高中英语语法讲义——非谓语动词

Non-finite Verbs非谓语动词一、非谓语动词的三种基本形式的含义 1）to do：表示要做或去做，表个别行为，表目的； 2）doing：做了，经常做，用来做，或一般行为（动名词）。 表主动含义“正在做”，形容词化翻译成“令人…的”（现在分词）； 3）done： 表示被动含义“被做”或“已做”“已被做”，形容词化后翻译成“(某人)感到…的”或“被…的”或“已…的”（表语、定语、状语）。二、非谓语动词的各种变形  一般式完成式进行式不定式主动to doto have doneto be doing被动to be doneto have been done ing 形式主动doinghaving done 被动being donehaving been done 过去分词被动done  动名词与现在分词的区别主要是：1. 动名词充当主语，宾语，和同位语。现在分词充当状语和补语。两者都可以做定语，但是意义不同。作定语时，动名词说明被修饰的名词的用途；现在分词说明名词的动作，即它和名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。 a sleeping car=a car used for sleeping 一节卧车车厢，即一个用于睡觉的车 （sleeping为动名词表用途 ） a sleeping child=a child who is sleeping 一个睡着的孩子，即一个正在睡觉的孩子 （sleeping为现在分词表正在进行的动作 ）2.动名词具有名词的性质。现在分词则没有。①动名词和名词一样有a, the, my, this, Tom’s, the, some, much, a lot of等词语修饰：I usually do some cleaning on Sunday. 我通常在周日打扫卫生。Do you do much fishing? 你常常钓鱼吗？He showed me a picture of his own painting. 他拿出来他自己绘画的一张照片给我看。A knocking at the door was heard. 一阵敲门声被听到了。②动名词和名词一样有所有格、复数形式：He enjoys reading for reading’s sake, not for scholarship. 他喜欢阅读是因为阅读的好处，而不是因为奖学金。He is so busy that I can’t keep track of all his comings and goings. 他是如此的繁忙以至于我无法弄清楚他的来来去去。三、非谓语动词的逻辑主语1. 如果to do的逻辑驻足于就是句子的主语或者宾语，正常使用主格和宾格。如果不是，则写成for/of sb to do。She wants you to call him later.她让我之后给他打电话。①如果形容词修饰人，则用of sb，如果形容词修饰to do这件事，则用for sb. 如，It’s very dangerous for children to cross the busy street. 对孩子们来说，穿过繁忙的街道很危险。It’s difficult for us to finish the work. 对我们来说，完成这项工作很困难。 ②形容词描述人的品质、性格、感情或者态度，用of sb，形容词和sb有主表关系。用于此句型的形容词主要有：clever, foolish, good, kind, nice, polite, selfish, silly, right, wrong, thoughtful, wise, generous, rude, brave，careless，patient等，如，It’s brave of him to save the child from the fire. 从大火中救出这个孩子，他真勇敢。It’s foolish of her to say so. 这么说话他真愚蠢。 2. 如果doing的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，正常使用主格。如果不是则在doing前加上形容词性物主代词或’s所有格：my/Tom‘s doing，如果逻辑主语是句子的宾语既可使用宾格也可以使用my/Tom‘s doing。I have finished reading the book. 我已经读完了这本书。Would you mind me/my/Tom’s opening the window？你介意我/我/Tom开窗吗？ 四、非谓语动词的否定形式在非谓语动词前直接加not或never. 即 not / never to do, not / never doing。当前面有逻辑主语时，not或者never放在逻辑主语与非谓语动词之间。如：Not swimming in the river in summer is good for you. 在夏天不在河里游泳对你有处。He told the children not to play in the street. 他叫孩子们不要在街上玩耍。He apologized for his not being able to arrive on time. 他因没能按时到来而道歉。 五．不同非谓语动词在句中做相同成分时的区别1、非谓语动词做主语        不定式(to do)和动名词(v-ing)作主语的区别1)不定式和动名词可以在句中充当主语, 但过去分词(done)却不可以。
    To know oneself is difficult. （不定式）
    Working on such a hot day is no easy job. （动名词）2)不定式(to)一般表示具体或一次性动作, 而动名词(v-ing)则表示一般或抽象的多次动作。    Not being tall should not become a serious disadvantage in life and work.3)不定式和动名词都可以用it来代替作形式主语。It is not good to smoke so much.
It is useless speaking.注：动名词(v-ing)常在以下两个结构中做主语：           It is no use/ no good/ fun/ a waste of time/ a good pleasure等名词+ doing            It is useless/ nice/ interesting/ worthwhile/ good等形容词+doingeg: It is a waste of time seeing that movie. It is so good to talk to you.4)动名词(v-ing)也可在 There is/ was no + doing 结构中做主语There is no standing still in this life; one must either advance or fall behind.2、非谓语动词做宾语         不定式和动名词可以作动词宾语或介词宾语。大多数动词既能接不定式、又可接动名词作宾语，但有些动词或固定结构有特定的用法。1. 动名词（v-ing）作宾语In international matches, prestige is so important that the only thing that matters is to avoid being beaten1)下列动词（短语）只能接动名词或名词作宾语:
Abandon ， give up ， admit  ，acknowledge，  confess，  advocate ， avoid escape，   enjoy2)非谓语动词作介词的宾语, 通常情况下要用动名词形式, 不能用不定式。某些固定结构可以省略介词, 但仍然要跟动名词形式。
①feel like doing sth.
②be/get used to doing sth.
③be busy (in) doing sth.
④spend time (in) doing sth.
⑤waste/lose time (in) doing sth.
⑥have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.
⑦have fun (in) doing sth.
⑧have a good time (in) doing sth.
⑨there is no point (in) doing sth. 3）下列动词后只能接不定式作宾语
agree  ，offer  ，plan ， aim ， ask ， demand  ，claim ， endeavor ， manage
determine ， resolve
①Jack offered to drive his friend to the airport.
②After the divorce, Mary resolved never to marry again.4) 当非谓语动词位于but, except后作宾语时, 习惯上要用不定式; 而且, 当其前有动词do（do, does, did, done）时, 则不定式不带to；若其前有动词do, 则不定式通常带to。①       We had no choice but to wait.②He never did anything at home but watch TV.
③It had no effect except to make him angry.
④I could do nothing except agree.5）能接不定式和动名词作宾语的动词注：有些动词后既能接不定式又能接动名词, 两者意思基本相同, 有时甚至可以互换，区别不大。主要在于: 不定式一般表示具体成一次性动作, 动名词则表示一般或抽象的多次动作。这类动词主要有：
Like  love  hate  prefer  begin  start  continue  bother  intend
注意: 在like, love, hate, prefer前有would, should时, 其后只能跟不定式。            有些动词后既能接不定式又能接动名词, 但二者的意义差别很大。这类动词有:go on doing …继续做某事（继续刚才的事情）go on to do… 继续去做另一件事continue doing 继续做某事（继续刚才的事情）continue to do继续去做另一件事like doing sth 喜欢做某事（经常行为，或者做了已是事实的行为）like to do sth.  喜欢去做某事(个别行为，或将来的行为)stop doing sth. 停止做某事（停止正在做的事情）stop to do sth. 停下来去去做另一件事try doing sth. 尝试做某事try to do尽力去做某事regret doing sth . 后悔做某事（为已经做过的事而感到）regret to do 遗憾要做某事（此事没做）remember doing 记得做过某事remember to do 记得要去做某事forget doing 忘记做了某事forget to do 忘记要去做某事⑤注：英语中有些动词接动名词为宾语, 不定式为宾语补足语。Advise  allow  forbid  permit  recommende.g.  He doesn’t  allow smoking in his office. （动名词作宾语）
He doesn’t  allow his family to smoke at all. （不定式作宾语补足语）3、非谓语动词做补语1）不定式和分词都可以作主语补足语和宾语补足语, 但所表达的意义不同。           现在分词(v-ing)表示动作正在进行或一直处于某种状态           过去分词(done)表被动意义           不定式(to do)表动作未发生
e.g. ①She suddenly heard someone knocking at the door. (正在进行)
     ②She kept us waiting here for an hour. (一直处于某种状态)
     ③ I heard the song sung. ( song与sing之间是被动关系)
     ④ Please remind me to take my medicine this afternoon. (未发生)
     ⑤ The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.(tie与hands之间是被动关系）2）表示劝请、要求的动词后常用带的不定式作宾补, 可用于~ sb. to do sth.构。此类词有：ask  invite  tell  want  encourage  wish  expect  beg  requestrequire  advise  order  force  cause  allow  permit  forbid  warnremind  teach  send  call on  wait for  would like/love/prefer
注：也有部分表劝请、要求的词不可以to do为宾补。Hope  suggest  agree  decide  demande.g.  He doesn’t allow his family to smoke.
I advised him not to go there.（此处 advised不可用 suggested替换。）3.）在使役动词make, let, have后,一般用不带to的不定式作宾补, 但在其被动式后作主语补足语时，要加上to。e.g.  He made his son study English
4） help以不定式为宾补时，不定式带不带to均可。He helped me (to) clean the room.
5） want, wish等后接 to be done作宾补时, to be可省略,直接用过去分词作宾补。When do you wish it（to be）finished？
4、非谓语动词做表语1）动名词、不定式和分词都可以作句子表语。不定式多表一次性的、具体的动作；动名词多表经常发生的、日常的；过去分词多表被动。e.g. ①One of our aims is to help the unemployed find a job.
②Her job was washing clothes.
③The problem remains unsolved. 2） 有些现在分词和过去分词也常常被认作是形容词。
amusing  unemployed  interesting  surprising  delighting  
amused  excited    interested   surprised    delightede.g.  They are excited to hear the news. (过去分词)
The news is exciting. (现在分词)5、非谓语动词做定语1）分词作定语和所修饰的词有逻辑上的主谓关系现在分词一般表示正在发生的动作过去分词表示已经发生的动作或表被动的意义。①a racing horse = a horse that is racing②the girl standing there = the girl who is standing there③a fallen leaf = a leaf that has already fallen④the building completed three years ago = the building that was completedthree years ago e.g. The man preparing the documents is the firm ' s lawyer has all the following possible meanings EXCEPT （D）　　A. The man who has prepared the documents...
B. The man who has been preparing the documents...
C. The man who is preparing the documents…
D. The man who will prepare the documents…2） 不定式作定语，通常表示未发生的动作，且常后置。　　The topic to be discussed at the meeting is still unknown.3）动名词定语一般表示所修饰词的用途，它和所修饰词之间没有逻辑上的主谓关系。　　①the sleeping bus = the bus for sleeping②       a changing room = a room for changing clothes③       a walking stick = a stick for walking６、非谓语动词做状语1.）不定式在句中作状语常表目的、结果或原因；分词作状语表示时间、原因、　　让步、条件、方式、伴随等。①Having finished the homework, I went home. (表时间)
②Being a model party member, I should work even harder. (表原因)
③Given time, he’ll make a first-class tennis player. (表条件)
④He ran out of the classroom, shouting at the boy. (表伴随)
⑤To give the teacher a good impression, I decided to sit in the front row. (表目的)
⑥He is old enough to join the army. (表结果)
⑦I am only too pleased to accept your kind invitation. (表结果)
only/all too … to do …  非常…做某事2.）独立主格结构/独立分词结构         分词作状语应注意其逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致，否则分词要有自己的逻辑　　主语，这种带主语的分词被称为分词的独立主格结构。分词的独立结构由逻辑主　　语（名词、代词）+ 分词构成，可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随状态。①Time permitting = (if time permits), the celebration will be held asscheduled.②Agriculture is the country’s chief source of wealth, wheat being by far thebiggest.③There being nothing more for discussion, the meeting came to an end halfan hour earlier.④What ' s the chance of there being a general election this year?          独立结构中的逻辑主语前有时可以加with或without，作伴随状语或定语e.g .He sat in the chair with his legs crossed.The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.3)有些分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语而实际上已经变成了习惯用法。
①generally/strictly speaking
②judging from
③talking of
④considering/given (that)
⑤regarding/concerning
⑥provided/providing/supposing/given
⑥including
⑦seeing (that)
4）独立不定式有些不定式不属于句中的任何人或事物，而是修饰全句，这类不定式为独立不定式(Absolute infinitive)。常用的有：
①to tell the truth
②to be plain with you
③to be brief
④to conclude
⑤to cut/make a long story short
⑥to sum up
⑦needless to say
⑧strange to say
⑨to say nothing of / not to speak of / not to mention
⑩to say the least
5)有些不定式不属于句中的任何人或事物，而是修饰全句，这类不定式为独立不定式①To tell the truth, I thought I would keep silent.
②To be brief, he was happy with the result.
③To conclude, I wish you all good health and a long life.
④To cut a long story short, we said, “No!”
⑤He can speak French, German and Japanese, not to mention English.
⑥It is a good idea, to be sure, but it costs too much.