高考语法填空解题方法与技巧

高考语法填空解题方法与技巧
高考语法填空（一）一、考纲解读语法填空题（也叫英语知识运用）是一篇200词左右的短文，要求考生根据上下文填写空白处所需的内容或用所给单词的正确形式填空，将词汇、语法、语篇融为一体。该题型借助语篇，融合了单项填空题和完形填空题两种题型的特点，旨在考察学生在阅读理解的基础上、对语法、词汇和语言知识运用的掌握情况。2016—2018年全国卷语法填空考点分布一览表 文章体裁无提示词类设空个数及所填词类有提示词类设空个数及所填词类2018年全国卷I说明文3分别为介词、从句引导词、代词7形容词2个，动词5个2017年全国卷I说明文3分别为介词、冠词，从句引导词7动词4个，形容词2个名词1个2017全国卷II记叙文3分别为介词、冠词、代词7动词3个，名词2个，形容词1个，副词1个2017全国卷III记叙文3分别为介词、冠词、从句引导词7动词4个，名词2个， 副词1个2016全国卷I记叙文3分别为介词、冠词、从句引导词7动词3个，名词2个，副词1个，代词1个2016全国卷II记叙文3分别为介词、连词、冠词7动词3个，名词2个，形容词1个，副词1个2017全国卷III说明文4分别为连词.从句引导词（2个）、介词6动词4个，副词1个，名词1个 二. 命题规律1. 考查句子结构与语法知识语篇中的句子结构和常见的语法知识是关注的重点。例：Festivals and celebrations of all kinds_________ (hold) everywhere since ancient times. 根据since时间短语作状语，通常主句用现在完成时，且 hold与主语之间为被动关系，主语为复数，故应填have been held. 这就是针对现在完成时这个语法的考查。 2. 考查词性的转换和词形的变化语篇材料中会给出适当的提示词，而提示词多是词汇的本义，要求考生根据所给词汇的本义，利用材料的语境进行词性的转换或词形的变化，例：Entrance to the museum is free on Sundays, but it would ________ (normal) cost 3.25 dollars to go in and see the film.根据空格位置可知此处修饰动词cost，故填提示词的副词形式normally，这是对词性转换的考查。3. 考查对上下文语境的理解根据语境设题，即根据上下文中一些标志性信息词进行命题。例: When Jane got home，with her small but well-chosen present in her bag, her parents were already ________ table having supper.根据后面的having supper这一关键信息可知，此设空处应填at，at table是习惯搭配，表示“在进餐”。三. 解题方法（一）无提示词类填空题（也叫纯没空类）1.无提示词类填空题考查点包括：冠词、介词、代词、连词、副词、助动词/情态动词、从句引导词等，以虚词为主且每空只填一词。 冠词a, an, the的基本用法及特殊用法介词动词名词、形容词与介词搭配；固定短语中的介词人称代词人称代词的数格；固定短语中的代词并列连词或从属连词and，but，yet，or，so；状语从句的引导词表行文逻辑的副词instead，besides， however，therefore等情态动词或助动词情态动词或助动词的基本用法从句引导词定语从句.状语从句、名词性从句的引导词 2. 无提示词类填空题解题技巧(1) 缺主语或宾语， 一般是填代词或名词例：1. Recently，we have come to understand that the way you dress ________ is a reflection of your occupation and your background.  解析：考查代词用法，"dress oneself" 表示给自己穿衣服，故填yourself. 2. In the front row，were two men，both of_________ have lost an arm in the war. 解析：考查“介词十关系代词"引导的定语从句，介词后面只能用which/whom，而先行词指人，故填whom.(2) 如果句子不缺主语或表语、动作后不缺宾语，那么名词或代词前一般填介词例：I have an appointment ______ Peter, but I need to change it. 解析：横线前面的句子不缺宾语，横线后面是一个名词，所以需要填词。have an appointment with sb为固定搭配，意为“和某人有个预约，故填介词with.(3) 名词前面若无限定词修饰，设空处很可能是填限定词（冠词，形容词性物主代词，不定代词等）例：1. We have done ________homework，so we will go out to play football. 解析：名词前无限定词，do one's homework“做某人的家庭作业”为固定短语，故填our.    2. ________ teacher must be strict with the students. 9解析：名词前无限定词，且不缺词义，所以填A，表类指。(4) 若两个或两个以上的单词或短语之间没有连词，通常填连词例：…. to steal paintings by two world-famous artists，Pablo Picasso ________ Candido Portinari，which are worth millions of dollars.解析：根据拼写可以看出Pablo Picasso和Candido Portinart两个并列的专有名词，故填and.（5）若两个句子之间没有连词，（有时有逗号）那么空格处填并列连词或从属连词.例: 1. I can not forget the days ______we studied at college. 解析：两个句子之间没有连词，根据句意."我们上大学的那些日子"，修饰the days, 是定语从句，故用when.   2. It is freezing here. Wear your coat, ________ you will catch a cold. 解析：两个句子之间没有连词，根据句意."穿上你的大衣，否则你会感冒的"，所以填or. 四. 练习阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。(2019全国卷1)The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and some big land masses as far south as Newfoundland. While they are rare north of 88°, there is evidence   61   they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada. It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been    62   (poor) studied; however, biologists calculate that there are about 20,000-25,000 polar bears worldwide.Modern methods   63   tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive   64   (perform) consistently over a large area. In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut   65   (report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a   66   (believe) that populations are increasing. Scientists have responded by    67   (note) that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion(错觉) that populations are   68   (high) than they actually are. Of   69    nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six   70   (be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data. 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。(2018全国卷1)According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years  61  (long) than non-runners. You don’t have to run fast or for long  62  (see) the benefit. You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of  63  (die) early by running. While running regatesalstly cann’t make you live forever, the review says it  64 (be) more effective at lengthening life  65 walking, cycling or swimming. Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014  66  showed a mere five to 10 minutes A day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all  67    (cause).The best exercise is one that you enjoy and will do. But otherwise…it’s probably running. To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to 68 (strength) your leg muscles (肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes. Running is cheap, easy and it’s always   69  (energy). If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give 70      a try.