专题16 阅读理解主旨大意题- 2025年高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练（天津专用）

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高考阅读理解选材来源广泛，多源于国外英文图书、报刊、网络媒体，语言地道纯正，具有鲜明的语言文化特点。体裁包括记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文等，涉及科普、社会、文化、地理、历史、政治、经济、人文、日常生活等领域。命题主要考查细节理解、主旨大意、词义猜测及推理判断。
主旨大意题考查的是考生对文章内容的深层次理解,它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下,对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。主旨大意题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力,也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。文章中没有明显的解题依据,需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括,才能归纳出文章的主旨。
【设题趋势】
1.段落大意题What des the authr tell us in f the fllwing can best summarize is mainly abut?等。
2.文章大意题What’s the main idea/pint f the passage?Which f the fllwing best states the main idea f the passage?Which f the fllwing statements best expresses the main idea/theme f the passage?等。
3.标题归纳题Which f the fllwing is the best title f the passage?What wuld be the best title fr the passage?等。
题型01 段落大意题
【题型诠释】
要准确概括某段的大意,务必要知道该段的逻辑结构：如果该段是按总分结构组织,主题句就在段首;如果按分总结构组织,主题句就在段尾;如果按分总分的结构组织,则主题句在中间;如果按总分总的结构组织,我们可以很明显地看到一段的首句和末句的内容几乎完全一致,正确答案就呼之欲出了;如果按并列式行文,这种结构的段落一般会在一段中讨论两个平行的内容,整个段落可以从中间处分开,前后是平行关系,这样的段落结构对应的答案通常也会是很明显的并列关系;如果对比各事物,那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。
【典例】
This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t always the same.Sme peple will tend t verestimate, and sme t underestimate.When enugh f these errrs are averaged tgether, they cancel each ther ut, resulting in a mre accurate estimate.If peple are similar and tend t make the same errrs, then their errrs wn’t cancel each ther ut.In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent.If fr whatever reasns, peple’s errrs becme crrelated r dependent, the accuracy f the estimate will g dwn.
32.What is Paragraph 2 f the text mainly abut?
A.The methds f estimatin. B.The underlying lgic f the effect.
C.The causes f peple’s errrs. D.The design f Galtn’s experiment.
【解答思路】
第一步:扫描题干,找关键词。关键词: What, Paragraph 2, abut
第二步:根据关键词,定位信息。定位原文信息:This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t always the same.Sme peple will tend t verestimate, and sme t underestimate.When enugh f these errrs are averaged tgether, they cancel each ther ut, resulting in a mre accurate estimate.If peple are similar and tend t make the same errrs, then their errrs wn’t cancel each ther ut.In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent.If fr whatever reasns, peple’s errrs becme crrelated r dependent, the accuracy f the estimate will g dwn.(第二段)
第三步:根据关键词和定位信息可知,第一段引出了“群体智慧”效应,并解释什么是“群体智慧”效应,即大量人独立做估计,如果把这些独立估计平均起来,得到的平均数还是很准确的。紧接着,第二段分析为什么会这样,原因是有些人会高估,有些人会低估,如果足够多的高估和低估做一下平均,高估和低估引起的误差就会相互抵消,而最终导致一个比较准确的结果。第二段的内容其实是“群体智慧”效应运作的一个深层次的逻辑,故选 B。 反思：解题时,考生很容易误选A项。文章第二段中多次提到有关“估计”的概念,有的是“高估”,有的是“低估”,还有“精确估计”等,其目的是分析“估计的准确性”,可见本段并不是介绍方法,故排除A项。
题型02 文章大意题
【题型诠释】
用浏览法(skimming)找主题句:段落中出现表示转折的词语(如hwever、but、in fact、actually等)时,该句很可能是主题句；首段出现疑问句时,对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨；作者有意识地重复的观点,通常是主旨；反复出现的词语,一般为体现文章主旨的关键词；表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefre、thus、in shrt、cnclude、cnclusin等词,通常是主旨。
【典例】
Live with rmmates? Have friends and family arund yu? Chances are that if yu’re lking t live a mre sustainable lifestyle, nt everyne arund yu will be ready t jump n that bandwagn.
I experienced this when I started switching t a zer waste lifestyle five years ag, as I was living with my parents, and I cntinue t experience this with my husband, as he is nt cmpletely zer waste like me.I’ve learned a few things alng the way thugh, which I hpe yu’ll find encuraging if yu’re ding yur best t figure ut hw yu can make the change in a nt-always-supprtive husehld.
Zer waste was a radical lifestyle mvement a few years back.I remember shwing my parents a vide f Bea Jhnsn, sharing hw cl I thught it wuld be t buy grceries with jars, and have s little trash! A few days later, I came back with my first jars f zer waste grceries, and my dad cmmented n hw silly it was fr me t carry jars everywhere.It came ff as a bit discuraging.
Yet as the mnths f reducing waste cntinued, I did what I culd that was within my wn reach.I had my wn bedrm, s I wrked n remving things I didn’t need.Since I had my wn tiletries (洗漱用品), I was able t start persnalising my rutine t be mre sustainable.I als ffered t ck every s ften, s I prtined ut a bit f the cupbard fr my wn zer waste grceries.Perhaps yur husehld wn’t entirely make the switch, but yu may have sme cntrl ver yur wn persnal spaces t make the changes yu desire.
As yu make yur lifestyle changes, yu may find yurself wanting t speak up fr yurself if thers cmment n what yu’re ding, which can turn itself int a whle husehld debate.If yu have individuals wh are nt n bard, yur wrds prbably wn’t d much and can ften leave yu feeling mre discuraged.S here is my advice: Lead by actin.
27.What is the text mainly abut?
A.Hw t get n well with ther family members.
B.Hw t have ne’s wn persnal space at hme.
C.Hw t live a zer waste lifestyle in a husehld.
D.Hw t cntrl the budget when buying grceries.
【解答思路】
第一步:扫描题干,找关键词。关键词:What, the text, abut
第二步:根据关键词,定位信息。定位原文信息:Chances are that if yu’re lking t live a mre sustainable lifestyle, nt everyne arund yu will be ready t jump n that bandwagn.(第一段)I’ve learned a few things alng the way thugh, which I hpe yu’ll find encuraging if yu’re ding yur best t figure ut hw yu can make the change in a nt-always-supprtive husehld.(第二段)
第三步:根据关键词和定位信息可知,文章第一段中提出问题的具体情形,第二段提出了问题解决的可能性,下文叙述了具体的做法,据此可知文章主要讲述了作者如何在家庭中过零浪费的生活方式。故选C。 反思：解题时,考生很容易误选A项。文章中涉及处理和家庭成员的关系,但是确实是围绕着文章主题展开的,也就是作者如何让家人能够配合过一种零浪费的健康生活,这样A项明显是错误的,需要排除。
题型03 标题归纳题
【题型诠释】
正面肯定法:在理解文章主旨的基础上,揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨; 反面否定法:撇开原文,拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容,然后和原文对照,一一排除不符选项; 研读备选项本身法:研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。
【典例】
Turning sil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sund like tugh wrk fr middle and high schl kids.And at first it is, says Abby Jaramill, wh with anther teacher started Urban Spruts, a schl garden prgram at fur lw-incme schls.
The prgram aims t help students develp science skills, envirnmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles.
Jaramill’s students live in neighbrhds where fresh fd and green space are nt easy t find and fast fd restaurants utnumber grcery stres.“The kids literally cme t schl with bags f snacks and large bttles f sft drinks,” she says.“They cme t us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Thugh sme are initially scared f the insects and turned ff by the dirt, mst are eager t try smething new.
Urban Spruts’ classes, at tw middle schls and tw high schls, include hands-n experiments such as sil testing, flwer-and-seed dissectin, tastings f fresh r dried prduce, and wrk in the garden.Several times a year, students ck the vegetables they grw, and they ccasinally make salads fr their entire schls.
Prgram evaluatins shw that kids eat mre vegetables as a result f the classes.“We have students wh say they went hme and talked t their parents and nw they’re eating differently,” Jaramill says.
She adds that the prgram’s benefits g beynd nutritin.Sme students get s interested in gardening that they bring hme seeds t start their wn vegetable gardens.Besides, wrking in the garden seems t have a calming effect n Jaramill’s special educatin students, many f whm have emtinal cntrl issues.“They get utside,” she says, “and they feel successful.”
27. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Rescuing Schl Gardens B.Experiencing Cuntry Life
C.Grwing Vegetable Lvers D.Changing Lcal Landscape
【解答思路】
第一步:扫描题干,找关键词。关键词: What, title fr the text
第二步:根据关键词,定位信息。定位原文信息:The prgram aims t help students develp science skills, envirnmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles.(第一段);Jaramill’s students live in neighbrhds where fresh fd and green space are nt easy t find and fast fd restaurants utnumber grcery (第二段) students get s interested in gardening that they bring hme seeds t start their wn vegetable (第五段)第三步:根据关键词和定位信息可知,第一段以及下文内容讲述了为了培养学生的科学技能、环保意识以及养成健康的生活方式, Abby Jaramill和另外一位老师在低收入学校发起Urban Spruts菜园项目,这个项目让学生体验菜园生活,对学生影响深远。因此推断B项“体验乡村生活”符合文意,最适合作为本文标题。故选 B。 反思：解题时,考生很容易误选A项,因为文章中提到the garden, grcery stres等信息,但是这些信息都是帮助介绍活动内容,文章主旨是介绍“体验乡村生活”的情况,故排除A项。
【高考真题】
（2023·天津·统考高考真题）Mst peple with gd sense wuld accept that we can and shuld learn frm accidental failures. It wuld be impssible t prgress in anything, after all, withut taking the ccasinal misstep. And by understanding hw we slipped, we can avid falling in the future.
Few wuld advcate making intentinal mistakes, hwever. Yet cnsciusly erring (犯错) can prmte deeper understanding and better recall. The phenmenn is knwn as the derring effect — cming frm “deliberate (故意的) erring” — and when applied prperly, it may bring benefits in many unexpected areas f life.
In ne experiment carried ut at the Natinal University f Singapre, participants were given the task f learning cncepts n a difficult subject. Fr sme terms, they simply cpied ut the crrect definitin; fr thers, they were asked t first add an errr in their descriptin f the term befre crrecting the mistake.
Naturally, yu wuld expect the additin f the errrs t have increased unwanted cnfusin. Yet the exact ppsite was true: the participants wh made deliberate errrs learned abut twice as much as the peple wh simply cpied ut the crrect definitins.
The derring effect culd be applied in ther situatins. S a music teacher may find the additin f deliberate errrs culd help a student remember the right musical ntes. Such a playful apprach culd fuel their creativity fr cmpsitin, if the student lks fr ways t develp thse wrng ntes int smething mre attractive. It is encuraging t discver that by readily accepting ur errrs and wisely placing urselves in the way f being wrng, we can in fact vercme weaknesses and rise strnger.
The derring effect culd be useful fr many ther challenges t. If yu enjy cking, fr example, yu may faithfully fllw a recipe withut questining the instructins. But why nt try t break away frm thse habits and deliberately d the “wrng” thing fr a change, and see where yur derring takes yu? If yu are painting,meanwhile,yu culd relax ne f the cnstraints (限制) that yu usually put n yur wrk and see what yu prduce.
At wrst, yu will have refreshed and deepened yur knwledge f the rules yu nrmally apply, s that yu can be even mre effective next time. At best, yu may just find that yu have discvered smething cmpletely new and unexpected, thrugh a flash f inspiratin that yu wuld have missed with perfectinism. Either way, yur apparent missteps will have mved yu a little clser t true mastery.
5．What culd be the best title fr the passage?
A．The Challenge f Derring
B．Erring Prevents Failure
C．T Err is Fruitful
D．Errrs: Accidental r Intentinal
【答案】 5．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在学习中，我们总是害怕犯错，甚至为犯错而感到羞耻、焦虑。但新研究发现，犯错对学习来说并不是洪水猛兽，甚至，故意犯错还能促进学习进步。
5．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段“Few wuld advcate making intentinal mistakes, hwever. Yet cnsciusly erring (犯错) can prmte deeper understanding and better recall. The phenmenn is knwn as the derring effect — cming frm “deliberate (故意的) erring” — and when applied prperly, it may bring benefits in many unexpected areas f life.(然而，很少有人会主张犯故意的错误。然而，有意识地犯错可以促进更深刻的理解和更好的回忆。这种现象被称为大胆效应——来自“故意犯错”——如果运用得当，它可能会在生活的许多意想不到的领域带来好处)”可知，文章主要介绍了新研究发现，犯错对学习来说并不是洪水猛兽，甚至，故意犯错还能促进学习进步。由此可知，C项“T Err is Fruitful(故意犯错，收获颇丰)挑战主动犯错”适合做文章标题。故选C。
（2021·天津·高考真题）Art is everywhere. Any public space has been carefully designed by an artistic mind t be bth functinal and beautiful. Why, then, is art still s widely cnsidered t be "the easy subject" at schl, insignificant t wider sciety, a waste f time and effrt?
Art can cnnect culture with cmmercial prducts in a way that nt many ther things can; art generates mney and hlds significant emtinal and cultural value within cmmunities. When peple attend a cncert, they are paying fr music, sure, maybe even htel rms, meals, and transprt, but they als gain an incredible experience, a unique atmsphere and a memry that will g thrugh the rest f their lives. Peple dn't just want material things anymre, they want t experience life一the arts are a perfect crssver（交迭）between culture and cmmerce.
Furthermre, the arts can bring cmmunities tgether, reducing lneliness and making peple feel safer. Scial bnds are created amng individuals when they share their arts experiences thrugh reflectin and discussin, and their expressin f cmmn values thrugh artwrks in hnur f events significant t a natin's experience.
The arts clearly have a pretty psitive impact n physical and psychlgical health. It is fund that peple wh frequent cultural places r participate in artistic events are mre likely t gain gd health cmpared t thse wh d nt; mre engagement with the arts is linked t a higher level f peple's wellbeing. The Ryal Sciety f Public Health discvered that music and art, when used in hspitals, help t imprve the cnditins f patients by reducing stress, anxiety and bld pressure.
Children wh are invlved with the arts make greater achievements in their educatin: thse engaged with drama have greater literary ability while thers taking part in musical practice exhibit greater skills in math and languages. Kids with preference fr the arts have a greater chance f finding emplyment in the future. Participating in the arts is essential fr child develpment; encuraging children t express themselves in cnstructive ways culd help t frm healthy emtinal respnses in later life.
Vital t human life, art is celebrated and used by natins acrss the wrld fr varius purpses. Life withut art wuld be bring and dead still, fr art is a part f what makes us human.
25．What is the best title fr this passage?
A．Hw Art Cures Our Hearts
B．Art: A Blessing t Humankind
C．Hw Art Benefits Cmmunities
D．Art: A Bridge Between Cultures
【答案】25．B
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。讲述了艺术这一活动对人类的重要意义，是我们不可或缺的社会生活之一。从赋予商品的商业价值，人类的身心健康和青少年的学术和情感发展等方面论述了艺术的重要意义。
25．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Vital t human life, art is celebrated and used by natins acrss the wrld fr varius purpses. Life withut art wuld be bring and dead still, fr art is a part f what makes us human.”（艺术对人类的生命至关重要，世界各国为各种目的庆祝和使用艺术。没有艺术的生活将是无聊和死气沉沉的，因为艺术是我们人类的一部分。）可见艺术是人类重要的部分，文章中也详细描述了艺术对不同人群的好处。所以短文的最佳标题为“艺术:人类的福祉”。故选择B。
（2021·天津·高考真题）There is smething t be said fr being a generalist, even if yu are a specialist. Knwing a little abut a lt f things that interest yu can add t the richness f a whle, well-lived life.
Sciety pushes us t specialize, t becme experts. This requires cmmitment t a particular ccupatin, branch f study r research. The drawback t being specialists is we ften cme t knw mre and mre abut less and less. There is a great deal f pressure t master ne's field. Yu may pursue training, degrees, r increasing levels f respnsibility at wrk. Then yu discver the pressure f having t keep up.
Sme peple seem willing t wrk arund the clck in their narrw specialty. But such cmmitment can als weaken a sense f freedm. These specialists culd wrk at the ffice until ten each night, then lk back and realize they wuld have lved t have gne hme and enjyed the sweetness f their family and friends, r traveled t exciting places, meeting interesting peple. Mastering ne thing t the exclusin （排 除）f thers can hld back yur true spirit.
Generalists, n the ther hand, knw a lt abut a wide range f subjects and view the whle with all its cnnectins. They are peple f ability, talent, and enthusiasm wh can bring their brad perspective （视角）int specific fields f expertise （专长）.The dctr wh is als a pet and philspher is a superir dctr, ne wh can give s much mre t his patients than just gd medical skills.
Things are cnnected. Let yur expertise in ne field fuel yur passins in all related areas. Sme f yur interests may nt appear t be cnnected but, nce yu explre their depths, yu discver that they are. My editr Tni, wh is als a writer, has edited several histry bks. She has decided t study Chinese histry. Fascinated by the structural beauty f the Frbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested t learn mre abut Chinese philsphy. "I dn't knw where it will lead, but I'm excited I'm n this pursuit."
These expansins int new wrlds help us by giving us new perspectives. We begin t see the intercnnectedness f ne thing t anther in all aspects f ur life, f urselves and the universe. Develp brad, general knwledge and experience. The universe is all yurs t explre and enjy.
10．What culd be the best title fr the passage?
A．Be Mre a Generalist Than a Specialist
B．Specialist r Generalist: Hard t Decide
C．Turn a Generalist int a Specialist
D．Ways t Becme a Generalist
【答案】 10．A
【分析】本文是议论文。文章论述了要当一个多面手，而不是当某方面的专家。
10．主旨大意题。文章第一段提出观点“There is smething t be said fr being a generalist, even if yu are a specialist.”作者提出即使你是一个专家，也应该当一个通才；文章第二段提出“The drawback t being specialists is we ften cme t knw mre and mre abut less and less. ”说明成为专家的不足之处是我们常常对越来越少的知识领域了解得越来越深；第四段中提到“Generalists, …, knw a lt abut a wide range f subjects and view the whle with all its cnnectins.”说明当通才的优点往往对广泛的学科了解得很多，并从整体上来看其中的所有的联系。作者的观点是应该当一个通才。因此文章的标题应为“Be Mre a Generalist Than a Specialist（做一个通才，而不是专家）”。故选A。
（2020·天津·高考真题）After years f bserving human nature, I have decided that tw qualities make the difference between men f great achievement and men f average perfrmance curisity and discntent. I have never knwn an utstanding man wh lacked either. And I have never knwn an average man wh had bth. The tw belng tgether.
Tgether, these deep human urges (驱策力) cunt fr much mre that ambitin. Galile was nt merely ambitius when he drpped bjects f varying weights frm the Leaning Twer at Pisa and timed their fall t the grund. Like Galile, all the great names in histry were curius and asked in discntent, “Why? Why? Why?”
Frtunately, curisity and discntent dn’t have t be learned. We are brn with them and need nly recapture them.
“The great man,” said Mencius (孟子), “is he wh des nt lse his child’s heart.” Yet mst f us d lse it. We stp asking questins. We stp challenging custm. We just fllw the crwd. And the crwd desires restful average. It encurages us t ccupy ur wn little crner, t avid flish leaps int the dark, t be satisfied.
Mst f us meet new peple, and new ideas, with hesitatin. But nce having met and liked them, we think hw terrible it wuld have been, had we missed the chance. We will prbably have t frce urselves t waken ur curisity and discntent and keep them awake.
Hw shuld yu start? Mdestly, s as nt t becme discuraged. I think f ne friend wh culdn’t arrange flwers t satisfy herself. She was curius abut hw the experts did it. Hw she is ne f the experts, writing bks n flwer arrangement.
One way t begin is t answer yur wn excuses. Yu haven’t any special ability? Mst peple dn’t; there are nly a few geniuses. Yu haven’t any time? That’s gd, because it’s always the peple with n time wh get things dne. Harriet Stwe, mther f six, wrte parts fUncle Tm’s Cabinwhile cking. Yu’re t ld? Remember that Thmas Cstain was 57 when he published his first nvel, and that Grandma Mses shwed her first pictures when she was 78.
Hwever yu start, remember there is n better time t start than right nw, fr yu’ll never be mre alive than yu are at this mment.
15．What culd be the best title r the passage?
A．Curius Minds Never Feel Cntented
B．Reflectins n Human Nature
C．The Keys t Achievement
D．Never T Late t Learn
【答案】 15．C
【分析】本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了获得成就的两个关键因素——好奇心和不满足。
15．主旨大意题。根据第一段内容After years f bserving human nature, I have decided that tw qualities make the difference between men f great achievement and men f average perfrmance curisity and discntent. I have never knwn an utstanding man wh lacked either. And I have never knwn an average man wh had bth. The tw belng tgether.及下文论述可知，本文主要论述了获得成就的两个关键因素——好奇心和不满足。由此可知，C项The Keys t Achievement(成就的关键)适合做本文最佳标题。故选C。
（2020·天津·高考真题）Studying a subject that yu feel pintless is never a fun r easy task. If yu're studying histry, asking yurself the questin "why is histry imprtant "is a very gd first step. Histry is an essential part f human civilizatin. Yu will find smething here that will aruse yur interest, r get yu thinking abut the significance f histry.
Histry grunds us in ur rts. Histry is an imprtant and interesting field f study, and learning the histry f ur hme cuntry can give us a deeper, mre meaningful glimpse（一瞥）int ur ancestral pasts, and hw we gt t where we are tday. Many peple feel like they need a sense f cultural belnging, which is smething that studying yur rts and being pen-minded t the evlutin f yur culture can prvide.
Histry enriches ur experience. Reading histry is an amazing experience because it enables us t reflect n the scial and ecnmic life f the peple living lng time ag Accrding t the experts, prblems faced by peple regardless f the past and present are the same. With the infrmatin abut the ancestrs, ne can becme mre experienced in handling challenges f life.
Histry makes us mre empathetic（具有共情能力的）, Studying histry can give us insight （洞察力）int why ur culture des certain things, and hw the past has shaped it int what we knw nw. It als prvides a rather strng fundatin fr empathy acrss cultures. Fear and hate fr thers is usually caused by ignrance （无知）. We're scared f the things that we dn't understand. Histry has the ptential t break dwn thse bundaries by ffering us insight int entire wrlds that wuld therwise be freign t us.
Histry can inspire us t learn mre. what's fantastic abut histry is the way it bradens ur hrizns. It's almst impssible t learn abut ne histrical perid withut having dzens f questins abut related cncepts. Study the 19th century England, and yu might catch a glimpse f Charles Dickens' Oliver Twist. Lk up Charles Dickens, and yu might learn a thing r tw abut realism. Or maybe yu end up switching yur attentin away frm nvels, and discver the histry f rmantic pets in England. It can g anywhere, and there is smething in there fr abslutely anybdy.
The value f histry cannt be underestimated. We dn't have t live in the past, but we can definitely d better by learning frm it and using the lessns learnt t lead mre meaningful lives.
20．What culd be the best title fr the passage?
A．Hw t Build Cultural Identity
B．Why Studying Histry Matters
C．Knw the Past, Knw the Present
D．Histry: a Way t Braden Hrizns
【答案】 20．B
【分析】本文是议论文。开头提出问题为什么历史重要。然后分四方面论述学历史的好处，最后总结扣题说明学历史的意义——历史的价值不可低估，通过从中学习，并利用学到的教训过更有意义的生活。
20．主旨大意题。根据第一段If yu're studying histry, asking yurself the questin" why is histry imprtant" is a very gd first step.提到学历史前先问自己为什么历史重要。下文分四方面论述学历史的好处，最后一段总结扣题说明学历史的意义——历史的价值不可低估，通过从中学习，并利用学到的教训过更有意义的生活。故Why Studying Histry Matters?能概括全文内容。故选B。
【最新模拟】
（2024·天津·一模）We smetimes think that everything was much better and easier in the past. It’s ne f the tricks ur minds play n us, especially when we are in lw spirits.
Actually, it’s unlikely that things were bjectively better in the past. This frm f thinking is called rsy retrspectin, which is a well-studied cgnitive bias. It happens because when we think abut the past, we are mre likely t fcus n psitive generalities than annying details.
If yu think back t a hliday with yur family five years ag, yu’re likely t recall the beautiful views rather than the uncmfrtable bed. In ther wrds, the negative details disappear frm ur memry ver time while the psitive nes remain.
Rsy retrspectin can influence hw we make decisins, and it’s ne f the reasns why we easily return int prblematic relatinships. The lnger it is since we experienced the negative influence f a relatinship, the mre likely we are t let the gd memries utweigh the bad memries and t perhaps frgive unfrgivable behavir. It’s always a gd idea t review ur nstalgic (怀旧的) feelings with a healthy degree f dubt.
But rsy retrspectin des serve an imprtant purpse. It keeps us in a psitive state f mind in the present and is imprtant t ur psychlgical wellbeing. In fact, peple wh tend t remember negative experiences mre than psitive nes are likely t exhibit psychlgical disrders. Research generally suggests that ur happiest days are still t cme. And even if they’re nt, it’s still imprtant t believe that they are. Dn’t shy away frm lking upn the past with a certain degree f nstalgia. But, fr the same reasn, dn’t use the past as an excuse t be unhappy in the present.
14．What’s the main idea f the last paragraph?
A．The gd excuse fr present unhappiness.B．The accuracy f remembering past details.
C．The imprtance f maintaining a psitive mindset.D．The negative impact f recalling past experiences.
【答案】 14．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了我们的大脑倾向于美化过去的经历，解释了这一现象产生的原因以及影响。
14．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“But rsy retrspectin des serve an imprtant purpse. It keeps us in a psitive state f mind in the present and is imprtant t ur psychlgical wellbeing. In fact, peple wh tend t remember negative experiences mre than psitive nes are likely t exhibit psychlgical disrders. Research generally suggests that ur happiest days are still t cme. And even if they’re nt, it’s still imprtant t believe that they are. Dn’t shy away frm lking upn the past with a certain degree f nstalgia. But, fr the same reasn, dn’t use the past as an excuse t be unhappy in the present.(但乐观的回顾确实有一个重要的目的。它让我们保持积极的心态，对我们的心理健康很重要。事实上，那些更倾向于记住消极经历而不是积极经历的人很可能表现出心理障碍。研究普遍表明，我们最幸福的日子还未到来。即使它们不是，重要的是要相信它们是。不要羞于带着某种程度的怀旧去回顾过去。但是，出于同样的原因，不要把过去作为现在不开心的借口)”可知，最后一段的主旨是保持积极心态的重要性。故选C。
（2024·天津河东·一模）“I can’t live withut my mbile phne!” is what I ften hear peple say as they talk abut hw mbiles have becme an essential part f their lives.
The all s cmmn sight f heads bent, eyes staring at mbile screens and fingers busy tapping away repeats itself acrss majr cities arund the wrld. Whenever there is a mment t spare while n the train, taxi r waiting in a queue, peple busy themselves with their mbile phnes.
Sme peple believe ur unhealthy bsessin with mbile phnes is destrying hw we appreciate the little things in life r miss the mments that matter. The truth is that technlgy verall shuld be seen as a tl t imprve ur lives.
Mbile phnes have certainly had a great influence n ur lives, but I truly believe it’s fr the better.
It’s changed the way we cmmunicate, whether fr wrk r play. We are nw less cnstrained (限制) by time and gegraphical lcatin. With my mbile phne, I can dial int cnference calls while stuck in a traffic jam, r reply t urgent e-mails while n the g. I can send a text message r share phts and vides with friends wh aren’t living in the same cuntry. My phne calendar keeps my life rganized, and even Facebk. Twitter, and instant messaging are nw accessible frm mbile phnes!
The mbile revlutin isn’t just changing the lives f urbanite like myself. I knw f a yung Bangladeshi wman named Shmpa Akhter wh is crazy abut fashin and design. She dreamt abut starting her wn business and she did just that, pening a shp in Kushtia featuring her wn creatins. Dealing with suppliers in different twns was a prblem fr Shmpa-purchase rders had t either be hand delivered r mailed ut t suppliers. Shmpa als fund it tugh publicizing (宣传) her business t ptential custmers utside her twn. But nce she learnt t perate the mbile phne, she was addicted. The 25-year-ld businesswman nw stays in tuch easily with her suppliers. Mbile e-mail is a blessing in her life. Wh wuld have thught that mbility culd bring abut such enrmus change? It shuldn’t really be a surprise thugh.
34．Paragraph 5 is mainly abut ____.
A．new functins f mbile phnesB．new changes in Infrmatin Age
C．the advantages f mbile phnesD．the authr’s persnal experiences
【答案】 34．C
【导语】本文为一篇说明文。当代社会，人们在日常生活中沉迷于手机，但是作者认为，手机的出现给我们的生活带来了许多积极的影响。
34．主旨大意题。根据文章第五段“It’s changed the way we cmmunicate, whether fr wrk r play. We are nw less cnstrained (限制) by time and gegraphical lcatin.(它改变了我们沟通的方式，无论是工作还是娱乐。我们现在不再受时间和地理位置的限制)”及“My phne calendar keeps my life rganized, and even Facebk. Twitter, and instant messaging are nw accessible frm mbile phnes!(我的手机日历让我的生活井井有条，甚至是Facebk。Twitter和即时通讯现在可以从手机上访问)”可知，这一段作者描述了手机的优点。故选C项。
（2024·天津红桥·一模）If smene created a flying machine able t track yu dwn by listening fr yur vice, yu might be terrified. But what if yu were trapped in ruins after a natural disaster and first respnders culdn’t lcate yu? Maybe then a human-seeking drne (无人机) wuldn’t be such a terrible idea. That cncept is the fcus fr engineers at Germany’s Fraunhfer FKIE Institute, wh’ve built a drne t find peple by detecting human screams.
“The human seeking drne wuld be ideal fr pst-disaster situatins, such as earth-quakes, hurricanes and wildfires,” said Macarena Varela, ne f the lead engineers. “They culd hver (盘旋) ver an area that rescue crews have difficulty getting t and lcate exactly where peple may be trapped.”
Lcating peple by sund presents its share f challenges. An auditry (听觉的) system wuld need t tell human cries frm sunds that ften happen in nature, such as animal calls and wind. It might als need t recgnize patterns assciated with kicking, clapping r ther ways peple try t get the attentin f rescue teams.
Engineers tk thse situatins int accunt when building ut their cncept drne. They recrded themselves screaming, tapping and creating ther nises they might be a sign f peple in truble. Then, they analyzed each sund frequency t find cmmn signatures and used thse t train artificial intelligence sftware. They als wrked t remve the nise created by the drne and ther envirnmental sunds.
Once the sftware part was cmpleted, the team placed tiny digital micrphnes under the drne and used signal prcessing techniques that enabled them t track where human nises are cming frm. The micrphnes als enhanced the vlume and clearness f the speech. S far, they have cnducted successful pen field experiments, finding that the drne can estimate a victim’s lcatin within a few secnds f picking up sund.
Next, they wuld like t add a higher frequency micrphne t a drne t acquire mre audi sund signals. The idea is t pick up nises frm hundreds f meters away, Varela said. In the real wrld, victim’s lcatin date might ne day be sent wirelessly t emergeney crews carrying a tablet.
50．Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A．AI Enables Drnes t Give Better Perfrmance
B．Human-seeking Drnes Replace Rescue Crews
C．Engineers Teach Drnes t Hunt Human Screams
D．Rescuers Use Drnes t Lcate Disaster Survivrs
【答案】 50．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一款无人机，该无人机能够通过倾听声音而追踪这个人，文章介绍了其工作原理、研发背景和所面临的挑战，包括其设计目的等。
50．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“If smene created a flying machine able t track yu dwn by listening fr yur vice, yu might be terrified. But what if yu were trapped in ruins after a natural disaster and first respnders culdn’t lcate yu? Maybe then a human-seeking drne(无人机) wuldn’t be such a terrible idea. That cncept is the fcus fr engineers at Germany’s Fraunhfer FKIE Institute, wh’ve built a drne t find peple by detecting human screams.(如果有人发明了一种飞行器，可以通过倾听你的声音来追踪你，你可能会感到害怕。但如果你在自然灾害后被困在废墟中，急救人员无法找到你呢？也许到那时，寻找人类的无人机就不会是一个糟糕的主意了。这个概念是德国Fraunhfer FKIE研究所的工程师们关注的焦点，他们制造了一架无人机，通过探测人类的尖叫声来寻找人。)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了德国Fraunhfer FKIE研究所的工程师们制造了一架无人机，通过探测人类的尖叫声来寻找人，C“工程师教无人机捕捉人类尖叫声”。故选C。