“We program the robot based on some functions that define the reward the robot is going to get, depending on the construction that they make. They cannot change their own reward. In the case of the child robot, it’s distance, so the longer the distance the robot walks，the better the reward it receives,” said Rosendo.
After several generations，the “children” are running twice as fast.
“The mother robot generated 500 robots to see which one is good and which one is bad,” said Iida.
The researchers suggest the machines could be used in an auto plant, for example, where robot cameras examine each car in the assembly line, evaluate any mistakes, and then design a better car.
36. We can learn from the passage that ____.
A. human parents can't mold their child to be capable
B. a mother robot can build its own children independent of any human intervention
C. a mother robot tends to incorporate all children’s traits into the next generation
D. the law of survival of the fittest also applies to the robot world
37. Which of the following is TRUE?
A. The reward a child robot receives depends on the distance it walks.
B. The mother robot can run twice faster than child robots
C. A child robot can choose its own reward as long as it behaves well.
D. The robots are used in a car factory to produce better cars.
38. The underlined word “configurations” in Para. 4 probably means _______.
A. frameworks B. figures
C. systems D. locations
39. Which of the following might be the best title for this passage?
A. Mother Robot Builds Its Own Children B. A New Generation of Robots
C. A Walking Robot D. A Clever Robot
【答案】36. D 37. A 38. A 39. A
【解析】
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文，介绍了英国发明了一种机器人母亲，这种机器人不仅能自己制造孩子，还能测试孩子的表现。
【36题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段中的“It's a robotic version of nature’s survival of the fittest.”可知，这是大自然“适者生存”的机器人版本，也就是说适者生存法则也适用于机器人世界，故D项正确。
【37题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第四段中的“In the case of the child robot, it’s distance, so the longer the distance the robot walks，the better the reward it receives,”可知，儿童机器人走的距离越长，它得到的奖励就越多，也就是说儿童机器人获得的奖励取决于它行走的距离，故A项正确。
【38题详解】
词义猜测题。根据画线词后的Then it watches how quickly the children move, keeping the designs of the ones that moved the fastest可知，机器人母亲通过将内部装有不同配置的电机部件粘合在一起来制造孩子，然后它观察孩子们移动的速度，保留那些移动最快的设计，也就是说因为配置不同，才能区分出移动速度的快慢，由此可知，画线词词义为“配置、结构”，故A项正确。
【39题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“England have created a mother robot that not only constructs its own children, but tests their performance.”可知，英国发明了一种机器人母亲，这种机器人不仅能自己制造孩子，还能测试孩子的表现，下文就介绍了机器人母亲是如何制造出最好的孩子的，故A项正确。
【点睛】词义猜测题的难度较大，对画线词上下文的理解是关键，例如本篇第3题，根据画线词后的“Then it watches how quickly the children move, keeping the designs of the ones that moved the fastest”可知，机器人母亲制造完孩子后它观察孩子们移动的速度，保留那些移动最快的设计，由此可知，她是通过将内部装有不同配置的电机部件来制造孩子的，只有配置不同，才能区分出移动速度的快慢，由此可知，画线词词义为“配置、结构”。

(B)
Many of us start the day by commuting, or travelling, to work. We drop off our children at school. We may visit the doctor or go to the market to buy food. We rush home to see our families.
People who live in big cities spend a lot of time talking about traffic. There are some terms you need to know when talking about it.
One such term is gridlock. Gridlock is when nobody can go anywhere. The roads become one big parking lot.
There is also stop-and-start traffic. This is when you move forward a little, but then stop. Move a little. Then stop. Both are equally stressful.
Traffic can be bumper-to-bumper. This means there are so many cars on the road that their bumpers seem to be touching. To idle means the engine of your car is running, but you are not moving. . . anywhere.
Another term to know is rush hour traffic. Rush hour traffic happens at about the same time every day—when people are commuting to and from work.
Then, what can cities do to reduce traffic problems?
One thing cities can do is to supply more public transportation.
Let us now take a closer look at the city with the worst traffic in the world—Jakarta. Jakarta's metropolitan area is home to about 24 million people. But only 13 percent of all trips are on public transportation.
Investment in public transport in the Indonesian capital began in 2004. Workers are building the first part of a public transport system, known as the Mass Rapid Transit railway.
Another thing cities can do to limit traffic is to charge money to drive in certain parts of the city. Next year, Jakarta plans to start charging drivers more to travel on two heavily congested roads.
Jakarta officials have also banned motorcycles from the main roads in the city.
Until cities with traffic problems find ways to get people from Point A to Point B more efficiently, they can only envy people in Tampere, Finland and Rotterdam, in the Netherlands. Researches have found that these two cities have the fastest moving traffic.
40. Which of the following terms refers to the situation in which you cannot move your car at all?
A. stop-and-start traffic B. bumper-to-bumper
C. gridlock D. rush hour traffic
41. To reduce traffic problems, cities can do all of the following EXCEPT ________.
A. encourage citizens to walk from one place to another
B. charge drivers money for driving in certain parts of the city
C. prohibit motorcycles from the main roads in the city
D. invest more in public transportation
42. What is the author’s purpose of writing the first paragraph?
A. To show that we are always very busy.
B. To show that we love our children very much.
C. To show that we are hardworking.
D. To show that we have to use the traffic quite often.
【答案】40. C 41. A 42. D
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文，介绍了几个与交通问题有关的术语以及一些减少交通问题的方法。
【40题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Gridlock is when nobody can go anywhere. The roads become one big parking lot.”可知，交通全面堵塞（gridlock）是指没人能去任何地方。道路变成了一个大停车场，由此可知，在交通全面堵塞的情况下你根本移动不了你的车，故C项正确。
【41题详解】
细节理解题。根据Then, what can cities do to reduce traffic problems?部分的内容可知，减少交通问题的方法包括加大对公共交通的投资、在城市的某些地方开车要收费以及禁止摩托车在城市的主要道路上行驶，而没有提到鼓励市民从一个地方步行到另一个地方，故A项正确。
【42题详解】
推理判断题。第一段介绍了在日常生活中我们使用交通工具的很多常见的情况，由此可知第一段就是为了表明我们必须经常使用交通工具，故D项正确。

(C)
Recently, hackers have attacked computer systems and then released information that many people thought was secure. This happened to the top leadership in the U. S. Defense Department. Hackers gained entry to the email system of the Joint Chiefs of Staff’s office. Hackers also attacked a dating website and released the names of people seeking relations outside their marriage. This shocked the site’s users, who thought the website was secure.
The NATO Cooperative Cyber Defense Center of Excellence is working to keep NATO online activities secure.
General Philip Breedlove is the top commander of the U. S. European Command. He said the Cyber Defense Center is working to keep computer technology safer for all of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The center provides cyber security defense and policy advice to interested NATO members.
“When it comes to the NATO networks and how we fight together as NATO, there are 28 doors to this alliance. If one of those doors is wide open, the alliance is wide open. ”
The center also provides assistance to other partner countries, universities and even private businesses.
The general spoke last weekend at a NATO meeting in Turkey.
Financing for the center comes not from NATO, but from volunteer nations. Officials say the center’s work has played an important part in improving the alliance's cyber-defense capabilities.
Each year, the alliance carries out a war game in which NATO forces try to protect a make-believe country from cyber attack. The center provides the fake country's computer network. Participating nations must repair and strengthen that network.
Lauri Aasmann is the chief of the center's Law and Policy Branch. Mr, Aasmann says technology experts from different NATO countries are critical to defense building.
“We strongly believe that in order to build or have a good defense, you should understand how the attack works, how the offense works. ”
The center works out of an old building in the small country of Estonia.It may seem like an unusual choice for such an exercise. However, Estonia is among the best places in the world for Internet access. Wireless connections are available almost everywhere, even in unexpected places, like inside buses and or on a public beach.
A recent report by the non-profit group Freedom House rates Estonia second worldwide for Internet freedom. In comparison, the United States was fifth on that list.
In Estonia, banking is done mostly online. Estonians say they rarely carry money. Most government business is done electronically. But Estonians know from experience that a cyber attack on their Internet could cause huge problems.
A massive cyber attack in 2007 knocked out Internet access to banks ministries, parliament and other organizations for days. The attack took place during Estonia's dispute with Russia about the relocation of a marker called the Bronze Soldier of Tallinn. Many blamed the attack on Russia, which is Estonia’s eastern neighbor.
Since then, Estonian officials have remained on guard to prevent and defeat cyber attacks against the country and its allies.
43. From the first paragraph we know that ______.
A. hackers gained entry to the email system of a dating website
B. users of a dating website were not faithful to their spouses
C. the computer systems of the U. S. Defense Department were too secure to be hacked
D. many people used to worry about the safety of their information in the computer
44. Which of the following about the Cyber Defense Center is TRUE?
A. Its main task is to keep online activities safer for NATO countries.
B. It provides cyber security defense and policy advice to all the countries.
C. It provides assistance to only American universities and private businesses.
D. It is financed by NATO as well as volunteer nations.
45. It can be inferred from the passage that Estonia is ________.
A. first on the list of Internet freedom
B. among countries with the easiest access to Internet
C. an ideal place to do exercises
D. a country where people like to carry cash with them
46. It is supposed that Russia should be responsible for ________.
A. attacking Estonian banks, ministries, parliament
B. disputing with Estonia
C. the relocation of a marker
D. a massive cyber- attack in 2007
【答案】43. B 44. A 45. B 46. D
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文，由最近黑客还攻击了一个交友网站这一事件入手介绍了北约国家的网络安全问题。
【43题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Hackers also attacked a dating website and released the names of people seeking relations outside their marriage.”可知，黑客还攻击了一个交友网站，并公布了那些寻求婚外情的人的名字，由此可知，交友网站的用户对他们的配偶不忠诚，故B项正确。
【44题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The NATO Cooperative Cyber Defense Center of Excellence is working to keep NATO online activities secure.”可知，北约合作网络防御卓越中心正在努力确保北约网络活动的安全，也就是说它的主要任务是确保北约国家的网络活动更加安全，故A项正确。
【45题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“However, Estonia is among the best places in the world for Internet access.”可知，爱沙尼亚是世界上网络接入最好的国家之一，也就是说爱沙尼亚互是网络接入最容易的国家之一，故B项正确。
【46题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Many blamed the attack on Russia, which is Estonia’s eastern neighbor.”可知，很多人把2007年一次大会规模的网络攻击归咎于爱沙尼亚的邻邦俄罗斯，也就是说俄罗斯应对2007年那次大会规模的网络攻击负责，故D项正确。

Section C(8%)
Directions ：Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each, sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
An opinion poll was conducted in the early 1990s to find out the cultural attitudes of residents of five countries in Western Europe (Britain, France, Italy, Spain and Germany). One thousand people, forming a representative sample of the adult population, from each of the five participating countries were interviewed.
The poll assumed that literature, history, science, arts, law, economics and so on would be regarded as significant elements of culture by all participants, but it set out to examine the areas which they considered the most important forms of cultural expression. In addition, the poll required interviewees to indicate in a questionnaire the type of education they considered most appropriate for the modern world, the best channels of knowledge and arts they most valued. ___47___
The results of the poll show interesting differences between the participating nations in terms of which components of culture they regard as most important forms of cultural expression. For the French and Italians, literature comes well at the top of the list. ___48___ History occupies second place for the French, the Italians and Germans but is given very low priority by the British. For the Spanish these four areas are more or less equal, with mathematics having a slight edge.
It seems that members of each country in the survey have a common definition of culture but that definition varies from country to country. ___49___ The French and Italians are literary peoples, the British scientific and the Germans practical and hard-working.
France has the distinction, according to the results of the poll, of being the country which provokes most interest from its British. Italian and German neighbors. ___50___ The French also placed Italy first. Italy occupies second place for both the British and the Germans. It would seem, then, that the “literary” nations of France and Italy are more culturally exciting than the scientific British or the practical Germans!
A. In contrast, mathematics is given priority by the British and economics,/politics by the Germans.
B. There are clear differences in the views of various European nations.
C. The interviewees were also asked which European country they found most attractive from a cultural point of view.
D. Spanish interviewees indicated more interest in Italy than in France.
E. The residents of the five countries of the survey share the view that books are the best way of broadening knowledge.
F. The variations tend to support the national stereotypes we have of one another.
【答案】47. C 48. A
49. F 50. D
【解析】
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一个关于西欧五个国家(英国、法国、意大利、西班牙和德国)居民的文化态度的民意调查。
【47题详解】
根据空前的“In addition, the poll required interviewees to indicate in a questionnaire the type of education they considered most appropriate for the modern world, the best channels of knowledge and arts they most valued.”可知，此外，调查要求受访者在问卷中指出他们认为最适合现代世界的教育类型、他们最重视的知识和艺术的最佳渠道，此处承接上文，讲的还是受访者被要求回答的问题，故C项（受访者还被问及，从文化角度看，他们认为哪个欧洲国家最具吸引力）符合语境。
【48题详解】
本空前说对于法国人和意大利人来说，文学是最好的选择，空后又说法国人、意大利人和德国人把历史排在第二位，但英国人对历史的重视程度很低，此处应该介绍其他学科的情况，故A项（相比之下，数学被英国人优先考虑，经济学/政治学被德国人优先考虑）符合语境。
【49题详解】
根据本空前的“It seems that members of each country in the survey have a common definition of culture but that definition varies from country to country.”可知，调查中每个国家的人似乎对文化都有一个共同的定义，但这个定义因国家而异，此处承接上文，讲的是这种文化差异带来的影响，故F项（这些差异往往支持我们对彼此的国家刻板印象）符合语境。
【50题详解】
根据空后的“The French also placed Italy first.”可知，法国也把意大利排在第一位，此处应该提到一种对意大利更感兴趣的情况，故D项（西班牙受访者对意大利的兴趣高于法国）符合语境。
【点睛】在六选四的解题过程中，一定要注意选项和上下文中出现的表示转折、并列或递进关系的词语，这些关联词往往是重要线索，例如本篇第4题，根据空后的“The French also placed Italy first.”可知，法国也把意大利排在第一位，“also”一词表明此处应该提到一种与后面并列的情况，即：对意大利更感兴趣，故D项（西班牙受访者对意大利的兴趣高于法国）符合语境。

IV. Summary Writing(10%)
51.Directions： Read the following passage. Summarize, the main idea and the main point (s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
The baby elephant, Sheila, was moved out of Belfast Zoo because of fears that she might be hit by bombers (轰炸机) during the Bel fast Blitz (贝尔法斯特闪电战) of 1941.
She was one of the lucky ones. A lot of animals were killed because of fears that they might escape during the bombing and attack people. These included a tiger，a black bear, a lynx, a hyena, and two polar bears.
But Sheila was walked down the road by zoo-keepers to a nearby house where a woman gave her sanctuary (庇护)in her backyard for several months until the bombing was over.
As the zoo celebrates its 75th birthday, the bosses have decided to try to identify the woman Mark Challis is the manager of Belfast Zoo. He explained a bit more about Sheila’s story.
“Well we know that Sheila，the elephant that was in the zoo at that time, spent some time living with a lady relatively near to the zoo and we have one sweet photograph, you can see it on our zoo website,”
“We have a photograph of the elephant with the lady and her friend, honestly and literally in her back garden and that roughly all we know. ”
“So we’re just trying to find a little bit more information and maybe, not sure that the lady might be alive, but maybe her relatives or somebody will recognize the back of that house and we can fill in some detail on this story.”
Once the bombing was over，Sheila went back to the zoo and lived for another quarter of a century. She died of a skin disease in 1966.
【答案】This passage tells a story of an elephant, Sheila. It was protected by a warm-hearted lady from the bombing during the Belfast Blitz. Now it has died. But the zoo where it was once kept, on its 75th birthday, wanted to find the lady and complete the information about the story of the elephant. (54 words)
【解析】
【分析】
本篇书面表达是概要写作，注意要使用自己的语言和词数要求。
【详解】根据第一段中的“The baby elephant, Sheila”及第四段中的“Sheila’s story”可知，文章介绍的是小象希拉的故事，概括为：This passage tells a story of an elephant, Sheila.（这篇文章讲述了一头大象希拉的故事）；根据第二段中的“because of fears that she might be hit by bombers (轰炸机) during the Bel fast Blitz (贝尔法斯特闪电战) of 1941”可知，是因为担心希拉在贝尔法斯特闪电战中被炸死，它才被转移出来的，再根据第三段中的“But Sheila was walked down the road by zoo-keepers to a nearby house where a woman gave her sanctuary (庇护)in her backyard”可知，希拉被动物管理员带到附近的一所房子里，在那里一个女人在她的后院给了她庇护，概括为：It was protected by a warm-hearted lady from the bombing during the Belfast Blitz.（贝尔法斯特闪电战期间，一位热心的女士保护它免受轰炸）；根据最后一段中的“She died of a skin disease in 1966.”可知，1966年，希拉死于皮肤病，要点为：Now it has died.（现在它已经死了）；根据第四段到最后一段内容，特别是第四段中的“As the zoo celebrates its 75th birthday, the bosses have decided to try to identify the woman Mark Challis is the manager of Belfast Zoo.”可知，在动物园成立75周年之际，老板们决定努力确认贝尔法斯特闪电战期间给希拉提供庇护的那位女士的身份，再根据倒数第二段中的“and we can fill in some detail on this story.”可知，找到她是为了补充大象希拉的故事的一些细节，概括为：But the zoo where it was once kept, on its 75th birthday, wanted to find the lady and complete the information about the story of the elephant.（但是，在它75岁生日那天，曾经饲养它的动物园想要找到这位女士，并完成关于大象故事的信息）

V. Translation (15%)
Directions： Translate the following sentences into English，using the words given in the brackets.
52. 他们考虑了各种因素之后才做出最终决定。（until)
53. 人们普遍认为让儿童看暴力的电视节目几乎是一种犯罪行为。（expose)
54. 他一打开门就发现放在桌上的钱包不翼而飞了。（Hardly)
55. 尽管投了巨资,人们最初反应也很兴奋，但这部动作片的票房表现却很糟糕。（Despite)
【答案】52. They didn’t make the final decision until various factors had been taken into consideration.
53. It’s generally / universally acknowledged that it’s almost a crime to expose children to violence on TV.
54. Hardly had he opened the door when he found that the wallet put on the table was gone / vanished / disappeared.
55. Despite huge amounts of investment and people’s initial excited reaction, this action movie performed poorly at the box office.
【解析】
本题考查翻译，注意按括号内的要求翻译。
【52题详解】
考查时态和not until的用法。take sth into consideration表示“考虑”，not… until…表示“直到……才……”，事情发生在过去，主句用一般过去时，从句表示的动作发生在主句动作之前，也就是过去的过去，应该用过去完成时，故翻译为：They didn’t make the final decision until various factors had been taken into consideration.
【53题详解】
考查形式主语。it’s acknowledged that…表示“公认……”，其中it作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的that从句，it’s+a(n)+可数名词+to do sth表示“做某事是一种……”，其中it作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式，expose sb to sth表示“使某人暴露于、接触某物”，讲述的是客观事实，应该用一般现在时，故翻译为：It’s generally / universally acknowledged that it’s almost a crime to expose children to violence on TV.
【54题详解】
考查倒装和固定句式。在hardly …when…表示“一……就……”，主句一般用过去完成时，when后的从句用一般过去时，注意hardly后的部分要用倒装语序，故翻译为：Hardly had he opened the door when he found that the wallet put on the table was gone / vanished / disappeared.
【55题详解】
考查让步状语从句。despite表示“尽管”，后接名词或动名词，at the box office表示“在票房收入上”，讲述的是过去的事情，应该用一般过去时，Despite+名词引导让步状语从句，主句主语为this action movie，谓语为performed，故翻译为：Despite huge amounts of investment and people’s initial excited reaction, this action movie performed poorly at the box office.

VI. Guided Writing (25%)
56.Directions： Write cm English com position in 120—150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
高中即将毕业，你作为毕业生代表，将在毕业典礼上用英语作一个简短的演讲。演讲内容 包括：
1. 对高中生活感悟；
2. 对老师、母校、同学的感谢；
3. 对未来的展望。
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】My dear teachers and fellow students,
It’s a great honor for me, being the representative of all the Senior Three students, to deliver a brief farewell speech here.
It has been three years, three whole years, since I’ve been here, at my dearest school, learning a wide range of knowledge. The classrooms, which will soon be refreshed with brand new and native faces, have once been the place where we buried ourselves in books, where we discussed over maths problems and where we were taught by our adorable teachers.
We’ll never forget that, it’s you, the most respectable people throughout the world, who passed your profound knowledge to us, with the most contagious voice, expecting innocence to be replaced with creativity. Whatever mistakes we’ve made, you’ll never be annoyed. What you did was only point out the core of the wrong part meanwhile you patted us on our shoulders full of expectations.
Oh, my dear schoolmates, wipe away your tears! Long is the road ahead of us. Blurring as our eyes might be, we have to smile to the cerulean sky, for the competition will never become less fierce outside the school gate.
Therefore, just light up your hopes and embrace our glorious future which is shining with bright golden colors.
Thank you!
【解析】
【分析】
本篇书面表达是提纲类作文，要求写一篇演讲稿。
【详解】第1步：根据提示可知，本文要求写一篇演讲稿：高中即将毕业，你作为毕业生代表，将在毕业典礼上用英语作一个简短的演讲。演讲内容 包括：1. 对高中生活的感悟；2. 对老师、母校、同学的感谢；3. 对未来的展望。时态应为一般现在时。
第2步：根据写作要求，确定关键词（组），如；farewell speech（告别演讲），knowledge（知识），respectable（可敬的），profound（渊博的）， contagious（有感染力的），expectation（期待），glorious（辉煌的）及competition（竞争）等。
第3步：根据提示及关键词（组）进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态问题。
第4步：连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰，保持卷面的整洁美观。
本文内容完整，层次分明，结构紧凑，表达准确。另外全文中没有中国式英语的句式，显示了很高的驾驭英语的能力。
【点睛】范文语言地道，语篇连贯，词数适当。作者在范文中使用了较多高级词汇和句式，高级词汇有a wide range of（大范围的），bury oneself in（埋头于），make mistakes (犯错误)，point out（指出），wipe away（擦去），light up（点亮）以及full of（充满），而且还使用了非限定性定语从句“The classrooms, which will soon be refreshed with brand new and native faces, have once been the place where we buried ourselves in books, where we discussed over maths problems and where we were taught by our adorable teachers.”及“We’ll never forget that, it’s you, the most respectable people throughout the world, who passed your profound knowledge to us, with the most contagious voice”，主语从句“What you did was only point out the core of the wrong part meanwhile you patted us on our shoulders full of expectations.”，让步状语从句“Whatever mistakes we’ve made, you’ll never be annoyed”，非谓语动词“It’s a great honor for me, being the representative of all the Senior Three students, to deliver a brief farewell speech here.”及“It has been three years, three whole years, since I’ve been here, at my dearest school, learning a wide range of knowledge.”，全文没有语法错误，上下句转换自然流畅。