专题08 阅读理解（讲义）-2024年新高一英语暑假学习提升计划

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一、细节理解类
（一）明考查方式和考查角度
Ⅰ.把握细节理解题的常见设问方式：
(1)特殊疑问句形式：以when, where, what, which, wh, hw much/many等疑问词开头引出的问题。
(2)填空题形式：通常涉及与主题有关的事实或细节。
(3)就文中数字、排序等提问。
Ⅱ.明晰细节理解题的考查角度：
(1)高频考点：直接信息题；间接信息题。
(2)低频考点：数字计算题；正误判断题；细节排序题。
(二) 细节理解题正确选项特征
同义替换指对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。如把lse ne's jb换成了be ut f wrk。有些细节理解题把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，如把imprtant变换成f imprtance；改变原文中句子的语态，如主动语态与被动语态的转换。
信息归纳用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，设置为正确答案。
正话反说把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。
原文原词利用原文原词作为正确选项。
(三)细节理解题干扰选项特征
张冠李戴是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容。
无中生有符合常识，但不是文章的内容。
曲解文意与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动。
颠倒是非在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。
正误参半部分正确，部分错误。
二、推理判断类
（一）明确考查特点
Ⅰ.把握推理判断题常见的命题方式
(1)We can infer frm the (first ) passage that ________．(2)The passage/authr implies/suggests that ______．
(3)It can be cncluded frm the passage that ______．(4)The main purpse f the passage is ________．
(5)Where des this passage prbably cme frm?(6)What's the authr's attitude twards …?
(7)The writer develped the passage/his main idea by ________．
(8)The first paragraph serves as a(n) ________．
Ⅱ.掌握推理判断题的考查角度
(1)高频考点：推断隐含意义、写作意图、观点态度。
(2)低频考点：推断下段内容、文章出处、读者对象。
(二)推理判断题正确选项特征
推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或证据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点，正确选项一般具有以下特征：
1．“立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。
2．选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念。如nly, never, all, abslutely等，正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇，如ften, usually, smetimes, sme, may, might, can, culd, prbably等。
(三)推理判断题干扰选项特征
1．曲解文意：即推测意义与文章表层意义有区别。推理判断题中有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话，命题者可能会利用里面的词设计出干扰项，看似表达文章的意思，其实是借题发挥，是对原文意思的曲解。
2．张冠李戴：即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起。题干问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是其他人的观点；题干问的是其他人的观点，选项中却出现了作者的观点。
3．偷梁换柱：干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词，却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词，造成句意的改变。
4．无中生有：这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点，但在文章中并无相关的信息支撑点。其次，这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干。
5．鱼目混珠：鱼目混珠类型的干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中，即利用某个词或句子的字面含义代替其在文章特定语境中的具体含义。
6．扩缩范围：为了准确、严密地表达文章内容，命题者特别注意对文意范围的限定，有时通过加上almst, all, nearly, mre than, nrmally, usually等词语对文意加以限制。“扩缩范围”干扰法就是在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语，将信息的范围、程度、感情色彩等改变，从而给考生解题造成干扰的命题方法。
三、词义猜测类
（一）明确考查特点
Ⅰ.把握词句猜测题常见的命题方式
(1)The phrase “...” in the sentence culd be replaced by ________．
(2)The wrd “...” in the paragraph refers t ______．
(3)What is the meaning f the underlined wrd in the ... paragraph？/What des the underlined wrd mean?
(4)Which f the fllwing is the clsest in meaning t the phrase “...”？
(5)The wrd “...” mst nearly means ________．
(6)The underlined sentence in the secnd paragraph implies that ________．
Ⅱ.掌握词句猜测题的考查角度
(1)猜测生词或熟词生义；(2)猜测短语的意义；(3)猜测替代词所替代的内容(如it, ne, they, this, that, these, thse等)；(4)猜测句意。
（二）明确方法技巧
（1）根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测
（2）根据同位关系进行猜测
（3）根据构词法(前缀、后缀、派生、合成等)进行猜测
（4）根据因果关系进行猜测
（5）根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测
（6）根据同义或近义关系进行猜测
（7）根据转折或对比关系进行猜测
（8）意义吻合定句意
四、主旨大意类题型
（一）明确考查特点
Ⅰ.把握主旨大意题常见的命题方式
What is the main idea f the text?
What des the text mainly tell us?
What wuld be the best title fr the text?
The main idea f the first/secnd/third paragraph is ___________.
Paragraph 1/2/3 mainly deals with ___________.
Ⅱ.掌握主旨大意题的考查角度
主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。
（二）明确方法技巧
1.阅读文章的标题或副标题
文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。
2.寻找文章的主题句
分析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句，即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题.若短文由若干段组成，除仔细阅读第一段的首句外，还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句，即段落中心。通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用来说明和阐述主题句。因此，在确定文章的中心思想时，要求学生重视阅读文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常贯穿在全文中，因此要求学生综观全文，对段落的内容要融会贯通，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结。主题句的特点是：1. 相对于其他句子，它表达的意思比较概括；2. 主题句一般结构简单；3. 段落中其他句子必定是用来解释，支撑或发展主题句所表达的思想的。
五、理清文章结构
文章的逻辑结构是文章重要的内在特征，了解篇章段落的逻辑结构对提高阅读理解的准度和速度有着不可估量的作用。因此，在平时的阅读理解训练中要强化领悟段落、篇章结构及行文逻辑内在规律，长此以往，内化于心，潜移默化形成读文的内在“情思”，这个“情思”就是指与文章情感思路一致的、默契的思维流动。具备了这种“情思”，快读、精读文章就达到了一种至高境界。
(一)记叙文中的“具体事例型段落”——抓住此事例围绕的观点
这种类型的段落整段都在讲具体事例。往往这个事例本身并不重要，而作者是为了证明自己的某个观点才讲了这样一个事例。因此，考生要站在宏观的角度把握这个事例证明了什么观点，或者说明了哪一方面。它的特点就是会有特别具体的描述词，比如某个人名，多次被提到，而且用到的动词也都是一些表示具体动作的动词，而不是观点动词。
(二)说明文中的“对比型段落”——分清层次最重要
这种段落最常见的就是按时间分类说明或按某一特性分类说明。针对这种段落，要特别留意段落中的过渡词，比如，abve all, in additin, finally等等。
(三)议论文中的“总分型段落”或“分总型段落”——一定要找到并读懂主旨句
“总分型段落”排列在一开始就给出了作者的观点或者要说明的主要内容。后面的大部分都在论证这个观点或者进行细节上的说明。针对这种类型的语篇，考生应该做到细读主旨段落，略读细节段落，以读懂主旨为要务。考生会发现文后的题目大都围绕主旨而命题，而偏离主旨的大都是干扰项，而不是正确答案。
“分总型段落”排列在开始和中间都是一些细节型的内容，有时是平行的细节，有时是层层递进，但一直到语篇的最后一段才点出最重要的观点或结论。显然读这种语篇的落脚点应该在结尾处。跟总分型的语篇相比，分总型的语篇有时更耗时间去发现主旨，因此考生们平时做题的时候要多去体会，争取在最短的时间找到主旨。
基础题
一
D yu knw that ver 1/3 f all fd prduced in the wrld ges t waste? Accrding t the United Natins (UN), every year arund the wrld, abut ne billin (十亿) tns f fd is wasted. At the same time, there are nearly ne billin peple wh g hungry. Simply 1/4 f the fd wasted is enugh t keep them ut f hunger. In additin, the wasted fd prduces ver three billin tns f carbn dixide (CO2), which speeds up climate (气候) change. What can we d t slve this fd waste prblem?
One effective slutin is balancing fd prductin with demand (需求). In htels and ther similar places, special instruments shuld be used s that cking specialists just prepare and ck fd as it is rdered.
Anther effective slutin is starting prgrams t reduce (减少) fd waste. Stres and buyers can try their best t be creative in fd waste reductin. Fr example, stres can prvide custmers with instructins telling them hw t make full use f fd. Buyers can try nt fixing their eyes nly n fd f the best quality (质量). Smetimes, the fd f nn-tp quality is als gd enugh t eat, r can be bught and then used t make delicius dishes.
One f the hardest slutins t achieve is fr each and every ne t buy and prepare fd with a plan f their wn s that less fd is wasted. Challenging as it is, the use f meal plans in preparing fd can play an imprtant rle in ending fd waste in the family.
Fd recycling is ne f the knwn slutins. Effrts are nw already in prgress. Fd that is nt safe fr humans t eat is recycled int ther prducts such as animal feeds and clthing. Yet, there is still a lng way t g and much fr imprvement in this area.
In a wrd, fd waste has been ne f the biggest prblems in the wrld that have influenced us greatly. Many slutins have been fund and many mre are yet t be wrked ut. If each f us can put in mre effrts, fd waste is sure t be reduced fr the gd f ur future.
1. Accrding t the passage, what is a pssible result f fd waste?
A. The prblem f wrldwide hunger.B. A big increase in fd prductin.
C The speed-up f climate change.D. A sudden drp in ppulatin.
2. What can we learn frm the passage?
A. Fd recycling has been hugely successful.B. Buyers shuld give up nn-tp quality fd.
C. Stres shuld train peple t make delicius dishes.D. Meal plans in the family are hard t put int practice.
3. What is the passage mainly abut?
A. Benefits f reducing fd waste.B. Slutins t the fd waste prblem.
C. The imprtance f fighting fd waste.D. The attitude t the fd waste prblem.
二
When cnsidering the kind f experience that makes life better, mst peple first think that happiness depends n experiencing pleasure: gd fd, gd jbs, all the cmfrts that mney can buy. If we culdn’t have these, we might as well sit in frnt f the televisin n a quiet evening.
Pleasure is an imprtant part f the quality f life, but by itself it desn’t bring happiness. When peple think further abut what makes a wrthy life, they tend (倾向于) t mve beynd pleasant memries and begin t remember ther events, ther experiences that verlap (有重叠) pleasurable nes but fall int a grup with a separate name: enjyment. Enjyable events take place when peple have nt nly satisfied a need r met sme earlier expectatin, but als achieved smething unexpected.
Enjyment is characterized by a sense f curisity, f achievement. Playing a tennis game that imprves ne’s ability is enjyable, as is reading a bk that shws things in a new light, as is having a cnversatin that leads us t express ideas we didn’t knw we had. Nne f these experiences may be especially pleasurable when they are taking place, but when we think back n them afterwards, we wuld say, “That really was fun” and wish they wuld happen again. After an enjyable event we knw that we have changed, and grwn.
Experiences that give pleasure can als give enjyment, but the tw feelings are quite different. Fr example, everybdy takes pleasure in eating. Hwever, t enjys fd is mre difficult — yu have t pay enugh attentin t a meal, s as t sense and tell its varius tastes. As this example suggests, we can experience pleasure withut any psychic energy, while enjyment happens nly as a result f full attentin. A persn can feel pleasure withut any effrt, as lng as certain parts in his brain are stimulated (刺激). But it’s impssible t enjy a tennis game r a bk withut full attentin. It’s fr this reasn that pleasure des nt last lng, nr des it make us grw. Grwth requires full attentin t gals that are new, that are relatively challenging.
Withut enjyment, life will g n, and it can even be pleasant. But it depends heavily n luck and the external (外部的) envirnment. T achieve persnal cntrl ver the quality f experience, hwever, we need t learn hw t build enjyment int what happens day in, day ut.
1. Yu will mst prbably experience enjyment when yu ________.
A. buy expensive shesB. rder a delicius meal
C. talk with friends fr new ideasD. sit quietly in frnt f a televisin
2. What d yu knw abut pleasure and enjyment frm the passage?
A. Enjyment grws ut f pleasure.
B. Pleasure and enjyment cme hand in hand.
C. Pleasurable experiences are part f enjyable nes.
D. Sme experiences prvide bth pleasure and enjyment.
3. The wrds “psychic energy” in Paragraph 4 are clsest in meaning t ________.
A. attentinB. interestC. abilityD. knwledge
4. The writer prbably agrees that ________.
A. feeling pleasure stps peple frm achieving grwth
B. feeling enjyment cmes with achieving grwth
C. a wrthy life depends n luck and envirnment
D. pleasure is the key t a happy and wrthy life
三
The scientific methd is used fr simple experiments that students may d in the classrm r very difficult experiments that scientists are ding all ver the wrld. It is a way f thinking that helps yu t avid drawing incrrect cnclusins.
There are usually fur steps in the scientific methd, including bservatin (观察), hypthesis (假设), experiment, and cnclusin. The steps may nt always be cmpleted in the same rder, but the first step is usually bservatin and asking a questin abut yur bservatin. Fr example, yu had a sick stmach, and ate a candy bar. An hur later, yu bserved that yu felt much better. Here, yu can ask a questin, such as, “What makes a sick stmach feel better?”
The secnd step is t state a pssible answer t the questin, r a hypthesis, such as “” A gd hypthesis includes three things: The explanatin fr the bservatins, it is able t be tested, and it will usually predict new utcmes r cnclusins.
The third step is the experiment, t test the hypthesis. An experiment is a test which will either challenge r supprt the hypthesis. The hypthesis will then be true r false.
The final step is t think abut what happened when yu tested the hypthesis and draw a cnclusin. The cnclusin will either clearly supprt the hypthesis r it will nt. If the results supprt the hypthesis, a cnclusin can be written and yu can share it with the rest f the wrld. If it des nt supprt the hypthesis, yu may chse t change the hypthesis r write a new ne based n what was learned during the experiment.
1. Which sentence best expresses the main idea f the passage?
A. Hw d the fur basic steps in the scientific methd wrk?
B. What makes a gd hypthesis based n the bservatin?
C. The cnclusin will always clearly supprt the hypthesis.
D. Learning the scientific methd may help students succeed in science.
2. Which sentence shuld g in the empty bx in Paragraph 3?
A. A candy bar makes a sick stmach feel better.
B. It was the medicine yu tk an hur earlier that made yu feel better.
C. Eat a candy bar again, and see what happens t yur sick stmach.
D. Ask peple if eating a candy bar has made a sick stmach feel better.
3. What des the underlined wrd “it” in the last paragraph refer t (指的是)?
A. The hypthesis.B. The cnclusin.
C. The questin.D. The bservatin.
4. Which f the fllwing sentences abut the experiment is TRUE?
A. An experiment is a test t always supprt the hypthesis.
B. An experiment des nt have t be part f the scientific methd.
C. An experiment is a test t either challenge r supprt a hypthesis.
D. An experiment is nly used when scientists are trying t prve a hypthesis.
四
One day, Helen shuts, “Rger, cme and lk at the egg! It’s cracking（裂开）.” Slwly a lng beak（喙）appears. They are unsure what it is.
Dad checks n the cmputer, “Hey, lk! It’s a pterdactyl（翼手龙）.” “A pterdactyl?” shut the children. “Yes, it’s a type f dinsaur. Pterdactyls can fly,” says Dad.
Then Helen names it Dacty.
A mnth later, he grws up. But there is smething wrng with his wings. “My rm is t small and Dacty keeps banging（碰撞）his wings n the walls. I feel srry fr him,” says Helen. Finally, they take Dacty t a vet（兽医）.
Tw weeks later, Dacty’s wings are better. Hwever, he isn’t willing t fly. They phne Aunt Elizabeth. Sn she arrives. “My ffice is very big. It’s perfect fr Dacty during the day. And at night, when the museum is empty, Dacty can fly arund happily.” Then she takes them t the museum. On arriving, they take Dacty ut f the basket. He stretches（伸展）his wings, flies high up and lands n a stne statue.
“Lk, he likes here,” shuts Helen. “Can he see in the dark?” asks Rger. “Yes, they see clearly in the dark, just like wls（猫头鹰）,” says Aunt Elizabeth.
Six mnths passes and Dacty is very big nw. One night, Dacty sees lights mving inside the museum. Tw men—Bert and Eric cme in with trches（手电筒）. They are wearing masks and trying t pen a case（箱子）. Inside it is a mummy（木乃伊）. Suddenly Eric lks up and sees Dacty. He is very scared. “Lk, Bert, there is a huge bird up there.” Bert lks up. Dacty desn’t mve, “Eric, dn’t be silly. It’s nly a statue,” says Bert. “Cme n. I will pen the case. Yu lk fr the gld medallins（大奖章）.” At the mment, Dacty flies dwn and catches Eric. The thief is very scared and he can’t say anything. Dacty flies up and lifts him n tp f a statue. He’s stuck. At nce, Dacty flies dwn again and catches Bert, t. Bth f them are stuck there.
The next mrning, when Aunt Elizabeth cmes in, she sees the brken mummy case and the tw men. They are shuting ludly.
Dacty flies dwn t her. “Here yu are, Dacty,” she says and pets（爱抚）his head. “Thank yu, yu did a great jb.” Then she phnes the plice.
The mayr（市长）shakes Dacty’s wing and puts a big shiny medal ver his head. “Cngratulatins, yu did a great jb.” Then he turns t Aunt Elizabeth, “It’s great t have a big bird as a guard!”
“Dacty is a pterdactyl!” Rger says.
“Dacty is a her nw,” says Aunt Elizabeth.
“A pterdactyl?” shuts anther man. “Ww! They lve warm weather and jungles（丛林）. I wrk in the Btanical Gardens（植物园）.We have a wnderful palm（棕榈）huse, big and warm, just like a jungle. He will lve there. Yu can cme t visit it anytime.”
S nw Dacty is living in the Btanical Gardens. Rger and Helen visit him every day.
(Adapted frm The Surprise)
1. Hw des Dacty hurt his wings?
A. He plays games with the children.B. He falls ff the tree when flying.
C. He bangs n the walls in Helen’s rm.D. He practises flying in the museum.
2. Which wrd can best describe Dacty?
A. Curius.B. Hnest.C. Generus.D. Smart.
3. What is the crrect rder f what happens in the stry?
a.Dacty is taken t see a vet.
b.Helen names the pterdactyl Dacty.
c. Dacty lives in the Btanical Gardens.
d. The thieves steal things in the museum.
A. b-d-a-cB. d-a-b-cC. b-a-d-cD. c-d-a-b
4. What can we infer（推断）frm the stry?
A. All dinsaurs enjy cld weather and jungles.
B. Humans and animals shuld care abut each ther.
C. Children think it necessary t raise an animal at hme.
D. It is better fr a dinsaur t live with humans than in nature.
提高题
一
My First Day f Schl
Frightened, I was walking int my first schl in America. I had traveled a lng distance frm India in rder t jin my parents, wh had been here fr three years, hping America wuld help my future. My father decided that I wuld have a better educatin here, s I enrlled(登记)in the lcal high schl in my new twn.
I was afraid f hw I wuld d. On the first day, I went t my secnd class after I had missed my first. With anxiety, I reached fr the dr, pening it slwly. Withut paying attentin t my classmates, I went straight t the teacher and asked if this was the right class. With a sft vice he answered, “Yes.” His vice cmfrted me a little. He gave me a sheet called Curse Requirements, which I wuld never get in India because we didn't have anything like that. Then he asked me t chse where I wuld sit. I didn't actually want t pick a seat. In India we had fixed seats, s I never needed t wrry abut that. I spent the rest f the class taking ntes frm the image prduced by the verhead prjectr(投影仪). In Indian schls, we didn't use the technlgy. We had t take ntes as the teacher spke.
It was nn. I was very cnfused abut when I wuld have lunch. I went t my next class and the bell rang as I entered. I went thrugh the regular(惯常的) prcess f asking the teacher if I was in the right class. She said, “It's still furth perid.”
“But the bell just rang,” I said.
Changing frm a gentle tne t a harsh(刺耳的)ne, she said, “That is the lunch bell, yung man.”
I aplgized. Withut anther wrd I headed fr the cafeteria. I felt lucky because we didn't have this in India. Every cnfusin seemed like a barrier I had t get thrugh t reach my gal. At the end f the day, I was n my way t the bus which we didn't have in India either. I saw my bus and sat dwn inside happily. I was thinking, tday wasn't s bad.
1.Why did the authr attend an American high schl?
A.Because his father preferred American schls.
B.Because his family wanted him t have a bright future.
C.Because his mther had wrked in it fr 3 years.
D.Because he had been lnging t leave his hmeland.
2.What d we knw abut the authr's first day f schl?
A.He went t the wrng class fr secnd perid.
B.He met sme enthusiastic teachers and classmates.
C.He gt the Curse Requirements sheet frm his classmate.
D.He experienced differences between American and Indian schls in many ways.
3.What des the underlined wrd “barrier” prbably mean?
A.Dr. B.Difficulty.
C.Task. D.Perid.
4.Hw did the authr feel at the end f the day?
A.Wrried. B.Puzzled. C.Happy. D.Sad.
二
Peru is famusly knwn as the “land f the Incas”. A trip t Peru had been n my wish list fr quite a while. It was finally time fr me t visit the cuntry.
My first day started in Lima, the capital f Peru. I met with the G Adventures representative(代表)f the tur here. G Adventures is an rganizatin that helps yu t cnnect with ther like⁃minded peple in small grup⁃based travel adventures. They played a big part in helping t make Peru an unfrgettable experience fr me! In Lima, my representative discussed the plan fr my tur, and I als had the chance t explre Lima in my wn time, with many activities, including a city tur, shw, biking tur, and mre.
Day tw had me taking a flight frm Lima t Cusc. Many peple visit Cusc fr shpping but fr me, the main reasn fr spending a day r tw in Cusc was t adapt t the altitude(海拔). As I'd decided t reach the wnder f Machu Picchu, adaptatin had becme imprtant t aviding altitude sickness. I was happy t spend a day explring Cusc. Cusc was nce the capital f the Inca Empire. Tday, it's famus fr its artists, paintings, clthing and traditinal instruments. There's smething fr everyne in this city.
The day finally came! Day three had me enjying a lvely guided visit t Machu Picchu at sunrise. I had free time t explre the city n my wn as well as with my guide. There was a lt t take in! I had t stp fr a mment and felt the energy f such an ancient city. The histry here is unbelievable and I will never frget my time here fr as lng as I live!
1.What is the authr's attitude t G Adventures?
A.Dubtful. B.Satisfied.C.Uninterested. D.Hpeful.
2.Why did the authr stay in Cusc?
A.T g shpping.B.T find a lcal guide.
C.T get used t the high altitude.D.T d research n the Inca Empire.
3.Hw did the authr feel when traveling arund Machu Picchu?
A.Full f excitement.B.Out f luck.
C.Lst in dubt.D.Deep in regret.
4.What is the best title fr the text?
A.My lve f travelingB.My wnderful trip t Peru
C.Peru: the “land f the Incas”D.Traveling: the future f Peru
三
Eating a light meal
Many f us like t eat ut and treat urselves t delicius fd. We are used t chsing hearty, fat⁃filled dishes and sugary snacks, which are nt easily cked at hme.
The recent rise f light(清淡的) meals, hwever, gives diners a smarter chice. Accrding t Ecnmic Daily, lw⁃calrie, lw⁃fat and high⁃fiber(高纤维的) meals have becme ppular in China's restaurants and nline delivery platfrms.
The cuntry saw a rapid expansin f restaurants specializing in light meals, frm just 600 in 2017 t mre than 3,500 in 2018. Accrding t a reprt released by Meituan, a majr nline fd delivery platfrm, the number f light meals rdered nline als rse 75 percent cmpared t the previus year.
Having a light meal, hwever, desn't mean eating nly vegetables. Different frm the meat⁃free lifestyle, a typical light dish avids ily, salty and spicy fd. Instead, it cntains things like biled meat, whlegrains, fruits and vegetables. Healthy nutrients(营养成分) are the theme f the light meal.
These dishes are useful fr keeping healthy and cntrlling yur weight. That's prbably why s many peple, especially the Millennial generatin(千禧一代), are int them. Diners see it as “a great way t avid blating(变胖),” wrte The Telegraph.
“After eating several light meals, I feel my appetite has shrunk(缩小). I nw prefer light flavrs,” Zu Jing, a cllege teacher in Wuhan, tld China Daily. She shared a picture f her lunch: a mixture f beef, eggs, crn, mushrms and cherry tmates.
These changes in eating behavir are cnnected with deeper changes in hw peple think abut fd, says Walter Willett, chair f the Department f Nutritin at the Harvard T.H. Chan Schl f Public Health, the US.
S next time yu have a party with friends, try a light meal. It will satisfy nt nly yur stmach but maybe als yur heart.
1.What are light meals?
A.Lw⁃calrie and high⁃fiber meals.B.Meat⁃free dishes.
C.Sugary snacks.D.Fat⁃filled dishes.
2.What is the main way that the authr uses t prve the ppularity f light meals?
A.Giving descriptins.B.Giving examples.
C.Listing numbers.D.Shwing ther peple's views.
3.Why d many yung peple enjy light meals accrding t the article?
A.They can help them cntrl their weight.B.They are simple and cnvenient.
C.They are cheaper than ther meals.D.They are usually clrful.
4.What d we knw frm Paragraph 7?
A.Light meals will stay ppular fr a while.
B.There is a change in the attitude twards healthy eating.
C.One's eating habit shws their persnality.
D.It's imprtant t eat the right amunt f gd fd.
四
Phenix, Arizna, the USA was struck by a big sandstrm(沙尘暴) recently. It was a huge dust strm that struck Phenix a little after 7:00 p.m. lcal time.
Arizna has sandstrms particularly during the mnsn(季风) seasn which usually starts frm mid⁃June until the end f September. Hwever, this was the biggest. The clud f dust turned day int night. Sme trees were dwned and gardens were destryed and it cut ff the pwer f thusands f lcal peple in the area, but luckily n death happened. A number f peple's pls became dirty with dust. Peple wh lived in Phenix fr mre than 40 years said that this was the first time they had experienced this huge dust strm. It culd greatly influence peple's health.
The big dust clud started in Tucsn traveling nrth acrss the desert. The huge strm ran up t 60 miles per hur. It was mre than 100 miles wide and a mile high. Besides Phenix and nearby cities, the strm als reached Yuma Cunty in suthwestern Arizna. It reduced the visibility(能见度) in these areas, putting ff the flights at Phenix Sky Harbr Internatinal Airprt.
The strm nly takes place in Arizna, the Sahara Desert and areas f the Middle East, because f the dry envirnment and large amunts f sand. Because f the serius shrtage f rain, there's a large pssibility that the water is plluted because f the strm.
1.In what seasn d sandstrms usually take place in Arizna?
A.In fall and winter.B.In summer and fall.
C.In winter and spring.D.In spring and summer.
2.What des the underlined wrd “this” in Paragraph 2 refer t?
A.The strm. B.The wind.
C.The desert. D.The state.
3.Why was lcal peple lucky after the big sandstrm happened?
A.Peple's health was nt influenced.
B.It didn't d harm t peple's gardens.
C.All the lcal peple in the area survived.
D.The electricity was nt affected at all.
4.What can prbably be the title f the passage?
A.Phenix, Arizna has mre sandstrms
B.Sandstrms d a great deal f harm t peple
C.We must d smething t prevent sandstrms
D.Phenix, Arizna experienced a huge sandstrm
五
Anther three astrnauts(宇航员) went int space n Oct. 16, 2021. Hw d they sleep in space? In fact, they dn't have beds in the space statin but they d have sleeping bags. During the day, when they are wrking, they leave the bags tied t the wall, ut f the way. At bedtime they untie them and take them wherever they've chsen t sleep.
On mst space statin flights everyne sleeps at the same time. N ne has t stay awake t watch ver the space statin; the space statin's cmputers and the engineers at the missin cntrl d that. If anything ges wrng, the cmputers will raise the alarm and the engineers will call them by radi.
In the space statin, bedtime desn't mean nighttime. During each ninety⁃r⁃s⁃minute rbit the sun “rises” and shines thrugh their windws fr abut fifty minutes, and then it “sets” as their space statin takes them arund the dark side f the Earth. T keep the sun ut f their eyes, they wear black sleep masks.
It is surprisingly easy t get cmfrtable and fall asleep in space. Every astrnaut sleeps differently—sme sleep upside dwn, sme sideways, and thers right side up. When it's time t sleep, sme will take their bags, their sleep masks, and their tape players with earphnes and flat up t the flight deck. Then they crawl int the bag, and flat in a sitting psitin just abve a seat, and right next t a windw. Befre they pull the mask dwn ver their eyes, they have a rest fr a while, listening t music and watching the Earth g by beneath them.
1.When it's bedtime, where d the astrnauts put their sleeping bags?
A.On the wall.B.At the missin cntrl.
C.In the flight deck.D.In any place they like.
2.What des the underlined phrase “watch ver” in the secnd paragraph prbably mean?
A.G ver t. B.Research n.
C.Lk int. D.Take care f.
3.Hw lng des it take fr the space statin t g rund the Earth nce?
A.Frty minutes.B.Abut fifty minutes.
C.Abut ninety minutes.D.Twenty⁃fur hurs.
4.What is the best title fr this passage?
A.Sleeping in the Space StatinB.Travel in Space
C.Sleeping Equipment fr AstrnautsD.The Earth Seen frm Outer Space
六
Grading Plicies fr Intrductin t Literature
Grading Scale
90-100, A; 80-89, B; 70-79, C; 60-69, D; Belw 60, E.
Essays (60%)
Yur fur majr essays will cmbine t frm the main part f the grade fr this curse: Essay 1 = 10%; Essay 2 = 15%; Essay 3 = 15%; Essay 4 = 20%.
Grup Assignments (30%)
Students will wrk in grups t cmplete fur assignments (作业) during the curse. All the assignments will be submitted by the assigned date thrugh Blackbard, ur nline learning and curse management system.
Daily Wrk/In-Class Writings and Tests/Grup Wrk/Hmewrk (10%)
Class activities will vary frm day t day, but students must be ready t cmplete shrt in-class writings r tests drawn directly frm assigned readings r ntes frm the previus class' lecture/discussin, s it is imprtant t take careful ntes during class. Additinally, frm time t time I will assign grup wrk t be cmpleted in class r shrt assignments t be cmpleted at hme, bth f which will be graded.
Late Wrk
An essay nt submitted in class n the due date will lse a letter grade fr each class perid it is late. If it is nt turned in by the 4th day after the due date, it will earn a zer. Daily assignments nt cmpleted during class will get a zer. Shrt writings missed as a result f an excused absence will be accepted.
1. Where is this text prbably taken frm?
A. A textbk.B. An exam paper.C. A curse plan.D. An academic article.
2. Hw many parts is a student’s final grade made up f?
A. Tw.B. Three.C. Fur.D. Five.
3. What will happen if yu submit an essay ne week after the due date?
A. Yu will receive a zer.B. Yu will lse a letter grade.
C. Yu will be given a test.D. Yu will have t rewrite it.
七
In 1916, tw girls f wealthy families, best friends frm Auburn, N. Y. — Drthy Wdruff and Rsamnd Underwd — traveled t a settlement in the Rcky Muntains t teach in a ne-rm schlhuse. The girls had gne t Smith Cllege. They wre expensive clthes. S fr them t mve t Elkhead, Cl. t instruct the children whse shes were held tgether with string was a surprise. Their stay in Elkhead is the subject f Nthing Daunted: The Unexpected Educatin f Tw Sciety Girls in the West by Drthy Wickenden, wh is a magazine editr and Drthy Wdruff’s granddaughter.
Why did they g then? Well, they wanted t d smething useful. Sn, hwever, they realized what they had undertaken.
They mved in with a lcal family, the Harrisns, and, like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket f snw n their quilt when they wke up in the mrning. Sme mrnings, Rsamnd and Drthy wuld arrive at the schlhuse t find the children weeping frm the cld. In spring, the snw was replaced by mud ver ice.
In Wickenden’s bk, she expanded n the histry f the West and als n feminism, which f curse influenced the girls’ decisin t g t Elkhead. A hair-raising sectin cncerns the building f the railrads, which entailed (牵涉) drilling thrugh the Rckies, ften in blinding snwstrms. The bk ends with Rsamnd and Drthy’s return t Auburn.
Wickenden is a very gd stryteller. The sweep f the land and the sticism (坚忍) f the peple mve her t sme beautiful writing. Here is a picture f Drthy Wdruff, n her hrse, lking dwn frm a hill tp: “When the sun slipped behind the muntains, it shed a rsy glw all arund them. Then a full mn rse. The snw was marked nly by small animals: fxes, cytes, mice, and varying hares, which turned white in the winter.”
1. Why did Drthy and Rsamnd g t the Rcky Muntains?
A. T teach in a schl.B. T study American histry.
C T write a bk.D. T d sightseeing.
2. What can we learn abut the girls frm paragraph 3?
A. They enjyed much respect.B. They had a rm with a bathtub.
C. They lived with the lcal kids.D. They suffered severe hardships.
3. Which part f Wickenden’s writing is hair-raising?
A. The extreme climate f Auburn.B. The living cnditins in Elkhead.
C. The railrad building in the Rckies.D. The natural beauty f the West.
4. What is the text?
A. A news reprt.B. A bk review.C. A children’s stry.D. A diary entry.
八
Like mst f us, I try t be mindful f fd that ges t waste. The arugula (芝麻菜)was t make a nice green salad, runding ut a rast chicken dinner. But I ended up wrking late. Then friends called with a dinner invitatin. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even wrse, I had unthinkingly bught way t much; I culd have made six salads with what I threw ut.
In a wrld where nearly 800 millin peple a year g hungry, “fd waste ges against the mral grain,” as Elizabeth Ryte writes in this mnth’s cver stry. It’s jaw-drpping hw much perfectly gd fd is thrwn away — frm “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grcers t large amunts f uneaten dishes thrwn int restaurant garbage cans.
Prducing fd that n ne eats wastes the water, fuel, and ther resurces used t grw it. That makes fd waste an envirnmental prblem. In fact, Ryte writes, “if fd waste were a cuntry, it wuld be the third largest prducer f greenhuse gases in the wrld.”
If that’s hard t understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back f my refrigeratr. Mike Curtin sees my arugula stry all the time — but fr him, it's mre like 12 bnes f dnated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO f DC Central Kitchen in Washingtn, D.C., which recvers fd and turns it int healthy meals. Last year it recvered mre than 807,500 punds f fd by taking dnatins and cllecting blemished (有瑕疵的) prduce that therwise wuld have rtted in fields. And the strawberries? Vlunteers will wash, cut, and freeze r dry them fr use in meals dwn the rad.
Such methds seem bvius, yet s ften we just dn’t think. “Everyne can play a part in reducing waste, whether by nt purchasing mre fd than necessary in yur weekly shpping r by asking restaurants t nt include the side dish yu wn’t eat,” Curtin says.
1. What des the authr want t shw by telling the arugula stry?
A. We pay little attentin t fd waste.B. We waste fd unintentinally at times.
C. We waste mre vegetables than meat.D. We have gd reasns fr wasting fd.
2. What is a cnsequence f fd waste accrding t the test?
A. Mral decline.B. Envirnmental harm.
C. Energy shrtage.D. Wrldwide starvatin.
3. What des Curtin’s cmpany d?
A. It prduces kitchen equipment.B. It turns rtten arugula int clean fuel.
C. It helps lcal farmers grw fruits.D. It makes meals ut f unwanted fd.
4. What des Curtin suggest peple d?
A. Buy nly what is needed.B. Reduce fd cnsumptin.
C. G shpping nce a week.D. Eat in restaurants less ften.