2025届高考英语二轮专题复习与测试专题一阅读理解第三讲主旨大意题__辨主干细加工

这是一份2025届高考英语二轮专题复习与测试专题一阅读理解第三讲主旨大意题__辨主干细加工，共25页。试卷主要包含了题型特点需了解，方法技巧要知晓等内容，欢迎下载使用。
[题型分析]
主旨大意题旨在考查考生归纳概括以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力，是阅读理解中的高难度题。概括全文大意最简单的方法就是把每段的大意串起来考虑。该类题主要考查标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。常见的设问方式有：
1．The best title f the passage is_____________．
2．Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
3．The passage is mainly abut _____________．
4．What is the passage mainly abut?
5．What is the main idea f the secnd paragraph?
6．What is the mainly abut?
[选项特征]
1．正确选项特征
2.干扰选项特征
二、方法技巧要知晓
题型一 标题归纳题
该类题目要求考生在理解文章的基础上，结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给的选项中选出适合文章的标题。注意标题的特点：精准性、概括性和新颖性。
[典例1] (2024·全国甲卷阅读B)
Animals can express their needs using a lt f ways. Fr instance, almst all animals have distinct vcals (声音) that they rely n t either ask fr help, scare away any dangerus animals r lk fr shelter. But cats are special creatures wh pssess amazing vcalizatin skills. They are able t have entire cnversatins with humans using mews and yu're able t interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep mewing t attract attentin and find fd. Hwever, when a cat is lking fr affectin, they tend t prduce stretched and sft mews. Mewing starts as sn as a baby cat is brught t life and uses it t get the mther's attentin and be fed.
Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense f smell is quite impressive. They use their nses t assess their envirnment and lk ut fr any signs f danger. They will sniff ut specific areas befre they chse a place t relax. Hwever, anther way the cats are able t distinguish between situatins is by lking fr familiar smells. Yur cat will likely smell yur face and stre the smell in its memry and use it t recgnize yu in the future. That's why mst pet cats are able t tell immediately if their wners were arund any ther cats, which they dn't usually like.
Dgs are knwn fr their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavir up a ntch. Many cats will find randm bjects utside and bring them t their wners. This is a very ld habit that's been present in all kinds f predatrs (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts fr their wners t shw they lve yu. These adrable little hunters are just ding smething that it's been in their nature since the beginning f time. S just g alng with it!
27．What is a suitable title fr the text?
A．Tips n Finding a Smart Cat
B．Understanding Yur Cat's Behavir
C．Have Fun with Yur Cat
D．Hw t Keep Yur Cat Healthy
[解析] 第一步：阅读题干，找出关键词a suitable title fr the text。
第二步：根据关键词，定位到原文第一段的主题句“But cats are special creatures wh pssess amazing vcalizatin skills.”，可知该段介绍了猫的惊人的发声技能；定位到原文第二段的主题句“Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense f smell is quite impressive.”，可知该段介绍了猫的嗅觉敏锐，能够区分不同的环境；定位到原文第三段的主题句“Dgs are knwn fr their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavir up a ntch.”，可知该段介绍了猫的令人印象深刻的取物习惯。采用主题句法，这些都属于对猫的行为的介绍。
第三步：比对选项得出答案。
[答案] B
技法点拨：
题型二 文章大意题
文章大意题是考查考生深层理解文章以及在速读中准确定位文章主旨大意的能力。文章中的每一段都是围绕某一主题展开的，把每个段落的主题句综合起来就可以概括出全文的中心思想。
[典例2] (2024·新高考全国卷Ⅱ阅读C)
We all knw fresh is best when it cmes t fd. Hwever, mst prduce at the stre went thrugh weeks f travel and cvered hundreds f miles befre reaching the table. While farmer's markets are a slid chice t reduce the jurney, Babyln Micr-Farm (BMF) shrtens it even mre.
BMF is an indr garden system. It can be set up fr a family. Additinally, it culd serve a larger audience such as a hspital, restaurant r schl. The innvative design requires little effrt t achieve a reliable weekly supply f fresh greens.
Specifically, it's a farm that relies n new technlgy. By cnnecting thrugh the Clud, BMF is remtely mnitred. Als, there is a cnvenient app that prvides grwing data in real time. Because the system is autmated, it significantly reduces the amunt f water needed t grw plants. Rather than watering rws f sil, the system prvides just the right amunt t each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pd (容器) t get the next grwth cycle started.
Mrever, having a system in the same building where it's eaten means zer emissins (排放) frm transprting plants frm sil t salad. In additin, there's n need fr pesticides and ther chemicals that pllute traditinal farms and the surrunding envirnment.
BMF emplyees live ut sustainability in their everyday lives. Abut half f them walk r bike t wrk. Inside the ffice, they encurage recycling and waste reductin by limiting garbage cans and aviding single-use plastic.“We are passinate abut reducing waste, carbn and chemicals in ur envirnment，” said a BMF emplyee.
31．What des the text mainly talk abut?
A．BMF's majr strengths.
B．BMF's general management.
C．BMF's glbal influence.
D．BMF's technical standards.
[解析] 第一步：阅读题干，找出关键词the text mainly talk abut。
第二步：根据关键词，定位到原文第一段第三句、第二段第一、二句、第三段第一句、第四段第一句以及第五段第一句可知，借助段落主题句归纳，文章从各个方面凸显了巴比伦微农场公司的优势，如缩短食物运输距离、节约用水、无农药使用、减少碳排放等。
第三步：比对选项得出答案。
[答案] A
技法点拨：
题型三 段落大意题
段落大意题主要考查考生用准确的、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来的能力。考生在做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即所问段落的首句和尾句。一是因为它们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为利用这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框架，在框架下的主旨判断，其准确性更高。
[典例3] (2024·新高考全国卷Ⅰ阅读B片段)
Leigh Tindale's dg Charlie had a serius heart cnditin. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared t put him t sleep, but Farber's treatments eased her dg's suffering s much that she was able t keep him alive fr an additinal five mnths. And Priscilla Dewing reprts that her hrse, Nappy, “mves mre easily and rides mre cmfrtably” after a chirpractic adjustment.
26．What des this paragraph mainly talk abut?
A．Steps f a chirpractic treatment.
B．The cmplexity f veterinarians' wrk.
C．Examples f rare animal diseases.
D．The effectiveness f hlistic medicine.
[解析] 第一步：阅读题干，找出关键词this paragraph mainly talk abut。
第二步：根据关键词，定位到原文可知，本段没有主题句，本段主要介绍了两个动物经过法伯的治疗后，病情有所好转。由此可知，本段主要介绍了法伯的整体医学疗法所取得的效果。
第三步：比对选项得出答案。
[答案] D
技法点拨：
A
(2024·广东六校9月联考)What d yu want frm life? Perhaps yu want t spend mre time with yur family, r get a mre secure jb, r imprve yur health. But why d yu want thse things? Chances are that yur answer will cme dwn t ne thing: Happiness.
Yet there is sme evidence that t much pursuit f happiness is assciated with a greater risk f depressin. Mdern cnceptins f happiness are primarily practical, fcusing n what we might call the techniques f happiness. The cncern is nt what happiness is, but hw t get it.
But maximizing pleasure isn't the nly ptin. Every human life, even the mst frtunate, is filled with pain. Painful lss, painful disappintments, the physical pain f injury r sickness, and the mental pain f lng-suffering bredm, lneliness, r sadness. Pain is an unavidable cnsequence f being alive. All the gd things in life invlve suffering. Writing a nvel, running a marathn, r giving birth all cause suffering in pursuit f the final, jyus result.
There are ther factrs as well. In the eyes f Aristtle, we get happiness by exercising ur unique human capabilities t think and reasn. But thinking and reasning are as much scial activities as they are individual. Happiness requires thers; it is nt an emtinal state s much as it is the excellence f the relatins we cultivate with ther peple.
But even that cannt guarantee happiness. Aristtle recgnised that ur happiness is hstage (人质) t frtune. Events beynd any individual's cntrl—war, pverty, and glbal pandemics—will ften make happiness impssible. Happiness is nt a mental state that can be permanently wn, but instead it's a practice which we hne (磨炼), imperfectly, in circumstances nly partly f ur making.
Recgnising this will nt secure a gd life, but it will avid the illusry (虚幻的) hpe f permanent cntentment. N life wrth living shuld meet the nly standard. Instead, aim with Aristtle t embrace thse faults and t flwer in spite f them.
【语篇解读】 文章对追求幸福进行了阐述，最终得出的结论是：人们对幸福的追求并不是完美的。
1．Where can yu find negative effects f fcusing t much n “happiness”？
A．In paragraph 2. B．In paragraph 3.
C．In paragraph 4.D．In paragraph 5.
A 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Yet there is sme evidence that t much pursuit f happiness is assciated with a greater risk f depressin.”可知，在第二段可以找到过于关注“幸福”的负面影响。
2．Hw des the authr prve that pain is an unavidable result f being alive？
A．By making cmparisns.
B．By analyzing causes.
C．By giving examples.
D．By telling stries.
C 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Painful lss, painful disappintments, the physical pain f injury r sickness, and the mental pain f lng-suffering bredm, lneliness, r sadness...”可知，作者通过举例来证明痛苦是活着不可避免的情绪状态。
3．What is Aristtle's view n happiness?
A．Happiness is a stable emtinal state.
B．Gd persnal relatinships lead t happiness.
C．Taking part in scial activities guarantees happiness.
D．Happiness prmtes independent thinking and reasning.
B 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Happiness requires cultivate with ther peple.”可知，在亚里士多德看来，幸福并不是个体的情感状态，因此我们需要与他人培养良好的关系。
4．What is the passage mainly abut?
A．Happiness is what humans pursue frever.
B．Happiness lies in the prcess f pursuing it.
C．Our pursuit f happiness may be imperfect.
D．Depressin and happiness are equally imprtant.
C 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章指出现如今人们过分追求幸福而产生负面影响，过分追求幸福、将幸福最大化并不会带来真正的快乐。因此，人们对幸福的追求并不是完美的。
B
(2024·青岛二模)The students stand n a pier (码头) ver the Harlem River in New Yrk City.They stare dwn int the brwn water.Their teacher, Mr.Rdman, pulls a lng rpe ut f the river.Fastened t the end f the rpe is a metal cage and inside are ysters (牡蛎). Taking turns, the students measure all the ysters, and then cmpare ntes.The biggest yster is ver 2 inches lng, much bigger than a healthy size fr its age! They als measure the level f xygen.As mre ysters grw, the water shuld becme clearer and hld mre xygen.Als, ther animals shuld mve in.
Oysters are sft-bdied animals, and share the underwater cmmunity with plants, fish, and ther life.They are fd fr crabs and ther animals.As new ysters grw, they attach their shells t lder nes, frming big reefs with many small spaces where ther animals live.Oysters eat algae (藻类).If algae grw t fast, they can decrease xygen frm the water—and even fish need xygen t breathe!
But what happened t the ysters 100 years ag in New Yrk Harbr? Befre then, lts f ysters lived in these waters.They were shipped t restaurants arund the wrld.By the early 1900s, peple were eating them faster than they culd grw. Pllutin was puring int the waters. The harbr became seriusly plluted.Since the 1970s, new laws have helped reduce pisnus waste.Sme fish started t swim thrugh again.But ysters were still missing—until recently.
The Billin Oyster Prject began in 2014 t help bring ysters back t New Yrk Harbr.The prject has recruited (招募) mre than 6，500 students at mre than 100 middle schls and high schls t help grw, distribute, and study the ysters.
Finally, the students put the ysters back in the lwers the cage int the river.In a few mnths, they will check the cage again.When the ysters are big enugh, they will be mved t jin a healthy reef in the middle f the harbr.
【语篇解读】 文章介绍了牡蛎在水中起到的作用以及牡蛎在纽约港消失的原因，现在人们正在努力让这些大自然的助手回归。
5．Why d students cme t the pier ver the Harlem River?
A．T d research.
B．T g fishing.
C．T buy ysters.
D．T clean up the river.
A 细节理解题。根据第一段内容可知，学生们在码头测量牡蛎尺寸，水中氧气含量，由此可知学生们在进行研究。
6．What is the secnd paragraph mainly abut?
A．What ysters are like.
B．Hw ysters get fed.
C．Why algae grw fast.
D．What rle ysters play.
D 段落大意题。根据第二段中的“Oysters eat algae. If algae grw t fast, they can decrease xygen frm the water—and even fish need xygen t breathe！”可知，本段主要介绍了牡蛎在水中所起到的作用。
7．What can we learn abut ysters in New Yrk Harbr?
A．Peple's lve f eating ysters bsted their numbers.
B．Mre ysters than befre lived in waters in the 1900s.
C．Plluted water was partly t blame fr the missing f ysters.
D．New laws in the 1970s were crucial t ysters' recvery.
C 推理判断题。根据第三段内容可推知，受到污染的影响，牡蛎在纽约港仍不见踪影。
8．Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the passage?
A．Oysters Raised in New Yrk Harbr
B．The Harlem River Plluted Heavily
C．Nature's Helpful Crew Brught Back
D．Teacher Devted t Wildlife Prtectin
C 标题归纳题。通读全文可知，文章介绍了牡蛎在水中的作用及其回归，因此C项最适合作文章标题。
专题强化练(八)
A
(2024·杭州一模)At St. Francis High Schl in La Canada, Calif, there's smething t be said abut math teacher Jim Cnnr.
Truth is, Cnnr can be a bit f a drudge. But the 70-year-ld Vietnam vet says he's nt here t entertain his students.“It drives me crazy when peple say schl shuld be fun，”he says.“I mean, it's nice if it culd be, but yu can't make schl fun.”
And fr years, the kids thught that's all there was t him—until last Nvember, when senir Pat McGldrick learned they didn't knw the half f him.
Pat was in charge f a student bld drive and had just cme t Children's Hspital Ls Angeles fr a meeting. And he says it was weird: whenever he tld smene he went t St. Francis High Schl, they all said，“Oh, yu must knw Jim Cnnr. Isn't he wnderful？”
“It was disbelief, really，”Pat says.“It was almst kind f finding this alter eg (另一面) that he has.”Inside the bld dnr center, Pat fund a plaque (牌子) listing all the tp bld dnrs at the hspital, including the recrd hlder, Jim Cnnr. Then he learned smething even mre unbelievable: that whenever Cnnr isn't trturing kids with calculus (微积分), he's n a whle ther tangent—cuddling sick babies. Three days a week fr the past 20 years, Jim has vlunteered at the hspital, stepping in t becme invlved in an activity when parents can't hld, feed and cmfrt their children.
“They tend t calm fr him，”Nurse Erin says.“They tend t relax with him. They fall asleep with him.”
“I just like them and relate t them smehw，”Cnnr says.
Cnnr has never been married; he has n kids f his wn. But he has fallen hard fr these babies.
“I've always respected him, but nw it's t an even different degree—really t the pint where I try t emulate (努力赶上) him，”Pat says.“He's the epitme (典范) f a man f service.”
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了加州拉肯亚达的圣弗朗西斯高中数学老师吉姆·康纳的故事。
1．What d we learn frm paragraph 2?
A．Schl can never be fun.
B．Cnnr is highly demanding.
C．Cnnr's students drive him crazy.
D．Cnnr thinks educatin is fr all.
B 细节理解题。根据第二段中康纳所说的话可知，康纳对学生要求很高。
2．What did Pat find ut abut Mr. Cnnr?
A． Mr. Cnnr dnated bld as well as his time.
B．Mr. Cnnr was awarded fr his lve tward babies.
C．Mr. Cnnr used t be a very strict teacher.
D．Mr. Cnnr had a unique teaching philsphy.
A 细节理解题。根据第五段内容可知，康纳先生不仅捐了血，还贡献了自己的时间在医院做志愿者。
3．Which f the fllwing is TRUE abut Mr. Cnnr?
A．He wrks tw shifts every day fr a living.
B．He has his alter eg in the eyes f his students all the time.
C．He has the ability t cnnect with thse kids he hlds.
D．He falls hard fr thse sick kids s he decided nt t have his wn.
C 细节理解题。根据第六段和第七段内容可知，康纳先生有能力和那些被他抱着的孩子们交流。
4．What is the best title fr the passage?
A．Bnding with Babies in Need f Lve
B．A Real Lessn Is Life Thrugh Learning Calculus
C．Everybdy Keeps Smething Under His Hat
D．Tugh Teacher Has a Sft Heart
D 标题归纳题。根据第二段后三句可知，康纳对学生要求很高，是一名严格的老师；根据第五、第六段内容可知，康纳先生不仅捐血，还会做志愿者照顾孩子，有一颗柔软的心。由此可知，D项最适合作文章标题。
B
(2024·江门一模)New wrds emerge in English all the time. In fact, in recent years mre new wrds and phrases are entering the language than ever befre, partly due t the increased willingness f lexicgraphers (词典编纂者) t include them in the dictinaries.
Jhn Alge wh studies the histry f language says，“As ur culture changes, the language changes. American culture is ging thrugh a time f rapid change.”
Technlgy is mving fast, which has a big effect n language. The cmputer wrld prduces hundreds f new wrds. New terms als cme frm business, medicine, and ther fields.
Many new English wrds cme frm ther languages. David Jst helps create the American Heritage Dictinary.“We cnstantly brrw wrds frm ther cultures，”he says.“This will g n frever in cultures.”
“Peple in many parts f the wrld speak English nw. That is anther reasn why s many new wrds are entering the language，”says Alge.
The American Dialect Sciety has a cntest each year. The sciety selects a “new wrd f the year”， which gains high level f ppularity n media fr sme days. Last year the winner was“infrmatin superhighway”， referring t a whle set f electrnic netwrk f infrmatin and peple getting access t this netwrk by cmputer.
New wrds ften cme in several frms, such as the back-frmatin (like enthuse frm enthusiasm), the clipping (like z frm zlgical garden), and the cmpunding, etc. Over time, ne frm tends t win ut. Take the cmpunding fr instance.“Dmestic partners” has been grwing ppular lately, even thugh many terms have been used t describe cuples wh live tgether but are nt married.
“A new wrd rarely can be traced t ne surce，”says Alge.“Several peple tend t create a new wrd when a need fr ne exists.”
“Mst new wrds have a limited life ‘span’，”say language experts. Only a few will survive thrugh the next 100 years.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了随着英语中新词的不断出现，英语进入了快速发展和变化的阶段。
5．What might have least effect n English language?
A．Culture. B．Technlgy.
C．Other languages.D．Language cntests.
D 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“As ur culture changes, the language changes.”、第三段第一句“Technlgy is mving fast, which has a big effect n language.”和第四段第一句“Many new English wrds cme frm ther languages.”可知，文化、科技和其他语言都对英语有很大影响。
6．What des the writer want t demnstrate by mentining “dmestic partners”？
A．It is a cmpunding wrd.
B．New wrds ften cme in several frms.
C．Over time, ne frm tends t win ut.
D．A new wrd rarely can be traced t ne surce.
C 推理判断题。根据画线词前两句可知，作者提到“家庭伴侣”是为了证明随着时间的推移，一种构词形式往往会胜出。
7．What can we learn frm the passage?
A．New wrds ccur all f a sudden.
B．New wrds will becme ld r extinct.
C．Infrmatin technlgy helps the American Dialect Sciety.
D．American culture changes rapidly as well as English language.
B 细节理解题。根据最后一段内容可知，新词会变老或消失。
8．What's the best title f this passage?
A．New Wrds Develping Naturally
B．English Language Changing Rapidly
C．English Vcabulary in a State f Develpment
D．New Wrds Influencing English Language
C 标题归纳题。通读全文可知，文章介绍了不断发展变化的英语词汇。
C
(2024·大同模拟)The impact f the man-made climate crisis n Antarctica is scientifically undeniable: stable ice shelves are retreating, air temperature increased by 3 degrees Celsius. Krill (磷虾) numbers are declining, melting ice is cntributing t sea level rise, and seals are getting displaced. “Antarctic bidiversity culd decline substantially by the end f the century if we cntinue with business as usual，” Jasmine Rachael Lee, lead authr f the University f Queensland study says.
Published in the jurnal PLOS Bilgy, the study finds ppulatin declines are likely fr 65% f the cntinent's plants and wildlife by the year 2100. The mst vulnerable (脆弱的) species is the Emperr penguins. In Octber 2022, the U．S. Fish and Wildlife Service listed Emperr penguins as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act(ESA), as experts predict the flightless seabird will see a 26% t 47% dip in its ppulatin by 2050. “This listing reflects the grwing extinctin crisis and highlights the imprtance f the ESA and effrts t cnserve species befre ppulatin declines becme irreversible (不可逆转的)，” said Service Directr Martha Williams at the time.
Aside frm Emperr penguins, ther Antarctic species, like the Adélie penguins and dry sil nematdes, were als highly vulnerable. We urgently need a cmbinatin f glbal and lcal cnservatin actin t best cnserve Antarctic species. Glbal actin and glbal vices are t help relieve climate change—because the biggest threat t Antarctica is cming frm utside f it. And then we need lcal actins t help prtect bidiversity against lcal threats and give them the best chance f adapting t climate change. This will help t save ur icnic (代表性的) species like the Emperr penguins and all f Antarctica's unique and highly adapted inhabitants. It will als help humankind, as we rely heavily n the priceless services the Antarctic prvides in regulating ur climate and capturing sea level in its ice sheets.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章说明了到2100年，南极洲65%的植物和野生动物将减少，现有的保护工作不足以保护南极的生态系统，我们迫切需要全球行动，来保护南极物种。
9．What can we learn frm paragraph 1?
A．The impact f climate crisis is usually denied.
B．Cnservatin effrts are badly needed.
C．Air temperature n Antarctic increases 3℃ annually.
D．Sea level rise results in seabirds lsing their habitats.
B 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Antarctic bidiversity culd decline substantially by the end f the century if we cntinue with business as usual”可知，保护工作是迫切需要的。
10．Why is the Emperr penguins mentined in paragraph 2?
A．T serve as a call t prtect wildlife n Antarctic.
B．T reflect the grwing ppulatin f wild species.
C．T prve the effectiveness f the Endangered Species Act.
D．T highlight the severe impact f rising temperature.
A 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句中的“This listing reflects the grwing ”可知，帝企鹅列入名单是一个行动号召，以此让我们保护南极洲的野生动物。
11．What is prbably the best cnservatin plicy?
A．Reducing the chances f making a trip t Antarctic.
B．Making jint effrts t relieve climate change.
C．Attempting t prvide essential nutrients t the ecsystem.
D．Cntinuing t carry frward the Endangered Species Act.
B 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“We urgently need a cmbinatin f glbal and lcal cnservatin relieve climate change”可知，我们迫切需要全球和地方的联合保护行动，这有助于缓解气候变化。
12．What is the best title fr the passage?
A．Plants and Wildlife n Antarctica Will Decline Quickly
B．Antarctic Species Are Vulnerable t Human Threats
C．Mre Actins Shuld Be Taken t Prtect Wildlife n Antarctica
D．The Best Cnservatin Strategy Will Be Carried Out Sn
C 标题归纳题。通读全文可知，文章说明了到2100年， 南极洲65%的植物和野生动物将减少，因此我们要采取更多的行动来保护南极的野生物种，C项最适合作文章标题。
专题强化练(九)
A
(2024·广州越秀区模拟)There are days when I find it necessary t step utside my classrm and check t be sure that my name is still in the TEACHER space ver my dr. Smetimes I feel that I am a student in my classrm rather than the teacher.
Seated in the classrm, my sixth grade students each held a different tl in the hand. The students discussed hw wrds are like tls—they have the ability t build r t destry, and they discvered hw the right tl used at the right time fr the right jb can prduce great results. I watched and listened with a sense f satisfactin. They gt it!
A few days later, ne f my students, Laura, had an unexpected utburst in class. She refused t wrk with her grup. I asked her t excuse herself and t g t ur next dr team center. She marched frm the back f the rm t ur classrm dr—shting me an angry lk, and then prceeded t slam the dr as she left fr the team meeting rm.
Minutes later, I std ver her. Being extremely angry abut her disrespectful behavir, I was sharp in my tne and harsh with my wrds. When I paused fr her respnse, she stated，“Yu're using yur tl against me.”I was speechless.
There are times when yu are at a critical crssrads with a student and the rad yu chse will make all the difference. I knew at that mment the right thing t d was t kneel dwn next t her chair, and sftly say，“Yu're right, Laura. I have used my wrds unwisely and unkindly. Will yu frgive me？”She lked me in the eye and simply said，“Yes, I frgive yu, Mrs. Ekre. I'm srry, t.”
At the end f the year, she wrte me a beautiful letter, attached t which was a small key—a tl, she said, fr a language arts teacher wh taught her hw imprtant wrds can be. It serves as my reminder f a lessn I taught as a teacher but ne I really learned frm my student.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者作为老师的一次授课经历，让自己意识到老师也可以从学生那里学到一些东西的故事，同时也暗示了言语的力量之大。
1．Why des the writer feel she is a student?
A．Her students ften challenge her.
B．Her name is nt in the TEACHER space.
C．Her students transfrm her ideas.
D．She abuses her pwer as a teacher.
C 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“It serves as my reminder f a lessn I taught as a teacher but ne I really learned frm my student.”并结合作者在教学中与劳拉发生的不愉快的经历可知，劳拉的行为让作者意识到老师也可以从学生那里学习，所以作者觉得自己是一名学生。
2．What made the writer speechless when dealing with Laura?
A．Laura's angry lk.
B．Laura's abrupt explsin.
C．Laura's slamming the dr.
D．Laura's accusatin against her.
D 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“When I paused fr her respnse, she stated，‘Yu're using yur tl against me.’”可知，劳拉指控作者用言语对付她，这让作者无言以对。
3．Which wrds can best describe the writer?
A．Caring but stubbrn.
B．Tlerant and pen-minded.
C．Strict and changeable.
D．Sincere and flexible.
B 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中作者和劳拉的对话可知，作者向学生劳拉诚挚地道歉并征得她的原谅，由此可以看出作者的宽容与豁达。
4．What is the passage mainly abut?
A．The pwer f wrds.
B．The imprtance f teaching.
C．The value f frgiveness.
D．The beauty f understanding.
A 主旨大意题。根据最后一段第一句并结合全文可知，言语是一种工具，可能会伤人，但也能安慰人，所以劳拉在给老师的信中说到言语很重要，由此可推知，本文主要讲述的是言语的力量。
B
(2024·山东省实验中学一模)We all knw eating ultra-prcessed fds that make ur lives easier—such as sauces, and frzen pizza—isn't gd fr ur health. Studies have fund they can raise ur risk f besity, heart prblems, diabetes and cancer. They may even shrten ur lives. Nw, a new study has revealed eating mre ultra-prcessed fds may cntribute t verall cgnitive decline, including the brain executive functining—the ability t prcess infrmatin and make decisins.
“While in need f further study, the new results are quite cmpelling and emphasize the critical rle fr prper nutritin in preserving and prmting brain health and reducing risk fr brain diseases，”said Tanzi, prfessr at Harvard Medical Schl. He was nt invlved in the study but he said in his bk，“They, are, very high in sugar, salt and fat, prmting systemic inflammatin (发炎), perhaps the mst majr threat t healthy aging. Meanwhile, since they are cnvenient and quick, they als replace fiber fds imprtant fr maintaining the health and balance f bacteria in yur gut，” he added，“which is particularly imprtant fr brain health and reducing risk f age-related brain diseases like Alzheimer.”
The study, presented at the 2022 Alzheimer's Assciatin Internatinal Cnference, fllwed ver 10，000 Brazilians fr 10 years.“In Brazil, ultra-prcessed fds make up 25% t 30% f ttal calrie intake. It is nt very different frm many ther Western cuntries，”said cauthr Dr. Suemt. Ultra-prcessed fds are defined as industrial frmulatins f fd substances cntaining little r n whle fds and typically include flavrings, clrings and ther chemical additives, accrding t the study.
“Peple cnsuming ver 20% f daily calries frm prcessed fds had a 28% faster decline in glbal cgnitin and a 25% faster decline in executive functining cmpared t peple wh nt，”said study cauthr Natalia. Thse in the study wh ate the mst ultra-prcessed fds were “mre likely t be yunger, had higher educatin and incmes, and were mre likely t have never smked”．
“Peple need t knw they shuld ck mre，”Suemt said.“And it's wrth it because yu're ging t prtect yur heart and guard yur brain，”she added.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。一项新的研究表明，吃过多的超加工食品可能会导致整体认知能力下降，包括大脑执行功能——处理信息和做出决定的能力。
5．What des the underlined wrd “cmpelling” mean in paragraph 2?
A．Cnvincing.B．Surprising.
C．Suspicius.D．Invaluable.
A 词义猜测题。根据画线词前的“While in need f further study”以及下文可知， while引导让步状语从句，表示“虽然”，说明虽然还需要进一步的研究，但新的研究结果相当令人信服。故画线词意思是“令人信服的”。
6．What d we knw frm the passage?
A．Whever never cks is sure t develp Alzheimer.
B．Ultra-prcessed fds nly affect yur executive functin.
C．Tanzi is the first t find the prblem with ultra-prcessed fds.
D．Brazilians' calrie intake is nt different frm mst westerners.
D 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“In Brazil, ultra-prcessed fds make up 25% t 30% f ttal calrie very different frm many ther Western cuntries”可知，巴西人的卡路里摄入量与大多数西方人没有什么不同。
7．Wh is likely t eat mre ultra-prcessed fds?
A．An ld beggar.B．A heavy smker.
C．A yung prfessr.D．A lw-incme man.
C 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“Thse in the study...‘mre likely t be yunger, had higher educatin and smked’．”可知，一位年轻的教授可能会吃更多的超加工食品。
8．What's the main idea f this passage?
A．Ultra-prcessed fds can harm yur health.
B．Fiber fds can reduce the risk f Alzheimer.
C．Fiber fds may maintain the balance f bacteria.
D．Ultra-prcessed fds will lead t cgnitive decline.
D 主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句并结合全文可知，文章的主旨是超加工食品会导致认知能力下降。
C
(2024·邯郸一模)Schl is imprtant fr children and parents everywhere, and there are a lt wh take the educatin f yuth very seriusly. Parents want their children t succeed, and a lt f children want t d well in schl. A new study, which was dne by Brigham Yung University, has fund that students perfrm better in schl if they g n mre cultural field trips.
Field trips have always been seen as fun fr students, and they lk frward t their chances t get ut f the classrm and g smewhere fun. But field trips can be difficult fr teachers t plan, because they need t make sure that there is learning and value included. Sme have argued abut the wrth f field trips, and whether they are wrth a student missing a whle day ut f schl.
Hwever, Heidi Ericksn, ne f the researchers in the study, stated that there is n harm in taking students ut f the classrm, even fr multiple days thrughut the year, as lng as they are learning and in an apprpriate space. The study had 4th- and 5th-grade students frm 15 schls take part in this study. They went n three cultural field trips during the schl year: t an art museum, a live theater perfrmance, and a classical cncert. Then the researchers lked at their schl year cmpared t students wh did nt take part and this is where they saw the difference.
The study fund that students wh went n multiple field trips a year had higher test scres, perfrmed better in class and had a greater cultural respnsibility ver time when cmpared t students wh did nt g n as many field trips.
Althugh there has been a remarkable decrease in the number f field trips due t varius reasns, this new study is shwing the true value f field trips, especially when they are cnsidered “cultural”．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了户外教学，尤其是文化旅游活动，能提高学生的成绩。
9．Why is it hard fr teachers t plan field trips?
A．Teachers are cncerned abut the price.
B．Teachers dn't believe in the wrth f field trips.
C．Students have t miss a whle day ut f schl.
D．Teachers have t ensure students' meaningful experiences.
D 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“But field trips can be and value included.”可知，户外教学对教师来说很难计划，因为他们需要确保其中包含了知识和价值并确保这是有意义的经历。
10．What is Heidi Ericksn's attitude t cultural field trips?
A．Skeptical.B．Favrable.
C．Cncerned.D．Tlerant.
B 观点态度题。根据第三段第一句可知，海蒂·埃里克森对文化旅游活动持肯定态度。
11．Hw did the researchers draw the cnclusin?
A．By asking students questins.
B．By taking field trips themselves.
C．By ding surveys amng teachers.
D．By cmparing different grups f students.
D 推理判断题。根据第三段和第四段内容可知，研究者通过对比经常参与文化旅游活动和不参加文化旅游活动的学生得出了结论。
12．What is the main idea f the passage?
A．Cultural field trips imprve students' grades.
B．Students perfrm better in an apprpriate space.
C．Why cultural field trips are ppular with students.
D．Why the number f students' field trips is drpping.
A 主旨大意题。通读全文尤其是第一段最后一句可知，本文主要讲述的是文化旅游活动对提高学生的学习成绩有帮助。
专题强化练(十)
A
(2024·江门一模)It's unlikely that we'll see a dd, a flightless bird, walking this earth anytime again, accrding t Beth Shapir, an evlutinary mlecular bilgist.
“When mst peple think abut de-extinctin, they're imagining clning，”Shapir said. Clning, the apprach that created Dlly, the sheep in 1996 and Elizabeth Ann, the black-fted ferret in 2020, creates an identical genetic cpy f an individual by putting DNA frm a living adult cell int an egg cell frm which the nucleus (细胞核) has been remved. Adult cells cntain all the DNA needed t develp int a living animal. Egg cells then use that DNA as a blueprint t turn themselves int many kinds f cells—skin, rgans, bld and bnes—the animal needs.
“But n living cells frm dds exist. Instead，”Shapir said，“yu'd have t start with a clsely related animal's genme (基因组) and then change it int ne similar t dds.”Fr example, mammths (猛犸象) are als extinct, but they were very clsely related t mdern Asian elephants, s researchers are attempting t bring mammths back frm extinctin by creating a hybrid mammth with sme mammth genes replacing part f the elephant genme in an elephant egg cell. Hwever, there are likely millins f genetic differences between the genme f an Asian elephant and that f a mammth accrding t Shapir.
As fr the dd, its clsest living relative is the Nicbar pigen. Mammths and Asian elephants are pretty clsely related, whereas it had been mre than 20 millin years since the dd and the Nicbar pigen had any cmmn ancestrs. Genetic differences between the tw bird species are therefre much greater, making it a frmidable task t create a successful hybrid in the lab, Shapir said.
Even if scientists manage t bring dds back, the island where they nce lived is a very different place nwadays, which makes it impssible t reintrduce dds withut majr interventin.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇新闻报道。文章报道了进化分子生物学家贝丝·夏皮罗对复活渡渡鸟持消极的态度。
1．What is paragraph 2 mainly abut?
A．The special rle f DNA．
B．The prcess f clning.
C．The develpment f clning.
D．The cmplexity f clning.
B 段落大意题。根据第二段内容可知，该段主要介绍了克隆的步骤。
2．What des Shapir want t shw by the example f mammths?
A．Dds are harder t bring back t life.
B．Their living cells are hard t preserve.
C．Clning can be used t recreate extinct animals.
D．They share a similar genme with Asian elephants.
A 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Hwever, there are likely millins f genetic t Shapir.”可知，要利用亚洲象来复活猛犸象是非常困难的；并结合第四段第二、第三句可知，渡渡鸟和尼科巴鸽子的差异远比猛犸象和亚洲象的差异大得多，所以复活难度会更大。由此可推知，夏皮罗想通过猛犸象的例子说明渡渡鸟比猛犸象更难复活。
3．What des the underlined wrd “frmidable” mean in paragraph 4?
A．Urgent. B．Pssible.
C．Tugh.D．Different.
C 词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句中的“Genetic differences between the tw bird species are therefre much greater”可知，渡渡鸟和尼科巴鸽子差异非常大，由此可推知，复活渡渡鸟是艰巨的任务，画线词与tugh意思相近，意为“艰难的”。
4．What is Shapir's attitude twards the rebirth f dds?
A．Favrable.B．Intlerant.
C．Objective.D．Negative.
D 观点态度题。通读全文可知，文章介绍了复活渡渡鸟的种种困难，由此可推知，夏皮罗对复活渡渡鸟持消极的态度。
B
(2024·株洲一模)Sitting at the tp f a muntain n La Gmera Island, Antni issued an invitatin t three visiting hikers in the distance—“Cme ver here. We're ging t treat yu t lunch.”—withut speaking wrd：He whistled (吹口哨) it. Antni, 71, said in his yuth, when natives rather than turists walked the rcky ftpaths f his island, his news wuld have been greeted right away by a respnding whistle, lud and clear. But his message was lst n these hikers, and they cntinued their jurney.
Antni is a prud guardian f La Gmera's whistling language, which he called “the petry f my island”. He added，“Like petry, whistling des nt need t be useful in rder t be special and beautiful.”The language, fficially knwn as Silb Gmer, replaces written letters with whistled sunds that vary by pitch (高音) and length. Unfrtunately, there are fewer whistles than Spanish letters, s a sund can have multiple meanings, causing misunderstandings.
With its distinct gegraphy, it's easy t see why whistling came int existence n La Gmera. On mst f the island, deep valleys run frm high peaks dwn t the cean, and plenty f time and effrt are required t travel even a shrt distance verland. Whistling develped as a gd alternative way t deliver a message, with its sund carrying farther than shuting—as much as tw miles acrss sme valleys with favrable wind cnditins.
In 2009, the island's language was added by UNESCO t its list f the Intangible Cultural Heritage f Humanity. But with whistling n lnger essential fr cmmunicatin, Silb Gmer's survival mstly relies n a 1999 law that has made teaching it a necessary part f La Gmera's schl curses. Erin Gerhards, a lcal girl keen t imprve her whistling, said，“Whistling is a way t hnr the peple that lived here in the past and t remember we didn't start with technlgy but simple beginnings.”
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了拉戈梅拉岛哨语。
5．Hw did the hikers react t Antni's invitatin?
A．They ignred it.
B．They waved their hands.
C．They whistled back.
D．They stpped suddenly.
A 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“But his message was lst n these hikers, and they cntinued their jurney.”可知，徒步旅行者无视了安东尼奥的邀请。
6．Why is La Gmera's whistling language likely t be misinterpreted?
A．Because it is a frm f petry.
B．Because the same sund carries different meanings.
C．Because it isn't useful in life.
D．Because its sunds include varius pitches and lengths.
B 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句可知，因为哨音的数量比西班牙字母要少，所以一个声音可能有多种含义，从而导致误解。
7．What is paragraph 3 mainly abut?
A．The turist attractins f La Gmera.
B．The gegraphic features f La Gmera.
C．The reasn fr whistling's use n La Gmera.
D．The cmparisn between whistling and shuting.
C 段落大意题。根据第三段内容尤其是第一句可知，本段主要讲述了在拉戈梅拉岛上使用哨语的原因。
8．What can be inferred frm paragraph 4?
A．Erin figures ut hw islanders lived befre.
B．Silb Gmer is taught in La Gmera's schls.
C．Technlgy utweighs traditins n La Gmera.
D．Silb Gmer is imprtant in daily cnversatins.
B 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Silb Gmer's survival curses”可知，法律规定将哨语作为拉戈梅拉学校课程的必要组成部分。由此可推知，拉戈梅拉岛的学校教授哨语。
C
(2024·广州三校联考)Researchers have successfully changed the bld type f a dnated human lung by treating it with enzymes (酶), marking an imprtant step twards making universal dnr rgans.
Bld types are largely defined by the presence r absence f certain sugar mlecules (分子) called antigens n the surface f cells. These can ccur nt just n the cells f the bld itself, but ther tissues. If an antigen isn't recgnized by the bdy's immune system, it will munt an attack n these cells. This leads t the rejectin f transplanted rgans frm a dnr with a different bld type.
Peple with the mst cmmn bld type, O, lack these antigens n their cells, s their rgans can be accepted by peple with ther bld types. If all dnr rgans culd be made type O, fr example, the lungs frm smene with bld type A, this culd be beneficial.
T try this, Cypel and his team used a pair f enzymes in the human stmach t digest sugars. They fund the enzymes culd remve 97 percent f type A antigens in the lungs frm a type A dnr in 4 hurs, which meant the cells had been effectively changed t bld type O.
After this treatment, the altered lungs were kept alive using a system knwn as ex-viv lung perfusin (离体肺灌注), which supplies rgans with nutritius fluid s they are ready fr transplantatin. T simulate a transplant, Cypel's team added type O bld, which cntains antibdies that wuld attack type A antigens, t the fluid supplying the lungs. The treated lungs had minimal antibdy damage cmpared with untreated lungs.
Althugh cells rid f antigens tend t prduce new nes ver time, Cypel hpes the lack f antigens wuld last lng enugh fr the bdy t get thrugh the dangerus first few days and weeks after a transplant. The team nw intends t test the prcedure in animals. The study nly lked at the effects f a simulated transplantatin ver the shrt term, which isn't enugh t assess whether the resurfaced antigens culd eventually have a negative effect.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了通过改变血型的方式使得器官捐赠更为普遍。
9．Which f the fllwing may decide the bld type f a persn?
A．Sugar.B．Enzymes.
C．Antibdy.D．Antigens.
D 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Bld types are largely n the surface f cells.”可知，血型主要是由细胞表面有无抗原来界定的。
10．Why shuld the bld type f the dnr rgans be changed int type O?
A．Type O is better than ther bld types.
B．Type O is mre accessible t researchers.
C．Organs with type O can be mre acceptable.
D．Organs with type O can help digest antigens.
C 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Peple with the mst cmmn bld type, O． peple with
ther bld types.”可知，O型血中不存在抗原，所以他们的器官可以被不同血型的人接受。
11．What d we knw abut the treated lungs frm the passage?
A．The bld type was temprarily changed.
B．Signs f severe rejectin happened t them.
C．There was n effective way t keep them alive.
D．The enzymes were f little use in the treatment.
A 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“They fund the enzymes culd type O．”可知，血型A捐赠者肺里97%的A型抗原已经被清除，这意味着这些细胞已经被暂时转化为血型O。
12．What is the last paragraph mainly abut?
A．Practical suggestins fr future study.
B．Detailed explanatins f the findings.
C．Ptential applicatins f the discvery.
D．Majr limitatins f the present study.
D 段落大意题。根据最后一段内容可知，该段主要是在讲目前研究存在的一些局限性。涵盖性强
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