2024年高考真题——英语（北京卷）试卷（Word版附解析）

这是一份2024年高考真题——英语（北京卷）试卷（Word版附解析），共18页。试卷主要包含了 5分，共15分)， A等内容，欢迎下载使用。
第一部分 知识运用(共两节，30分)
第一节 (共10小题;每小题 1. 5分，共15分)
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
I’d just arrived at schl, ready fr anther schl day. I was reading a bk in the classrm when there was an ___1___. “Tday at 1: 10 there will be auditins (面试) fr a musical.” My friends all jumped up in excitement and asked me, “Will yu be ging, Amy?” “Sure,” I said. I had n ___2___ in drama, but I’d try ut because my friends were ding it.
At 1:10, there was a ___3___ utside the drama rm. Everyne lked energetic. I hadn’t expected I’d be standing there that mrning. But nw that I was ding it, I ___4___ felt nervus. What if I wasn’t any gd?
I entered the rm and the teachers made me say sme lines frm the musical. They then ___5___ my singing skills and asked what rle I wanted t play. The teachers were smiling and praising me. I felt like I had a ___6___, s I said, “A big rle.” They said they’d lk int it. I started getting really nervus. What if I didn’t get a main rle?
Sn, the cast list was ___7___. My friends checked and came back shuting, “Amy, yu gt the main rle! ” Sure enugh, my name was at the tp. I just stared at it and started t ___8___. I was s happy.
After tw mnths we were all prepared and ready t g n stage. It was fun. And when peple started ___9___, that gave me a bst f cnfidence. It stayed with me and made me feel ___10___. I realised that by trying smething new, I can have fun — even if it means stepping ut f my cmfrt zne.
1. A. assignmentB. initiativeC. annuncementD. interview
2. A. hesitancyB. interestC. wrryD. regret
3. A. gameB. shwC. playD. line
4. A. suddenlyB. cntinuuslyC. riginallyD. generally
5. A. advertisedB. testedC. challengedD. plished
6. A. demandB. creditC. dreamD. chance
7. A. tradedB. pstedC. questinedD. claimed
8. A. well upB. rll inC. stand utD. g ff
9. A. whisperingB. arguingC. clappingD. stretching
10. A. funnierB. fairerC. clevererD. braver
【答案】1. C 2. B 3. D 4. A 5. B 6. D 7. B 8. A 9. C 10. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者抱着试一试的心态，参加了音乐剧面试却成功获得了扮演音乐剧主角的机会，作者在这次经历中体验到了尝试新事物带来的乐趣。
【1题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我正在教室里看书，这时有一则公告。A. assignment任务；B. initiative倡议；C. annuncement公告；D. interview面试。根据下文“Tday at 1:10 there will be auditins fr a musical.”可推知，此处指作者正在教室里看书，这时作者听到有一则公告。故选C。
【2题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我对戏剧没有兴趣，但是因为朋友们都在做，我也决定尝试一下。A. hesitancy犹豫；B. interest兴趣；C. wrry担心；D. regret懊悔。根据下文“But I’d try ut because my friends were ding it”可推知，此处指作者虽然对戏剧没有兴趣，但因为朋友们都在做，所以作者也决定尝试一下。故选B。
【3题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：在1:10的时候，戏剧室外面排起了队。A. game游戏；B. shw展览；C. play游戏；D. line队伍。根据下文“Everyne lked energetic. I hadn’t expected I’d be standing there that mrning.”可知，此处指戏剧室外面排起了队。故选D。
【4题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：但是现在我正在排队的时候，我突然感到紧张。A. suddenly突然；B. cntinuusly连续不断地；C. riginally起初；D. generally通常。根据上文“But nw that I was ding it,”以及下文“What if I wasn’t any gd?”可推知，此处指作者在排队的过程中突然感到紧张。故选A。
【5题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：然后他们测试了我的唱歌技巧，问我想要演什么角色。A. advertised为……做广告；B. tested测验；C. challenged对……怀疑；D. plished润色。根据上文“I entered the rm and the teachers made me say sme lines frm the musical.”以及下文“The teachers were smiling and praising me.”可推知，此处指作者进入戏剧室后，老师们让作者说几句音乐剧中的台词，测试作者的唱歌技巧，并对作者的表现很满意。故选B。
【6题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我感觉我有机会，所以我说“一个重要的角色”。A. demand需求；B. credit信用；C. dream梦想；D. chance机会。根据上文“The teachers were smiling and praising me.”可知，作者得到老师的表扬，所以此处指作者觉得自己有机会扮演音乐剧主角。故选D。
【7题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：不久演员表就被张贴了出来。A. traded交易；B. psted张贴；C. questined询问；D. claimed宣称。根据下文“My friends checked and came back shuting, “Amy, yu gt the main rle!””以及下文“my name was at the tp.”可推知，此处指很快演员表就被张贴了出来，作者在名单最上边。故选B。
【8题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：我只是盯着它，然后开始情绪开始迸发。A. well up (情绪)迸发；B. rll in (金钱等)大量涌进；C. stand ut脱颖而出；D. g ff爆炸。根据下文“I was s happy”可推知，此处指作者盯着演员表看，然后情绪开始迸发，感觉很开心。故选A。
【9题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：然后人们开始鼓掌，这给了我信心。A. whispering耳语；B. arguing争吵；C. clapping鼓掌；D. stretching伸展。根据下文“that gave me a bst f cnfidence”以及常识可推知，此处指人们的掌声增强了作者的信心。故选C。
10题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：它一直伴随着我，让我感到更勇敢。A. funnier更有趣的；B. fairer更公平的；C. cleverer更聪明的；D. braver更勇敢的。根据上文“that gave me a bst f cnfidence”以及下文“I realised that by trying smething new, I can have fun — even if it means stepping ut f my cmfrt zne.”可推知，人们的掌声给了作者信心，这使得作者感觉更勇敢，可以走出舒适区，通过尝试新事物获得乐趣。故选D。
第二节(共10小题;每小题1. 5分，共15分)
A
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Slwing dwn can cntribute significantly t persnal grwth. Taking the time ___11___ (rest) allws us t develp a deeper sense f ___12___ (self-aware). When we slw dwn, we create space t reflect n ur thughts and emtins, which helps us identify imprtant areas f ur lives and ___13___ (give) us the pprtunity t make right chices. T practise this, we need t establish clear ___14___ (bundary) in ur persnal and prfessinal life.
【答案】11. t rest
12. self-awareness
13. gives 14. bundaries
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了慢下来对个人成长的重要意义。
【11题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：花时间休息可以让我们发展出更深层次的自我意识。take (the) time t d sth.为固定搭配，表示“花时间做某事”，所以空处应用动词不定式形式。故填t rest。
【12题详解】
考查名词。句意：花时间休息可以让我们发展出更深层次的自我意识。空处作介词f的宾语，应用名词self-awareness，sense f self-awareness表示“自我意识”。故填self-awareness。
【13题详解】
考查时态和主谓一致。句意：当我们放慢脚步时，我们会创造空间来反思我们的想法和情绪，这有助于我们确定生活中的重要领域，并给我们做出正确选择的机会。which引导的非限制性定语从句中，根据helps可知，从句使用一般现在时，which指代前边的整个句子，所以从句谓语应用第三人称单数形式gives，gives与helps并列，作并列谓语。故填gives。
【14题详解】
考场名词的数。句意：为了实践这一点，我们需要在个人和职业生活中建立明确的界限。句中bundary是可数名词，表示“界限”，根据空后in ur persnal and prfessinal life可知，此处表示不止一个界限，名词应用复数形式bundaries。故填bundaries。
B
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
On April 5 2024, Jhn Tinniswd ___15___ (name) the wrld’s ldest living man. And when ___16___ (ask) abut his new title, he shared the secret: mderatin (适度). Tinniswd, ___17___ desn’t smke and rarely drinks, credited mderatin fr helping him stay healthy during his lng life. “If yu eat t much r d t much f anything, yu’re ging t suffer eventually,” he said.
【答案】15. was named
16. asked 17. wh
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了世界上最长寿的人Jhn Tinniswd及其长寿秘诀。
【15题详解】
考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：2024年4月5日，约翰·廷尼斯伍德被评为世界上在世最长寿的人。根据时间状语On April 5, 2024可知，此处描述过去发生的事，句子应用一般过去时；name与主语Jhn Tinniswd之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，主语Jhn Tinniswd是单数，be动词使用was。故填was named。
【16题详解】
考查状语从句的省略。句意：当被问及他的新头衔时，他分享了秘诀：适度。结合语意，when引导的时间状语从句中，主语为he，且ask与he之间是被动关系，应用被动语态be asked，状语从句中，从句主语与主句主语一致，且从句中含有be动词形式，则从句中的“主语+be动词”可以省略。故填asked。
【17题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：Tinniswd不吸烟，也很少喝酒，他认为适量饮酒有助于他在长寿期间保持健康。空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Tinniswd，先行词指人，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词wh引导从句。故填wh。
C
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
One day, I saw a by walking alng Gerge Street with an armful f bks. I thught ___18___ myself, “Why wuld he carry all his bks? ” Just then, sme kids ran at him, ___19___ (knck) his bks ut f his arms. His glasses went flying and landed in the grass. My heart went ut t him, and I ___20___ (jg) ver t him. As I handed him the glasses, he lked at me and said, “Thanks!”
【答案】18. t 19. kncking
20. jgged
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了作者为一个掉落东西的男孩提供帮助的故事。
【18题详解】
考查介词。句意：我心想，“他为什么要把所有的书都拿着？”think t neself为固定搭配，表示“心想，暗想”，符合语境。故填t。
【19题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：就在这时，一些孩子朝他跑来，把他的书从他怀里撞了出来。句中已有谓语ran，空处作非谓语动词，knck与逻辑主语sme kids之间是主动关系，应用现在分词形式kncking作状语。故填kncking。
【20题详解】
考查时态。句意：我很同情他，然后朝他慢跑过去。句中and连接并列句，空处作后句谓语，根据句中went可知，此处描述过去发生的事，句子使用一般过去时，动词使用过去式形式jgged。故填jgged。
第二部分 阅读理解(共两节，38分)
第一节 (共14小题;每小题2分，共28分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A
The Language Exchange Prgramme allws students in pairs t cmmunicate in tw different languages they wish t share and learn each week. Students recrd shrt entries after each partner meeting nting the language skills practised and the tpics discussed. Each pair f students meets three times thrughut the term with a teacher wh decides if the exchange is effective. Students wh successfully cmplete the prgramme will receive ne credit each.
Requirements fr cmpletin:
•One welcming sessin n the secnd Friday f the term
•18 weekly ne-hur pair meetings
•Weekly prgress reprts fr all pair meetings
•At least three pair-teacher meetings
•One five-minute final vide
Sign up!
The sign-up and registratin prcess is as fllws:
•Students sign up and indicate the languages they can share and languages they are interested in learning.
•Based n the infrmatin entered by each student, ptential pairs are identified.
•Prficiency (熟练) levels are cnfirmed thrugh cursewrk r placement tests.
•Once a pair has been determined t be suitable, the students will be cntacted individually with a special permissin number t register fr the prgramme.
Reminders:
Signing up fr the prgramme des nt autmatically mean that yu will be able t register and participate. Pairs are matched by languages f interest and prficiency levels. Since there are many factrs invlved in the pairing prcess, nt all students wh sign up will be matched with a partner and be able t register fr the prgramme.
21. In the prgramme, students will _________.
A. chair daily meetingsB. evaluate the exchange
C. meet teachers each weekD. practise their language skills
22. T cmplete the prgramme, students are required t _________.
A. develpment testsB. participate in pair meetings
C. welcme new studentsD. wrk n weekly vides
23. What d students need t d during the registratin?
A. Indicate their languages f interest.B. Select their wn cursewrk.
C. Make individual cntact.D. Chse their partners.
【答案】21. D 22. B 23. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了一项语言交流项目的基本情况以及它的要求、报名和注册流程以及注意事项的相关信息。
【21题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The Language Exchange Prgramme allws students in pairs t cmmunicate in tw different languages they wish t share and learn each week. Students recrd shrt entries after each partner meeting nting the language skills practised and the tpics discussed.(语言交流项目让学生们两人一组，每周用他们希望分享和学习的两种不同的语言进行交流。学生们在每次搭档会议后记录简短的条目，指出所练习的语言技能和讨论的主题)”可知，在这个项目中，学生们将练习他们的语言技能。故选D。
【22题详解】
细节理解题。根据Requirements fr cmpletin部分第二点“18 weekly ne-hur pair meetings(每周18次一小时配对会议)”可知，为了完成该项目，学生们被要求参加配对会议。故选B。
【23题详解】
细节理解题。根据Sign up部分第一点“Students sign up and indicate the languages they can share and languages they are interested in learning.(学生们报名参加并表明他们可以分享的语言以及他们有兴趣学习的语言)”可知，学生们在注册期间需要表明他们感兴趣的语言。故选A。
B
When I was a little girl, I liked drawing, freely and jyusly making marks n the walls at hme. In primary schl, I learned t write using chalks. Writing seemed t be anther frm f drawing. I shaped individual letters int repeating lines, which were abstract frms, delightful but meaningless patterns.
In secndary schl, art was my favurite subject. Since I lved it s much I thught I was gd at it. Fr the art O-level exam I had t present an il painting. I fund it difficult, but still hped t pass. I failed, with a lw grade. I’d been ver-cnfident. Nw I’d been declared talentless.
But ther channels f creativity stayed pen: I went n writing pems and stries. Still, I went t exhibitins ften. I cntinued my habitual drawing, which I nw characterised as childish ddling (乱画). In my 30s, I made painter friends and learned new ways f lking at art. Hwever, I culdn’t let myself have a g at actually ding it. Thugh these new friends were abstract painters using il paints, r were printmakers r sculptrs, I tk il painting as the tab (禁忌) high frm I wasn’t allwed t practice.
One night, in my early 40s, I dreamed that a big wman in red apprached me, handed me a bag f paints, and tld me t start painting. The dream felt s authritative that it shk me. It was a frm f energy, giving me back smething I’d lst. Accrdingly, I started by experimenting with water clurs. Finally, I bught sme il paints.
Althugh I have enjyed breaking my decades-lng tab abut wrking with il paints, I have discvered I nw prefer chalks and ink. I let my line drawings turn int cartns I send t friends. It all feels free and easy. Un-anxius. This time arund, I can accept my limitatins but keep ging.
Becming a successful painter calls fr being reslute. I realised I was always afraid f wanting t much. That dream reminded me that thse fears and desires culd encurage me t take risks and make experiments.
24. Hw did the authr feel abut the result f the art exam?
A. Scared.B. Wrried.C. Discuraged.D. Wrnged.
25. In her 30s, the authr _________.
A. avided il painting practiceB. sught fr a painting career
C. fancied abstract paintingD. exhibited child paintings
26. Which wrd wuld best describe the authr’s dream?
A. Cnfusing.B. Empwering.
C. Disturbing.D. Entertaining.
27. What can we learn frm this passage?
A. Actins speak luder than wrds.B. Hard wrk is the mther f success.
C. Dreams are the reflectins f realities.D. Creative activities invlve being cnfident.
【答案】24. C 25. A 26. B 27. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者一直喜欢绘画，但中学时由于油画测试成绩较低，作者对绘画失去了信心。在40岁出头时，一个梦让作者重拾画油画的信心并接受了自身局限性的故事。
【24题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段“I fund it difficult, but still hped t pass. I failed, with a lw grade. I’d been ver-cnfident. Nw I’d been declared talentless.(我觉得很难，但仍希望能通过测试。我没有通过，而且成绩很低。我过于自信了。现在，我被宣布为毫无(油画)天赋的人了)”并结合下文中作者多年不碰油画的经历可推知，作者对美术考试的结果感到气馁。故选C。
【25题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“In my 30s, I made painter friends and learned new ways f lking at art.(在我30多岁时，我结交了画家朋友们，学到了看待艺术的新方法)”和“Thugh these new friends were abstract painters using il paints, r were printmakers r sculptrs, I tk il painting as the tab (禁忌) high frm I wasn’t allwed t practice. (虽然这些新朋友是使用油画颜料的抽象画师，或者是版画家或雕塑家，但我把油画作为禁忌的高级形式，不允许我练习)”可知，作者在30多岁时回避练习油画。故选A。
【26题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“The dream felt s authritative that it shk me. It was a frm f energy, giving me back smething I’d lst. (这个梦给我的感觉是如此的权威，它震撼了我。它是能量的一种形式，让我回我失去了的东西)”可知，作者的梦赋予作者练习油画的力量。故选B。
【27题详解】
推理判断题。根据第六段“Becming a successful painter calls fr being reslute. I realised I was always afraid f wanting t much. (成为一名成功的画家需要有决心。我意识到我总是害怕想要得太多)”及文章内容可知，本文主要讲述了作者一直喜欢绘画，但中学时由于油画测试成绩较低，作者对绘画失去了信心。在40岁出头时，一个梦让作者重拾画油画的信心并接受了自身局限性的故事。由此可推知，我们能从文章中学到创作活动需要自信，故选D。
C
The ntin that we live in smene else’s vide game is irresistible t many. Searching the term “simulatin hypthesis” (模拟假说) returns numerus results that debate whether the universe is a cmputer simulatin — a cncept that sme scientists actually take seriusly. Unfrtunately, this is nt a scientific questin. We will prbably never knw whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea t advance scientific knwledge.
The 18th-century philspher Kant argued that the universe ultimately cnsists f things-in-themselves that are unknwable. While he held the ntin that bjective reality exists, he said ur mind plays a necessary rle in structuring and shaping ur perceptins. Mdern sciences have revealed that ur perceptual experience f the wrld is the result f many stages f prcessing by sensry systems and cgnitive (认知的) functins in the brain. N ne knws exactly what happens within this black bx. If empirical (实证的) experience fails t reveal reality, reasning wn’t reveal reality either since it relies n cncepts and wrds that are cntingent n ur scial, cultural and psychlgical histries. Again, a black bx.
S, if we accept that the universe is unknwable, we als accept we will never knw if we live in a cmputer simulatin. And then, we can shift ur inquiry frm “Is the universe a cmputer simulatin?” t “Can we mdel the universe as a cmputer simulatin? ” Mdelling reality is what we d. T facilitate ur cmprehensin f the wrld, we build mdels based n cnceptual metaphrs (隐喻) that are familiar t us. In Newtn’s era, we imagined the universe as a clck. In Einstein’s, we uncvered the standard mdel f particle (粒子) physics.
Nw that we are in the infrmatin age, we have new cncepts such as the cmputer, infrmatin prcessing, virtual reality, and simulatin. Unsurprisingly, these new cncepts inspire us t build new mdels f the universe. Mdels are nt the reality, hwever. There is n pint in arguing if the universe is a clck, a set f particles r an utput f cmputatin. All these mdels are tls t deal with the unknwn and t make discveries. And the mre tls we have, the mre effective and insightful we can becme.
It can be imagined that cmparable t the prcess f building previus scientific mdels, develping the “cmputer simulatin” metaphr-based mdel will als be a hugely rewarding exercise.
28. What des the authr intend t d by challenging a hypthesis?
A. Make an assumptin.B. Illustrate an argument.
C. Give a suggestin.D. Justify a cmparisn.
29. What des the phrase “cntingent n” underlined in Paragraph 2 prbably mean?
A. Accepted by.B. Determined by.C. Awakened by.D. Discvered by.
30. As fr Kant’s argument, the authr is _________.
A. appreciativeB. dubtfulC. uncncernedD. disapprving
31 It is implied in this passage that we shuld _________.
A. cmpare the current mdels with the previus nes
B. cntinue explring the classical mdels in histry
C. stp arguing whether the universe is a simulatin
D. turn simulatins f the universe int realities up.
【答案】28. C 29. B 30. A 31. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了哲学家对于宇宙的认知和信息时代下的作者对于宇宙争论的看法。
【28题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“Searching the term “simulatin hypthesis” (模拟假说) returns numerus results that debate whether the universe is a cmputer simulatin —— a cncept that sme scientists actually take seriusly. Unfrtunately, this is nt a scientific questin. We will prbably never knw whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea t advance scientific knwledge.(搜索“模拟假说”这一术语会得到许多关于宇宙是否是计算机模拟的争论结果——一些科学家实际上认真对待这个概念。不幸的是，这不是一个科学问题。我们可能永远都不知道这是不是真的。相反，我们可以利用这个想法来推进科学知识)”可知，作者对于模拟假说提出质疑，是为了提出自己的建议，建议使用这一想法来推进科学知识。故选C项。
【29题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第二段“If empirical (实证的) experience fails t reveal reality, reasning wn’t reveal reality either since it relies n cncepts and wrds that are cntingent n ur scial, cultural and psychlgical histries. Again, a black bx.(如果经验不能揭示现实，推理也不会揭示现实，因为它依赖于cntingent n我们的社会、文化和心理历史的概念和词语)”可知，句中that引导限制性定语从句，指代先行词cncepts and wrds，且结合常识，概念和词语取决于我们的社会、文化和心理历史，推测划线短语表示“取决于”，与determined by意义相近。故选B项。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段“The 18th-century philspher Kant argued that the universe ultimately cnsists f things-in-themselves that are unknwable. While he held the ntin that bjective reality exists, he said ur mind plays a necessary rle in structuring and shaping ur perceptins. (18世纪的哲学家康德认为，宇宙最终由不可知的事物本身组成。虽然他认为客观现实是存在的，但他说，我们的大脑在构建和塑造我们的感知方面发挥着必要的作用)”以及第三段“S, if we accept that the universe is unknwable, we als accept we will never knw if we live in a cmputer simulatin.(因此，如果我们接受宇宙是不可知的，我们也接受我们永远不会知道我们是否生活在计算机模拟中)”可知，作者引用康德的观点，并在客观陈述后利用该观点来构建自己的论述，由此可知，作者对康德的论点持欣赏的态度。故选A项。
【31题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“There is n pint in arguing if the universe is a clck, a set f particles r an utput f cmputatin. All these mdels are tls t deal with the unknwn and t make discveries. And the mre tls we have, the mre effective and insightful we can becme. (争论宇宙是否是一个时钟、一组粒子还是计算输出的产物是没有意义的。所有这些模型都是处理未知事物和发现事物的工具。我们拥有的工具越多，我们就能变得越有效、越有洞察力)”以及第五段“It can be imagined that cmparable t the prcess f building previus scientific mdels, develping the “cmputer simulatin” metaphr-based mdel will als be a hugely rewarding exercise.(可以想象，与之前构建科学模型的过程相比，开发基于“计算机模拟”隐喻的模型也将是一项非常有益的工作)”可知，作者认为争论宇宙是否是虚拟的，这是没有意义的，我们应该停止争论宇宙是否为模拟，而应该着手于将其作为一个模型来探索和理解，这样会更有助于科学的进步。故选C项。
D
Franz Bas’s descriptin f Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the prbable mral cde f early humans. Here, nrms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understd and taken t heart. Dishnest and vilent behaviurs were disapprved f; leadership, marriage and interactins with ther grups were lsely gverned by traditins. Cnflict was ften reslved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads t chas, it was strngly discuraged. With life in the unfrgiving Nrthern Canada being s demanding, the Inuit’s practical apprach t mrality made gd sense.
The similarity f mral virtues acrss cultures is striking, even thugh the relative ranking f the virtues may vary with a scial grup’s histry and envirnment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discuraged, while cperatin, humbleness and curage are praised. These universal nrms far pre-date the cncept f any mralising religin r written law. Instead, they are rted in the similarity f basic human needs and ur shared mechanisms fr learning and prblem slving. Our scial instincts (本能) include the intense desire t belng. The apprval f thers is rewarding, while their disapprval is strngly disliked. These scial emtins prepare ur brains t shape ur behaviur accrding t the nrms and values f ur family and ur cmmunity. Mre generally, scial instincts mtivate us t learn hw t behave in a scially cmplex wrld.
The mechanism invlves a repurpsed reward system riginally used t develp habits imprtant fr self-care. Our brains use the system t acquire behaviural patterns regarding safe rutes hme, efficient fd gathering and dangers t avid. Gd habits save time, energy and smetimes yur life. Gd scial habits d smething similar in a scial cntext. We learn t tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is incnvenient. We acquire what we call a sense f right and wrng.
Scial benefits are accmpanied by scial demands: we must get alng, but nt put up with t much. Hence self-discipline is advantageus. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain bsts self-cntrl, just as it bsts prblem-slving skills in the scial as well as the physical wrld. These abilities are strengthened by ur capacity fr language, which allws scial practices t develp in extremely unbvius ways.
32. What can be inferred abut the frming f the Inuit’s mral cde?
A. Living cnditins were the drive.B. Unwritten rules were the target.
C. Scial traditin was the basis.D. Hnesty was the key.
33. What can we learn frm this passage?
A. Incnveniences are the cause f telling lies.B. Basic human needs lead t universal nrms.
C. Language capacity is limited by self-cntrl.D. Written laws have great influence n virtues.
34. Which wuld be the best title fr this passage?
A. Virtues: Bridges Acrss CulturesB. The Values f Self-discipline
C Brains: Walls Against ChasD. The Rts f Mrality
【答案】32. C 33. B 34. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“Here, nrms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understd and taken t heart. Dishnest and vilent behaviurs were disapprved f; leadership, marriage and interactins with ther grups were lsely gverned by traditins. Cnflict was ften reslved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads t chas, it was strngly discuraged. With life in the unfrgiving Nrthern Canada being s demanding, the Inuit’s practical apprach t mrality made gd sense. (在这里，规范是不成文的，很少明确表达，但被很好地理解和铭记。不赞成不诚实和暴力行为；领导、婚姻以及与其他群体的互动都受到传统的松散控制。冲突往往通过音乐斗争来解决。因为愤怒的争论会导致混乱，所以强烈反对。在无情的加拿大北部，生活的要求如此之高，因纽特人对待道德的务实态度很有道理)”可知，因纽特人的生活中，规范是不成文的，因纽特人的道德准则的形成是以社会传统为基础的。故选C项。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“These universal nrms far pre-date the cncept f any mralising religin r written law. Instead, they are rted in the similarity f basic human needs and ur shared mechanisms fr learning and prblem slving.(这些普遍规范远远早于任何道德化宗教或成文法律的概念。相反，它们植根于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制)”可知，普遍的道德规范植根于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制，即人类的基本需求导致普遍的道德规范形成。故选B项。
【34题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“Franz Bas’s descriptin f Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the prbable mral cde f early humans.(弗朗兹·博厄斯对19世纪因纽特人生活的描述说明了早期人类可能的道德准则)”以及文章内容可知，本文围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，主要介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中，所以“道德的起源”适合作为文章标题。故选D项。
第二节(共5小题;每小题2分，共10分)
根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
If yu want t develp maximum credibility (可信性), is it better t be a hedgehg (刺猬) r a fx? Accrding t Isaiah Berlin, the hedgehg knws ne thing very well, and the fx knws a lt f things.
Is there a clear advantage f ne style ver the ther? Hedgehg thinkers tend t answer yes. ___35___ And they are usually very credible in ding s. Accrding t Jim Hart, the “hedgehg cncept” is ne f the factrs that lead cmpanies t greatness. They fcus n ne thing and d it really well. They figure ut what they are gd at. ___36___ The hedgehg cncept makes perfect sense fr cmpanies.
___37___ Philip Tate has studied the track recrds f thse flks n the Sunday talk shws wh make predictins abut what will happen. He has fund that hedgehgs are nt nly wrng mre ften than fxes, but that they are less likely t recgnise r admit that they are wrng when events d nt match their predictins.
The advantage that fxes have is that they are mre likely t seek ut new infrmatin frm a brader range f surces, and are cmfrtable with uncertainty and new infrmatin. ___38___ They try t include it in their viewpint rather than t exclude it frm their thinking. They als have a clearer estimatin f what they knw and dn’t knw.
S, which is better? The questin can be answered in a fxy hedgehg style. ___39___ The chice between being a hedgehg r a fx is a false trade-ff. The mst effective way t g thrugh life is t try t be that rare mixture knwn as fxy hedgehg.
A. In ther wrds, there are clear advantages fr each.
B. They are mre likely t remember peple’s mistakes.
C. Hence, they have the advantage f clarity and cnfidence.
D. But there can be a dwnside t cncentratin n ne big thing.
E. Hwever, hedgehgs remain pen t thers’ reactins and inputs.
F. When smething is cntradictry t their view, they dn’t treat it as exceptinal.
G. They cme dwn squarely n ne side r the ther and fully supprt their psitin.
【答案】35. G 36. C 37. D 38. F 39. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了拥有“刺猬”型思维方式和“狐狸”型思维方式的两类人对于个人和企业建立信誉度的优劣势。
【35题详解】
根据上文“Hedgehg thinkers tend t answer yes.(拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人倾向于给出肯定的答案)” 可知，拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人倾向于给出肯定的答案，G项中They 指代上文中的Hedgehg，G项“他们明确地站在一边或另一边，并全力支持自己的立场”说明拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人往往有明确的立场，承接上文，符合语境。故选G。
【36题详解】
根据上文“They fcus n ne thing and d it really well. They figure ut what they are gd at. (他们专注于一件事并把它做得很好。他们知道自己擅长什么)”可知，拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人具备优点，他们可以专注于一件事并知道自己擅长什么。C项“因此，他们的优势是（头脑）清楚和自信”进一步说明拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人的优点，承接上文，符合语境。故选C。
【37题详解】
根据下文“He has fund that hedgehgs are nt nly wrng mre ften than fxes, but that they are less likely t recgnise r admit that they are wrng when events d nt match their predictins. (他发现，拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人不仅比拥有“狐狸”型思维方式的人更容易出错，而且当事情与他们的预测不相符时他们不太可能意识到，也不太可能承认自己错了)”可知，此处介绍拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人的缺点。D项“但是，把注意力集中在一件大事上可能会有不利的一面” 引出下文，介绍拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人具备缺点，符合语境。故选D。
【38题详解】
根据上文“The advantage that fxes have is that they are mre likely t seek ut new infrmatin frm a brader range f surces, and are cmfrtable with uncertainty and new infrmatin. (“狐狸”型思维方式的人的优势在于，他们更有可能从更广泛的来源中寻找新信息，并且对不确定性和新信息感到舒适)”和下文“They try t include it in their viewpint rather than t exclude it frm their thinking. (他们试图将其纳入自己的观点，而不是将其排除在自己的思维之外)”可知，此处介绍拥有“狐狸”型思维方式的人处理事情的方式。F项“当某件事与他们的观点相矛盾时，他们不会把它当作例外”承上启下，符合语境。故选F。
【39题详解】
根据上文“The questin can be answered in a fxy hedgehg style. (这个问题可以用“像狐狸的刺猬”风格来回答)”和下文“The chice between being a hedgehg r a fx is a false trade-ff. (成为拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人还是拥有“狐狸”型思维方式的人的选择是一种错误的权衡)”可知，拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人和拥有“狐狸”型思维方式的人各有优势。A项“换句话说，两者都有其明显的优势”承上启下，符合语境。故选A。
第三部分 书面表达(共两节，32分)
第一节 (共4小题;第40、41题各2分，第42题3分，第43题5分，共12 分)
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。
Grwing up, I idealised independence. I always wanted my wn effrts t be enugh. When I decided t pursue a pstgraduate degree, I wanted t develp a nvel research prgramme and quickly establish myself as an independent scientist. But I was unrealistically ptimistic abut what I culd achieve.
As I began designing experiments, my cmmittee members warned me abut the challenges I wuld face. But my need fr independence drve me t push frward with my research plan. As a result, the first fur years f my pstgraduate career were defined by a series f failures.
During my secnd year, I failed my cmprehensive exam because my prpsal was unclear. During my third year, I discvered that after treating thusands f seeds, I btained just ne plant I culd use fr experiments. By my furth year, my desperatin t succeed vershadwed my desire fr independence.
My adviser and I devised (想出) a smewhat unusual slutin: I wuld spend three mnths in a cllabrating (合作的) lab t btain specialised training. I wrked extensively with ther students, cnstantly asked questins, and helped with nging prjects t learn everything I culd. Finally, I cnducted an elegant experiment that wuld nt have been pssible withut the help f the members in the lab.
My adviser saw this experience as a grundbreaking success, emphasising the cllabrating skills I acquired. A few mnths later, when I repeated the experiment in my hme lab, I prduced mre publishable data. By learning when t ask fr help, I eventually fund myself n the way t becming an independent scientist.
40. In the beginning, what drve the authr t push frward with the research plan?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
41. What was the slutin by the adviser and the authr after thse repeated failures?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
42. Please decide which part is false in the fllwing statement, then underline it and explain why.
> The adviser cnsidered the authr’s experience in the lab a grundbreaking success because publishable data had been prduced.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
43. Frm this stry, what can yu learn abut “independence”? (In abut 40 wrds)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】40. The need t be recgnized as an independent scientist.
41. The authr wuld spend three mnths in a cllabrating lab t btain specialised training.
42. The adviser cnsidered the authr’s experience in the lab a grundbreaking success because publishable data had been prduced. It is because the authr had acquired the cllabrating skills by wrking with thers there s that the adviser cnsidered the authr’s experience in the lab a grundbreaking success.
43. In the stry, success in becming an independent scientist was ultimately achieved thrugh cllabratin, adaptive learning, and resilience in the face f setbacks. Frm the stry, we learn that while independence is initially idealised and pursued passinately, true independence ften invlves recgnizing the value f cllabratin and learning than t seek help. (答案言之有理即可)
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。讲述了作者在追求科学研究的独立过程中遇到的挑战、失败、学习和成长的故事。
【40题详解】
考查细节理解。根据第二段“As I began designing experiments, my cmmittee members warned me abut the challenges I wuld face. But my need fr independence drve me t push frward with my research plan. (当我开始设计实验时，我的委员会成员警告我，我将面临的挑战。但是我对独立的需求驱使我推进我的研究计划)”可知，一开始，是作者对独立的需求驱使作者推进这个研究计划。故答案为：The need t be recgnized as an independent scientist.
【41题详解】
考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段“My adviser and I devised (想出) a smewhat unusual slutin: I wuld spend three mnths in a cllabrating (合作的) lab t btain specialised training. (我的导师和我想出了一个有点不同寻常的解决方案：我将在一个合作实验室里待上三个月，接受专门培训)”可知，在反复的失败之后，导师和作者的解决方案是，作者将花三个月的时间在合作实验室接受专门培训。故答案为：The authr wuld spend three mnths in a cllabrating lab t btain specialised training.
【42题详解】
考查细节理解。根据最后一段“My adviser saw this experience as a grundbreaking success, emphasising the cllabrating skills I acquired. A few mnths later, when I repeated the experiment in my hme lab, I prduced mre publishable data.(我的导师认为这段经历是一次开创性的成功，强调了我获得的合作技能。几个月后，当我在家里的实验室里重复这个实验时，我得到了更多可发表的数据)”可知，导师认为作者在实验室的经历是一次开创性的成功，这是因为作者通过与他人合作获得了合作技能，而不是因为产生了可发表的数据。故答案：The adviser cnsidered the authr’s experience in the lab a grundbreaking success because publishable data had been prduced.
It is because the authr had acquired the cllabrating skills by wrking with thers there s that the adviser cnsidered the authr’s experience in the lab a grundbreaking success.
【43题详解】
开放性问题。答案言之有理即可。通读全文可知，作者成为一名独立科学家的成功最终是通过合作、适应性学习和面对挫折的韧性来实现的。从这个故事中，我们了解到，虽然独立最初是理想化的，并被热情地追求，但真正的独立往往包括认识到合作的价值，并学会何时寻求帮助。故答案为：In the stry, success in becming an independent scientist was ultimately achieved thrugh cllabratin, adaptive learning, and resilience in the face f setbacks. Frm the stry, we learn that while independence is initially idealised and pursued passinately, true independence ften invlves recgnizing the value f cllabratin and learning when t seek help.
第二节 (20分)
44. 假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。你的外国好友Jim准备给其校报的Asia Tday栏目投稿。得知今年新中国成立75周年，他打算重点介绍中国的发展成就，发来邮件询问你的建议。请你用英文给他回复，内容包括：
(1)建议投稿内容；
(2)就以上建议简要说明理由。
注意：(1)词数100左右；
(2)开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Jim,
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yurs,
Li Hua
【答案】Dear Jim,
It’s great t hear yu’re planning t write abut China’s achievements n the ccasin f the 75th anniversary f the funding f this cuntry. Here are a few suggestins fr yur article.
T begin with, talk abut China’s ecnmic grwth and technlgical advancements, which are the highlights in the past few decades. Then, prjects like the Belt and Rad Initiative make a gd tpic t discuss because it shwcases China’s determinatin t build a shared future with the wrld. In additin, yu can als mentin China’s rle in helping slving glbal issues such as the glbal warming, ffering a mre cmprehensive view.
Lking frward t reading yur article!
Yurs,
Li Hua
【解析】
【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文写。外国好友Jim准备给其校报的Asia Tday栏目投稿。得知今年新中国成立75周年，他打算重点介绍中国的发展成就，要求考生给他回复邮件，就此给予他建议。
【详解】1.词汇积累
很好的：great →wnderful
成就：achievement→ accmplishment
建议：suggestin →advice
此外：In additin → what’s mre
2.句式拓展
句式变换
原句：It’s great t hear yu’re planning t write abut China’s achievements n the ccasin f the 75th anniversary f the funding f this cuntry.
拓展句：It’s great t hear what yu’re planning t write abut is China’s achievements n the ccasin f the 75th anniversary f the funding f this cuntry.
【点睛】【高分句型1】T begin with, talk abut China’s ecnmic grwth and technlgical advancements, which are the highlights in the past few decades.（运用了which引导的非限定性定语从句）
【高分句型2】Then, prjects like the Belt and Rad Initiative make a gd tpic t discuss because it shwcases China’s determinatin t build a shared future with the wrld.（运用了because引导的原因状语从句）