专题01 高考英语作文：传统文化习俗考点素材

这是一份专题01 高考英语作文：传统文化习俗考点素材，共34页。试卷主要包含了 Speaking ludly，Smking等内容，欢迎下载使用。

\l "_Tc31740" 第一部分：中国节日 PAGEREF _Tc31740 \h - 2 -
\l "_Tc31565" 一．春节Spring Festival PAGEREF _Tc31565 \h - 2 -
\l "_Tc7642" 二．元宵节the Lantern Festival PAGEREF _Tc7642 \h - 2 -
\l "_Tc17641" 三．端午节Dragn Bat Festival PAGEREF _Tc17641 \h - 3 -
\l "_Tc4875" 四．中秋节Mid-Autumn Festival PAGEREF _Tc4875 \h - 5 -
\l "_Tc20578" 五．七夕节Qiqia Festival （the Chinese Valentine’s Day） PAGEREF _Tc20578 \h - 8 -
\l "_Tc3093" 第二部分 中国文化元素 PAGEREF _Tc3093 \h - 9 -
\l "_Tc32011" 一. 长城（The Great Wall） PAGEREF _Tc32011 \h - 9 -
\l "_Tc111" 二. 饺子（Dumplings） PAGEREF _Tc111 \h - 10 -
\l "_Tc27679" 三. 筷子（Chinese Chpsticks） PAGEREF _Tc27679 \h - 10 -
\l "_Tc7527" 四. 中国功夫（Chinese kung fu） PAGEREF _Tc7527 \h - 13 -
\l "_Tc27315" 五. 汉字（Chinese characters） PAGEREF _Tc27315 \h - 15 -
\l "_Tc25814" 六. 秧歌舞（Yangk） PAGEREF _Tc25814 \h - 16 -
\l "_Tc7" 七. 针灸（Acupuncture） PAGEREF _Tc7 \h - 17 -
\l "_Tc17053" 八. 中国龙（Chinese Dragn） PAGEREF _Tc17053 \h - 17 -
\l "_Tc27533" 九. 中国印章（Chinese Seal） PAGEREF _Tc27533 \h - 18 -
\l "_Tc22291" 十. 京剧（Chinese Beijing Opera） PAGEREF _Tc22291 \h - 19 -
\l "_Tc30767" 十一. 中国成语（Chinese Idims） PAGEREF _Tc30767 \h - 20 -
\l "_Tc26050" 十二. 丝绸（Silk） PAGEREF _Tc26050 \h - 20 -
\l "_Tc30345" 十三.中国园林 Chinese Classical Garden PAGEREF _Tc30345 \h - 21 -
\l "_Tc4898" 十四.文房四宝（The Fur Treasures f the Study） PAGEREF _Tc4898 \h - 22 -
\l "_Tc32313" 十五. 中国印章（Chinese Seal） PAGEREF _Tc32313 \h - 22 -
\l "_Tc12607" 十六. 天干地支（Chinese Era） PAGEREF _Tc12607 \h - 23 -
\l "_Tc22135" 十七．中国画（The Chinese paitings） PAGEREF _Tc22135 \h - 24 -
\l "_Tc6758" 十八.中西医(Chinese Medicine) PAGEREF _Tc6758 \h - 24 -
\l "_Tc10374" 十九．书法艺术（The Art f Calligraphy ） PAGEREF _Tc10374 \h - 25 -
\l "_Tc21063" 二十.放风筝（Kite-flying） PAGEREF _Tc21063 \h - 26 -
\l "_Tc29395" 第三部分、中华习俗 PAGEREF _Tc29395 \h - 26 -
\l "_Tc10550" 一．餐桌礼仪Table Manners（1） PAGEREF _Tc10550 \h - 26 -
\l "_Tc10664" 二．餐桌礼仪Table Manners（2） PAGEREF _Tc10664 \h - 27 -
\l "_Tc14962" 三.中国人崇尚的颜色China’s Favrite Clrs PAGEREF _Tc14962 \h - 30 -
\l "_Tc6882" 四．喝茶The Tea-Drinking（1） PAGEREF _Tc6882 \h - 31 -
\l "_Tc9624" 五.The Tea-Drinking（2） 喝茶 PAGEREF _Tc9624 \h - 32 -
\l "_Tc5142" 六．The Secret f Numbers 数字的秘密 PAGEREF _Tc5142 \h - 33 -
\l "_Tc9384" 七．美食的色相The Clr f Fd PAGEREF _Tc9384 \h - 33 -
第一部分：中国节日
一．春节Spring Festival
⑴It falls n the first day f the first lunar mnth（阴历正月）.
⑵Peple fllw many natinal and lcal custms.
⑶We paste spring pems (贴春联)with luck wrds n the dr.
⑷We eat delicius fd with symblic values（有象征意义的美味食品），fr example, chicken fr gd luck.
⑸We exchange greetings with friends and relatives.
⑹Peple may give children lucky mney in red paper.
⑴阴历的正月初一是春节。
⑵人们延续很多传统习俗。
⑶我们在门上贴春联。
⑷我们吃有象征意义的美味食品，比如鸡肉。
⑸我们相互拜年问候。
⑹人们给小孩压岁钱。
二．元宵节the Lantern Festival
⑴It cmes n the 15th f the first lunar mnth.
⑵It marks the end f the Spring Festival.
⑶On that day, peple eat sweet dumplings fr gd luck.
⑷Special activities include the display f lanterns（灯笼）and riddle slving（猜灯谜）.
⑴元宵节在农历的正月十五。
⑵它标志着春节的结束。
⑶那一天，人们吃汤圆，以求吉祥如意。
⑷有些特色的活动，比如观灯、猜灯谜。
⑴It is als called Tmb-Sweeping Day. It cmes n April 4th r 5th .
⑵In Chinese Qingming means “clear and bright”.
⑶It is a day fr the living t shw lve and respect t dead frends, relatives and ancestrs.
⑷Peple will sweep the tmbs, light incense, put meats, vegetables, wine in frnt f the tmb .
⑸Besides, peple burn paper mney fr the dead t use in afterlife.
⑴清明节也叫“扫墓节”，实在4月4日或5日。
⑵在汉语中 “清明”是“clear and bright”的意思。
⑶那一天寄托了对死去的亲朋好友和祖先的感情和尊敬。
⑷人们在墓前扫墓、点香烛、放上酒肉等。
⑸除此之外，人们烧纸钱，供他们在死后使用。
三．端午节Dragn Bat Festival
⑴It is n the fifth f the fifth lunar mnth.
⑵It hnurs the famus ancient pet, Qu Yuan.
⑶Peple gather t watch the clrful “Dragn Bat Races”(龙舟比赛).
⑷Peple eat rice dumpings n that day.
⑴端午节在农历五月初五。
⑵端午节是为了纪念古代诗人——屈原。
⑶人们聚在一起看龙舟比赛。
⑷人们在那一天吃粽子。
The Dragn Bat Festival is ne f three majr Chinese hlidays, alng with the Spring and Mn Festivals. Of the three, it is pssibly the ldest, dating back t the Warring States Perid in 227 B.C. The festival cmmemrates Qu Yuan, a minister in the service f the Chu Emperr. Despairing ver crruptin at curt, Qu threw himself int a river. Twnspeple jumped int their bats and tried in vain t save him. Then, hping t distract hungry fish frm his bdy, the peple scattered rice n the water.
端午节与春节和中秋节并列为中国三大节日。这三个节日中，它可能是最古老的一个，可以追溯到公元前227年的战国时代。这个节日是为了纪念楚国的大夫屈原，他因为对朝廷的贪污腐败感到绝望而投河自尽。镇上的人纷纷冲上船去救他，却没有成功。后来大
把米撒到水里，希望把饥饿的鱼群从他的躯体边引开。
Over the years, the stry f Qu’s demise transfrmed int the traditins f racing dragn bats and eating zngzi -a kind f rice wrapped in bamb leaves.
多年以后，屈原逝世的故事逐渐演变成赛龙舟和吃粽子(一种包在竹叶中的米食)的传统。
端午节起源
⑴In 278 BC, he heard the news that Qin trps had finally cnquered Chu’s capital, s he finished his last piece Huai Sha (Embracing Sand) and plunged himself int the Milu River,Clasping his arms t a large stne.the day happened t be the 5th f the 5th mnth in the Chinese lunar calendar.After his death,the peple f Chu crwded t the bank f the river t pay their respects t him.The fishemen sailed their bats up and dwn the river t lk fr his bdy.Peple threw int the water zngzi （pyramid-shaped glutinus rice dumplings wrapped in read r bamb leaves） and eggs t divert pssible fish r shrimp frm attacking his bdy.An ld dctr pured a jug f realgar wine (Chinese liqur seasned with realgar) in t the water,hping t turn all aquatic beasts drunk.That’s why peple later fllwed the custms such as dragn bat racing,eating zngzi and drinking realgar wine n that day.
公元前278年，当他听到秦国军队已经攻破楚国国都的消息后，写完最后一篇诗篇《怀沙》后抱石投汩罗江自尽。这一天正是农历五月初五。他死后，楚国人民跑到河岸来悼念他，渔民们划船遍河寻找他的尸体。人们把粽子和鸡蛋投入水中防止鱼虾伤害他的身体。一位老郎中还把一壹雄黄洒倒入水中，希望能药晕昏蛟龙水兽。这就是后来人们为什么在这一天赛龙舟，吃粽子，喝雄黄酒。
⑵Dragn bat racing is an indispensable part f the festival,held all ver the cuntry.As the gun is fired,peple will see racers in dragn-shaped pulling the ars harmniusly and hurriedly,accmpanied by rapid drums,speeding tward their destinatin.Flk tales say the game riginates frm the activities f seeking Qu Yuan’s bdy.
赛龙舟是这个节日不可工缺的一部分。当发令枪打响后，人们就能看到坐在龙舟的赛手们在急促鼓点的伴随下齐心协力摇桨驶向他们的目的地。民间故事说这个赛事的起源是寻找屈原的尸体。
⑶Zngzi is an essential fd f the Dragn Bat Festival.It is said that peple ate them in the Spring and Autumn Perid (770-476 BC). In early time,it was nly glutnus rice dumplings wrapped in reed r ther plant leaves and tied with clred thread,but nw the fillings are mre diversified,including jujube and bean paste,fresh meat,and ham and egg ylk,If time permist,peple will sak glutinus rice,wash reed leaves and wrap up zngzi themselves.Otherwise,they will g t shps t buy whatever stuff they want.The custm f eating zngzi is nw ppular in Nrth and Suth Krea,Japan and Sutheast Asian natins.
粽子是端午的一种必备食品，所说人们在春秋时代就开始吃它（公元前770-476年）。最开始是，它只是用箬叶和彩线包起来的糯米。但是现在在填充物就很丰富了，有枣子和豆沙的，鲜肉的，还有火腿蛋黄的。如果时间允许，人们会自己泡糯米，洗箬叶，包粽子。一然他们变会到商店买来自己想吃的粽子。现在粽子的习俗已经风靡朝鲜、南韩、日本以及东南亚各国。
四．中秋节Mid-Autumn Festival
⑴It is n the 15th f the eighth lunar mnth.
⑵Peple gaze at（观赏）the “Lady in the Mn”(嫦娥) , eat mn cakes fr family reunin and happiness.
⑴中秋节在农历的八月十五。
⑵人们在那一天家人团圆，一起赏月、吃月饼。
中秋节起源
⑴Flklre abut the rigin f the festival g like this:In remte antiquity, there were ten suns rising in the sky, which scrched all crps and drve peple int dire pverty. A her named Hu Yi was much wrried abut this,he ascended t the tp f the Kunlun Muntain and,directing his superhuman strength t full extent, drew his extrardinary bw and sht dwn the nine superfluus suns ne after anther. He als rdered the last sun t rise and set accrding t time. Fr this reasn, he was pespected and lved by the peple and lts f peple f ideals and integrity came t him t learn martial arts frm him. A persn named Peng Meng lurked in them.
相传，远古时候天上有10个太阳同时出现，晒得庄稼枯死，民不聊生，一个名叫后羿的英雄，力大无穷，他同情受苦的百姓，登上昆仑山顶，运足神力，拉开神弓，一气射下9个太阳，并严令最后一个太阳按时起落，为民造福。后羿因此受到了百姓的尊敬和爱戴，不少志士慕名前来投师学艺，心术不正的蓬蒙也混了进来。
⑵Hu Yi had a beautifull and kindhearted wife named Chang E.ne day in his way t the Kunlun Muntain t call n friends,he ran upn the Empress f Heaven Wangmu wh was passing by.Empress Wangmu presented t him a parcel f elixir,by taking which,it was said,ne wuld ascend immediately t heaven and becme a celestial being.Hu Yi,hwever,hated t part with his wife.S he gave the elixir t Chang E t treasure rr the time being.Chang E hid parcel in a treasure bx at her dressing table when,unexpectedly,it was seen by Peng Meng.
后羿有一个美丽的妻子叫 “嫦娥”，一天后羿到昆仑山访友求道，巧遇由此经过的王母娘娘，便向王母娘娘求得一包一死药。所说，服下此药，即刻升天成仙。然而，后羿舍不得撇下妻子，只好暂时把不死药交给嫦娥珍藏。嫦娥将药藏进梳妆台的百宝匣里，不料被小人蓬蒙看见了。
⑶One day when Hu Yi led his disciples t g hunting,Peng Meng,swrd in hand,rushed int the inner chamber and frced Chang E t hand ver the elixir,Aware that she was unable tl defeat Peng Meng,Chang E mabe a prmpt decisin at that critical mment.She turned rund t pen her treasure bx,tk up the elixir and swallwed it in ne gulp.As sn as she swallwed the elixir her bdy flated ff the grund,dashed ut f the windw and flew twards heaven.Peng Meng escaped.
一天，后羿众徒外出狩猎，蓬蒙手持宝剑闯入内宅后院，威逼嫦娥交出不死药。嫦娥知道自己不是蓬蒙的对手，危急之时她当机立断，转身打开百宝匣，拿出不死药一口吞了下去。嫦娥吞下药，身子立刻飘离地面、冲出窗口，向天上飞去。蓬蒙便借机逃走了。
⑷When Hu Yi returned hme at dark,he knew frm the maidservants what had happened Overcme with grief,Hu Yi lked up int the night sky and called ut the name r his belved wife when,t his surprise, he fund that the mn was especially clear and bight and n it there was a swaying shadw that was exactly like his wife.He treid his best t chase after the mn.But as he ran,the mn retreated;as he withdrew,the mn came back. He culd nt get t the mn at all.
傍晚，率众徒回到家，侍女们哭诉了白天发生的事。后羿气得捶胸顿足，悲痛欲绝，仰望着夜空呼唤爱妻的名字，这时他惊奇发现，今天的月亮格外皎洁明亮，而且有个晃动的身影酷似嫦娥。他拼命朝月亮追去，可是他追三步，月亮退三步。他退三步，月亮进三步，无论怎样也追不到跟前。
⑸Thinking f his wife day night, Hu Yi then had an incense table arranged in the back garden that Chang E lved. Puting n the table sweetmeats and fresh fruits Chang E enjyed mst, Hu Yi held at a distance a memrial ceremny fr Chang E wh was sentimentally attached t him in the palace f the mn.When peple heard f the stry that Chang E had turned int a celestial being,they arranged the incense table in the mnlight ne after anther and prayed kindhearted Chang E fr gd frturne and peace.Frm then n the custm f wrshiping the mn spread amng the peple.
后羿无可奈何，又思念妻子，只好派人到嫦娥喜爱的后花园里，摆上香案，放上她平时最爱吃的蜜食鲜果，遥祭在月宫里眷恋着自己的嫦娥。百姓们闻知嫦娥奔月成仙的消息后，纷纷在月下摆设香案，向善良的嫦娥祈求吉祥平安。
⑹Peple in different places fllw varius custms,but all shw their lve and lnging fr a better life.
中秋节的习俗很多，形式也各不相同，但都寄托着人们对生活无限的热爱和对美好生活的向往。
五．七夕节Qiqia Festival （the Chinese Valentine’s Day）
⑴The granddaughter f the Gddess f Heaven visited the earth. Her name was Zhinu, the weaving girl.
⑵While she was n earth she met her herd by Niulang and they fell in lve. They gt married secretly, and they were very happy.
⑶When the Gddess f Heaven knew that her granddaughter was married t a human, she became very angry and made the weaving girl return t heaven. Niulang tried t fllw her, but the river f stars, the Milk Way, stpped him.
⑷Finding that Zhinu was heart-brken, her grandmther finally decided t let the cuple crss the Milk Way t meet nce a year.
⑸Magpies make a bridge f their wings t the cuple can crss the river t meet n the seventh day f the seventh lunar mnth.
⑹Peple in China hpe that the weather will be fine n that day, because if it is raining, it means that Zhinu is weeping and the cuple wn’t be able t meet.
⑴王母娘娘的外孙女下凡来到人间。她的名字叫织女。
⑵在人间，她见到了牛郎，并且相爱。秘密结婚后，他们快乐的生活在一起。
⑶当王母娘娘知道她的孙女嫁给了一个凡人，非常生气。她让织女返回天庭，牛郎紧跟不舍，但是却被银河挡住了。
⑷看到织女伤心欲绝，王母娘娘最后决定让这对夫妻每年跨过银河相会一次。
⑸农历的七月初七，这对夫妻在鹊桥上相会。
⑹人们希望那天的天气好，因为如果下雨，意味着织女在流泪，他们没能相会。
Valentine’s Day 情人节Date 约会
Bunch 花束
Rse 玫瑰
Candy 糖果
Chclate 巧克力
Frget-Me-Nt 勿忘我
Puppy Lve/First Lve 初恋
Cute Meet 浪漫的邂逅
Fall In Lve 坠入爱河
Lve At The First Sight 一见钟情
Prpse 求婚
Valentine Cards 情人节卡片
Candlelight Dinner 烛光晚餐
Heart-Shaped/Crdate 心形的
Truelve 真爱Enamred 倾心的
第二部分 中国文化元素
一.长城（The Great Wall）
The Great Wall is ne f the wnders f the wrld that created by human beings! If yu cme t China withut climbing the Great Wall, it's just like ging Paris withut visiting the Eiffel Twer; r ging t Egypt withut visiting the Pyramids! Men ften say, "He wh dest nt reach the Great Wall is nt a true man."In fact, it began as independent walls fr different states when it was first built, and did nt becme the "Great Wall" until the Qin Dynasty. Hwever, the wall we see tday, starting frm Shanhaiguan Pass in the east t Jiayunguan Pass in the west, was mstly built during the Ming Dynasty.
长城是人类创造的世界奇迹之一。如果你到了中国却没去过长城，就想到了巴黎没有去看看菲尔铁塔，或者就像到了埃及没有去看金字塔一样。人们常说：“不到长城非好汉。”实际上，长城最初只是一些断断续续的城墙，直到秦朝统一中国后才将其连城长城。然而，今天我们看到的长城——东起山海关，西至嘉峪关——大部分都是在明代修建的。
二.饺子（Dumplings）
Dumplings are ne f the Chinese peple’s favrite traditinal dishes. Accrding t an ancient Chinese legend, dumplings were first made by the medical saint---Zhang Zhngjing. There are three steps invlved in making dumplings: 1) make dumpling wrappers ut f dumpling flur; 2) prepare the dumpling stuffing; 3) make dumplings and bil them. With thin and elastic dugh skin, fresh and tender stuffing, delicius taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are wrth eating hundreds f times. There’s an ld saying that claims, “Nthing culd be mre delicius than dumplings”. During the Spring Festival and ther hlidays, r when treating relatives and friends, Chinese peple like t fllw the auspicius custm f eating dumplings. T Chinese peple wh shw high reverence fr family lve, having dumplings at the mment the ld year is replaced by the new is an essential part f bidding farewell t the ld and ushering in the new year.
饺子是深受中国人民喜爱的传统食品。 相传为古代医圣张仲景发明。饺子的制作是包括： 1） 擀皮、2） 备馅、3） 包馅水煮三个步骤。其特点是皮薄馅嫩，味道鲜美，形状独特，百食不厌。民间有“好吃不过饺子”的俗语。中国人接亲待客、逢年过节都有包饺子吃的习俗，寓意吉利。对崇尚亲情的中国人来说，“更岁交子”吃饺子，更是欢度除夕、辞旧迎新必不可少的内容。
三.筷子（Chinese Chpsticks）
The Chinese way f eating with chpsticks is unique in the wrld. The recrded histry f chpsticks started mre than three thusand years ag. Chpsticks were named zhu in ancient Chinese. They lk deceptively simple t use, but pssess multi-varius functins, such as clamping, turning ver, lifting up, raking, stirring, scping, pking, tearing, and s n. Chpsticks were taken as an auspicius masct by rdinary peple in ancient China. Fr example, the partial tne f chpsticks is ften used by peple as a metaphr at weddings t indicate a blessing r benedictin fr the cuple t have a baby sn. Unlike using a knife and frk r ne’s wn hands, a pair f chpsticks als implies the meaning f “Harmny is what matters”. Chpsticks are highly praised by Westerners as a hallmark f ancient riental civilizatin.
中国人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上独树一帜。有史记载用筷的历史已有三千多年。筷子古时称为箸，它看似简单，但却同时具有夹、拨、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多种功能。中国民间视筷子为吉祥之物，如婚俗中将筷子隐喻为快生贵子的祝福等。与使用刀叉以及手抓的 方式不同，成双结对的筷子含有“和为贵“的意蕴。西方人赞誉筷子是古老的东方文明。
【拓展1】The Stry f Chpsticks（1） 筷子的故事
⑴Chpsticks are used every day in China.
⑵Nw I'd like t take this pprtunity t share their interesting histry with yu.
⑶I think yu'll agree that even an rdinary item used in daily life can have a fascinating stry.
⑷Althugh chpsticks riginated in China, they are widely used in many Asian cuntries.
⑸The first chpsticks were made frm bne and jade.
⑹In the Spring and Autumn perid, cpper and irn chpsticks came int being.
⑺In ancient times, the rich used jade r gld chpsticks t display their wealth.
⑻Many kings and emperr s used silver chpsticks t see if their fd had been pisned.
⑼Chpsticks are traditinally placed in brides' dwries,because "chpsticks" in Chinese is prnunced "kuaizi", which sunds like "get a sn sn."
⑽Many freign friends try t use chpsticks when they visit China.
⑾Even the frmer president f the United States Richard Nixn, used chpsticks at the welcming banquet held in his hnr.
⑿As sn as he left his table, a freign diplmat grabbed his chpsticks as a histrical suvenir.
⑴中国人每天都在使用筷子。
⑵现在我想借这个机会和大家一起聊一些有关于筷子历史的有趣故事。
⑶我想你会赞同即使是日常生活中一件小物品也会有其引人入胜的故事。
⑷虽然筷子起源于中国，但现在很多的亚洲国家都在使用。
⑸最早的筷子是用骨头和玉制成的。
⑹在春秋时代又出现了铜制和铁制的筷子。
⑺在古代，富人家用玉筷子或金筷子以显示其家庭的富有。
⑻许多帝王用银制的筷子以检查他们的食物中是否被人投了毒。
⑼筷子在传统上是被当作 新娘的嫁妆的，因为“筷子”在汉语中读作“kuaizi”，听起来很像“快得儿子”。
⑽许多外国朋友在访问中国的时候都使用筷子。
⑾甚至是美国前总统尼克松在为其到来而举办的欢迎宴会上也使用了筷子。
⑿他刚一离开桌子，一名国外的外交人员就抓起了他的筷子，把它作为了具有历史意义的纪念品。
【拓展2】The Stry f Chpsticks（2） 筷子的故事
⑴In ancient China, chpsticks signified far lre than tls that take fd t the muth; they als signified status and rules, “can”and ”can’t”.
⑵During the Nrthern Sng Dynasty, an fficial named Tang Su nce had dinner with the emperr. He was nt well infrmed in nble table etiquette and s laid dwn his chpsticks hrizntally n the table befre the emperr did. As a result, he was expatriated t a frntier area fr penal servitude.
⑶In ancient eating etiquette, there were ver a dzen tabs cncening chpsticks. Fr example , they culd nt be placed vertically int a dish, as this was the way f making sacrifices t the dead.
⑴在古代中国，筷子不仅仅是把食物送到口中的餐具，它被赋予了重要的内涵和“能”和“不能”的规矩。
⑵北宋朝时，一个叫唐肃的官员陪皇帝进膳。他不了解用餐时使用筷子的礼仪，在皇帝还没有吃完时，他把筷子横放在桌子上，表示他不想再吃了。结果这位官员被发配边疆。
⑶在古代的饮食礼仪中，筷子的使用方法的禁忌有十多种。比如，忌将筷子竖直插入菜盘或饭碗中，因为这代表为死人上坟。
四.中国功夫（Chinese kung fu）
Chinese kung fu, r Chinese martial arts, carries traditinal Chinese culture in abundance. It is a traditinal Chinese sprt which applies the art f attack and defence in cmbat and the mtins engaged with a series f skill and tricks. The cre idea f Chinese king fu is derived frm the Cnfucian thery f bth “the mean and harmny” and “cultivating qi” (therwise knwn as nurishing ne’s spirit). Meanwhile, it als includes thughts f Taism and Buddhism. Chinese kung fu has a lng histry, with multi-varius sects and many different bxing styles, and emphasizes cupling hardness with sftness and internal and external training. It cntains the ancient great thinkers’ pndering f life and the universe. The skills in wielding the 18 kinds f weapns named by the later generatins mainly invlve the skills f bare-handed bxing, such as shadw bxing (Taijiquan), frm and will bxing (Xingyiquan), eight trigram palm (Baguazhang), and the skills f kung fu weapnry, such as the skill f using swrds, spears, tw-edged swrds and halberds, axes, tmahawks, kks, prngs and s n.
中国功夫即中国武术，是将技击寓于搏斗和套路运动之中的中国传统体育项目，承载着丰富的中国民族传统文化。其核心思想是儒家的中和养气之说，同时兼容了道家、释家的思想。中国武术源远流长、流派林立、拳种繁多，讲究刚柔并济、内外兼修，蕴含着先哲们对生命和宇宙的参悟。后世所称十八般武艺，主要指：徒手拳艺，如太极拳、形意拳、八卦掌等；器械功夫，如刀枪剑戟、斧钺钩叉等。
【拓展】
⑴Chinese Kung Fu is magnificent and prfund but it’s unfrtunate that a lt f it has nt been passed dwn.
⑵Taijiquan can make yu feel at peace. In additin t emphasizing matching the mvements with yur breathing, it is gd fr yur health t.
⑶The primary reasn fr practicing kung fu is fr health reasns. Defense is f secndary imprtance and hurting thers is ablutely unacceptable.
⑴中国功夫博大精深，可惜有很多已经失传了。
⑵太极拳可以使人心境平和，加上它注重呼吸配合动作，对身体也有好处。
⑶练武的主要目的在于锻炼身体，其次是防身，至于用来伤人是万万不可以的。
There is much mre t Kung Fu than Jackie Chan r Bruce Lee. Kung Fu is an art frm, and als, very gd fr yu.
功夫并不只是指成龙或李小龙，它是一种艺术形式，而且对你很有好处。
Many styles f Kung Fu are based n the ideas f nature. Ancient bxing masters ften develped their fighting techniques by bserving the wrld arund them. Animals, birds, and insects prvided the basis fr many systems f Kung Fu develped in the past.
很多功夫招式来源于对自然界的想象。古代拳术大师常常通过观察他们周围的世界改进拳术技法。动物、鸟类和昆虫为过去很多功夫的系统发展提供了基础。
Many f the hard frms f Kung Fu came frm a Buddhist Mnastery called “Shalin”. An Indian priest named Tam came t live there nearly 1500 years agu. Accrding t legend, Tam arrived at the mnastery where he fund the mnks in pr physical cnditin. Because they culdn’t stay awake during meditatin, Tam intrduced a series f 18 exercise designed t feed bth bdy and mind. These mvements are said t have merged with self-defense tactics studied in the Shalin Temple.
很多硬功夫都出自叫“少林”的佛教寺庙。大约1500年前，有个叫达摩的印度僧人来到这里。传说他来到寺庙，发现那里的和尚身体状况很不好。因为他们在坐禅时候不能保持清醒，达摩就传授给他们一套十八手拳法，目的是锻炼他们的身心。据说这些动作融合了他在少林寺研究的防身术。
I suggest a sft frm f Kung Fu, called Tai Qi. It cmes frm Taism and it’s very gd fr yur health. Thrugh its training, yu can get inner peace and a sense f physical and emtinal well being. It’s ften called Chinese Yga: the art and science f meditatin thrugh mvement.
我建议你学习一种温和的功夫，叫太极拳。它源于道教，对你的健康非常有好处。通过这种训练，你能达到内心的平和，以及身体和情绪上的安宁舒适。它经常被人们称作中国瑜伽：通过运动达到沉思冥想的一种艺术和科学。
五.汉字（Chinese characters）
Chinese characters were initially meant t be simple pictures used t help peple remember things. After a lng perid f develpment, it finally became a unique character system that embdies phnetic sund, image, idea, and rhyme at the same time. The writing system, which was extremely advanced in ancient times, began with inscriptins n bnes and trtise shells, and these are regarded as the riginal frms f Chinese characters. Afterwards, Chinese characters went thrugh numerus calligraphic styles: brnze inscriptins, fficial script, regular script, cursive script, running script, etc. Chinese characters are usually rund utside and square inside, which is rted in ancient Chinese beliefs f an rbicular sky and a rectangular Earth. The five basic strkes f Chinese characters are “---“ (the hrizntal strke) “│” (the vertical strke), “／”( the left-falling strke), “＼” (the right-falling strke), and “乙” (the turning strke).
汉字是从原始人用以记事的简单图画，经过不断演变发展最终成为一种兼具音、形、意韵的独特文字。现存中国古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被认为是现代汉字的初形。此后，汉字又经历了金文、隶书、楷书、草书、行书等不同的阶段。汉字结构“外圆内方“， 源于古人”天圆地方“的观念。汉字有五种基本笔画，即：横、竖、撇、捺、折。
六.秧歌舞（Yangk）
Yangk is ne f traditin flk dance f Han in China.It is usually perfrmed in nrthern prvinces. The dancers usually wear clrful and light cstumes, and the perfrmance is pwerful and rapid. During sme festivals such as Spring Festival, Lantein Festival, if peple hear the sund f drum and gng, n matter hw cld the weather is , they will cme t street and appreciate the Yangk. Recent years, the ld peple in city f east-nrthern f China rganized the team f Yangk by themselves, the teamers keep their health by dancing Yangk the whle year.
秧歌舞是中国汉族的一种民间传统舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服装，他们的表演动作有力迅速。在农历春节、元宵节等节日期间，人们一旦听到锣鼓声，不管外面天气有多冷，他们都会蜂拥到街上看秧歌舞表演。近年来，中国东北某些城市的老年人自发组织了了秧歌队，队员常年通过跳秧歌舞来保持健康，同事他们也乐在其中。
七.针灸（Acupuncture）
Acupuncture is an imprtant part f traditinal Chinese medicine (TCM). In accrdance with the “main and cllateral channels” thery in TCM, the purpse f acupuncture is t dredge the channel and regulate qi and bld, s as t keep the bdy’s yin and yang balanced and achieve recnciliatin between the internal rgans. It features in traditinal Chinese medicine that “internal diseases are t be treated with external therapy”. The main therapy f acupuncture invlves using needles t pierce certain acupints f the patient’s bdy, r adpting mxibustin t stimulate the patient’s acupints s as t stimulate the channels and relieve pain. With its unique advantages, acupuncture has been handed dwn generatin after generatin and has nw spread all ver the wrld. Nwadays, acupuncture, alng with Chinese fd, kung fu (therwise knwn as Chinese martial arts), and traditinal Chinese medicine, has been internatinally hailed as ne f the “fur new natinal treasures.”

针灸是中医学的重要组成部分。按照中医的经络理论，针灸疗法主要是通过疏通经络、调和气血，来达到阴阳归于平衡，使脏腑趋于调和之目的。其特点是“内病外治”。主要疗法是用针刺入病人身体的一定穴位，或用艾火的温热刺激烧灼病人的穴位，以达到刺激经络。治疗病痛的目的。针灸以其独特的优势，流传至今并传播到了世界，与中餐、功夫、中药一起被海外誉为中国的“新四大国粹”。
八.中国龙（Chinese Dragn）
Dragn ttem wrship in China has been arund fr the last 8,000 years. The ancients in China cnsidered the dragn (r lng) a fetish that cmbines animals including the fish, snake, hrse and x with clud, thunder, lightning and ther natural celestial phenmena. The Chinese dragn was frmed in accrdance with the multicultural fusin prcess f the Chinese natin. T the Chinese, the dragn signifies innvatin and chesin.
对龙图腾他的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年。中国龙是古人将鱼、蛇、马、牛等动物与云雾、雷电等自然天象集合而成的一种神物。 中国龙的形成与中华民族的多元融合过程同步。在中国人的心目中，龙具有振奋腾飞、开拓变化的寓意和团结凝聚的精神。
九.中国印章（Chinese Seal）
A seal can als be defined as a stamp. Bth the Chinese fficial and private seal f varius dynasties have different titles, such as stamp, zhu nte, cntract, fu, lease and thers. The seals used by the emperrs f ancient China were called xi, yin, ba, etc. Accrding t histrical recrds, seals were widely used during the Warring States Perid (475BC-221BC). The making f a seal is t engrave fnts, such as seal characters and fficial script and s n; r images in the frm f intagli and embssment int the seal, basically shaped as rund r square. Cvered with a vermilin verlay, the Chinese seal is nt nly used in daily life, but it is als used t represent signatures n paintings and calligraphies. It is gradually becming ne f China’s unique artwrks.
印章就是图章。中国历代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱记、合同、符、契等等不同的称谓，而帝王所用的印章古时称玺、印、宝、章等。据史料记载，印章在战国时代已普遍使用。印章的制作是将篆隶等字体、图像用阴、阳的形式雕刻而成，形状以圆、方为主。印章用朱色 钤盖，除日常应用外，又多用于书画题识，逐渐成为中国特有的艺术形式之一。
十.京剧（Chinese Beijing Opera）
Praised as “Oriental Opera”, Beijing Opera is a genuine natinal quintessence f China. It riginated frm many kinds f ancient lcal peras, especially huiban in suthern China. At the end f the 19th Century, Beijing Opera evlved and tk shape, becming the greatest kind f pera in China. Beijing Opera is a blend f perfrming arts---sng, speech, perfrmance, acrbatix fighting and dance. Beijing Opera prtrays and narrates the plt and characters thrugh stylized acting. The main types f rles in Beijing Opera are sheng(male), dan (yung female), jing (painted face, male), and chu( clwn, male r female).
京剧被誉为“东方歌剧”， 是地道的中国国粹。它起源于中国多种古老的地方戏剧，特别是南方的“徽班”。到了19世纪末，京剧形成并成为中国最大的戏曲剧种。京剧是综合性表演艺术，集唱（歌唱）、念（念白）、做（表演）、打（武）、舞（舞蹈）为一体，通过程式化的表演手段，叙述故事，刻画人物。角色主要分生（男性）、旦（女性）、净（男性）、丑（男性女性皆有）四大行当。
【拓展】Beijing Opera京剧
⑴Beijing Opera f China is a natinal treasure with a histry f 200 years.
⑵Facial masks are an imprtant way t prtray a character.
⑶Each rle,accrding t their sex,age and dispsitin,is characterized by different designs f facial make-up(facial mask).
⑷In Peking Opera, femal rles are “Dan”. Male rles are “Sheng”. And clwns are”Chu”.
⑸Present-day designers are als brrwing frm the Beijing Opera fr their wrk.
⑴京剧是中国的国粹，迄今已经有200多年的历史。
⑵脸谱是塑造人物形象的重要手段。
⑶每个角色都会按照他们的性格、年龄、个性，在脸上画不同的脸谱。
⑷在京剧中，女性的角色被称作“旦”，男性的角色被称作“生”，小丑被称作“丑”。
⑸当代服装设计师也从京剧服装中吸取灵感。
十一.中国成语（Chinese Idims）
Chinese idims refer t cmprehensive and integrated fixed phrases and expressins. Idims are established and accepted by cnstant usage and cmmn practice. An idim is a language unit that is larger than a wrd, but has the same grammatical functin as a wrd. Mst Chinese idims cnsist f fur characters. Fr example, ziqiangbuxi ( make unremitting effrts t imprve neself), qingchuyulan(bluer than indig), and hujibfa (success cmes with time and effrt). Idims are extrated frm flk prverbs, ancient wrks f literature, pems, fables, allusins, and well-knwn sayings. Idims are a part f the Chinese language that are cncise and have great vitality.
中国成语是汉语中意义完整的表示一般概念的固定词组或短语。“成语”中的“成”既是约定俗成。成语是比词大而语法功能又相当于词的语言单位。绝大多数的中国成语由四个汉字组成，例如：自强不息、青出于蓝、厚积薄发。成语主要从民间谚语、古代文学作品、诗歌、寓言、典故、名言警句等方面提炼而成，是汉语语言中精炼而又富有生命力的一部分。

十二.丝绸（Silk）
China is the hme f silk. Mulberry planting, sericulture, silk reeling and thickening are all great inventins f the ancient Chinese. As early as the Shang and Zhu Dynasties (1600BC-256BC), the Chinese peple’s silk-weaving techniques had reached an extremely high level. During the Western Han Dynasty (206BC-25AD), Zhang Qian, an utstanding diplmat, travelled arund central Asia and cnnected China with the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean, pening up a new era f Sin-freign trade, exchange and cmmunicatin. Frm then n, China’s silk became well knwn fr its extrardinary quality, exquisite design and clr, and abundant culture cnntatins. Hithert, Chinese silk has been accepted as a symbl f Chinese culture and the emissary f riental civilizatin.
中国是丝绸的故乡。栽桑、养蚕、缫丝、织绸是中国古代人民的伟大发明。商周时期丝绸的生产技术就已发展到相当高的水平。西汉时张骞通西域，把中原与波斯湾、地中海紧密联系起来，开辟了中外交流贸易的新纪元。从此中国的丝绸以其卓越的品质、精美的花色和丰富的文化内涵闻名于世，成为中国文化的象征。东方文明的使者。
十三.中国园林 Chinese Classical Garden
The Chinese classical garden is a precius treasure f ur ancient Chinese architecture. It is a kind f envirnment art, which systematically cmbines artificial muntains and rivers, plants and buildings with the natural landscape. The cnstructin standard f a Chinese classical garden is “artificial as it is, the garden must lk ingenius and natural.” When yu g sightseeing in a Chinese classical garden, yu shuld be able t appreciate its artistic cncept which “makes use f the natural landscape t create the real fun f muntains and rivers fr viewers.” Of the wrld’s three majr garden systems, the Chinese classical garden is hailed as ne f the rigins f the wrld’s garden due t its lng histry and abundant cnntatins.
中国园林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等与自然地貌有机结合的环境艺术，是我国古代建筑艺术的珍宝。其建造原则是“妙极自然，宛自天开”。游赏中国古典园林，能充分领略“假自然之景，创山水真趣”的园林意境。在世界三大园林体系中，中国园林历史悠久、内涵丰富，被誉为世界造园史上的渊源之一。
十四.文房四宝（The Fur Treasures f the Study）
The writing brush, ink stick, ink stne, and paper were requisite treasures in the study f the schlars f ancient China, and they are ften referred t as the “Fur Treasures f the Study.” The writing brush and ink stick have been used by the Chinese t write and paint since 5,000 years ag. In the Qin Dynasty (221BC---206BC), peple already used feathers f different hardness and bamb trunks t make brushes. During the Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD), man-made ink was used instead f natural ink. After paper was invented by the Chinese, bamb slips, wden tablets, brcade and silk, which riginally functined as writing surfaces, gradually faded ut. The ink stne was first develped with the use f writing brushes and ink. After the Sng Dynasty (960AD---1279AD), the “Fur Treasure f the Study” particularly referred t hubi, the writing brush prduced in Huzhu, Zhejiang prvince; huim, the ink stick prduced in Huizhu, Anhui prvince; xuan paper, a kind f paper prduced in Xuanzhu, Anhui prvince; and duanyan, the ink stne made in Zhaqing, Guangdng prvince (Zhaqing was earlier called Duanzhu). Indeed, the Fur Treasures f the Study” have writtin the whle Chinese civilizatin, as it is.
笔墨纸砚是中国古代文人书房当中必备的宝贝，被称为“文房四宝”。用笔墨书写绘画在中国可追溯到五千年前。秦时已用不同硬度的毛和竹管制笔；汉代以人工制墨替代了天然墨；有了纸张以后，简牍锦帛逐失其用；砚台则随笔墨的使用而发展。 “文房四宝”到宋朝以后特指湖笔、徽墨、宣纸、端砚。可以说文房四宝书写了整个中华文明。
十五. 中国印章（Chinese Seal）
A seal can als be defined as a stamp. Bth the Chinese fficial and private seal f varius dynasties have different titles, such as stamp, zhu nte, cntract, fu, lease and thers. The seals used by the emperrs f ancient China were called xi, yin, ba, etc. Accrding t histrical recrds, seals were widely used during the Warring States Perid (475BC-221BC). The making f a seal is t engrave fnts, such as seal characters and fficial script and s n; r images in the frm f intagli and embssment int the seal, basically shaped as rund r square. Cvered with a vermilin verlay, the Chinese seal is nt nly used in daily life, but it is als used t represent signatures n paintings and calligraphies. It is gradually becming ne f China’s unique artwrks.
印章就是图章。中国历代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱记、合同、符、契等等不同的称谓，而帝王所用的印章古时称玺、印、宝、章等。据史料记载，印章在战国时代已普遍使用。印章的制作是将篆隶等字体、图像用阴、阳的形式雕刻而成，形状以圆、方为主。印章用朱色 钤盖，除日常应用外，又多用于书画题识，逐渐成为中国特有的艺术形式之一。
十六. 天干地支（Chinese Era）
The Chinese era is the symbl that the Chinese calendar uses fr recrding and naming years. The ten Heavenly Stems are: jia, yi, bing, ding, wu, ji, geng, xin, ren, gui. The twelve Earthly Branches are: zi.chu, yin, mu, chen, si, wu, wei, shen, yu, xu, hai. After bserving the lunar mnth, the ancients fund that the mn always wazes and wanes rughly 12 times a year, and tw lunar mnths accunt fr abut 60 days, s the rder f the ten Heavenly Stems and the rder f the twelve Earthly Branches are prperly matched in turn. In terms f recrding date, 60 years is cnsidered t be a full time cycle. The Chinese era chrnlgy was first invented in ancient times and is still in use nw.
天干地支是中国历法中用以记录和命名年岁的方法。十天干为：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、已、庚、辛、壬、癸；十二地支为：子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戊、亥。古人观测朔望月，发现月亮圆缺12次大体上是一年的天数，而两个朔望月约是60天。古人以十天干与十二地支的顺序依次相配，记录不同年份，60年为一个轮回。干支纪年法从古沿用至今。
十七．中国画（The Chinese paitings）
⑴It’s interesting that Chinese paintings can be created n the spt.
⑵The Chinese d paintings with brushes, dipping their brushes in ink r paint and then skillfully wielding them.
⑶Painters prduce n the paper pictures with lines and dts——sme heavy, and sme light, and sme deep, and sme pale.
⑴真有意思：中国画是可以现场表演的。
⑵中国人绘画采用毛笔蘸墨汁或颜色，灵巧的挥洒在纸上。
⑶画家用深、浅、浓、淡的点和线构成一幅图画。
十八.中西医(Chinese Medicine)
⑴Usually a Chinese medicine practitiner appraches the illness frm a brader perspective, emphasizing its entirety and dialectical implicatins.
⑵A Western dctr deals directly with symptms. Fr instance, if smene has a sre thrat, a Western dctr will treat it as a thrat prblem, while a Chinese dctr may link it t the disrder f the patient’s stmach.
⑶A Chinese dctr examines his patient by using methd like bserving, smelling, asking and feeling. His Western cunterpart relies n symtms r evidence like bdy temperature and lab tests.
⑷Fr peple with terminal diseases, Chinese medicine may be their last resrt. Chinese medicine can nt nly alleviate pain, but als ffers the ptin f a different treatment.
⑴中医通常从宏观角度认识问题，强调整体性和辩证施治。
⑵西医则从微观入手。比如一个人咽喉痛，西医诊断为咽炎，中医则有可能判断为脾胃失衡的症状。
⑶中医通过望闻问切来诊病；西医注重症状，重证据。
⑷对于那些身患绝症的人来说，中医也许是他们最后的希望，它可以缓解病痛，为患者提供另一种治疗方案。
十九.书法艺术（The Art f Calligraphy ）
⑴Over 2000 years ag, Emperr Qin Shihuang , the first Emperr in Chinese histry, established the fficial Chinese writing characters.
⑵Calligraphy als had its practical values because it was a gd way t make friends and was mre presentable as a gift rather than jewelry r mney.
⑶Many peple practice calligraphy as a way t raise their culture accmplishment. Older peple use calligraphy writing as a methd t keep fit.
⑷I had thught cmputers wuld lead t the disappearance f Chinese calligraphy. Nw I understand that’s nt likely t happen. Hw can yu give yur bss cmputer-printed calligraphy as a gift.
⑸The brush is the traditinal Chinese writing tl. Its tip is made f sft hair frm a sheep, weasel r rabbit.
⑴两千多年前，中国的第一个皇帝秦始皇统一了中国的文字。
⑵书法还有着实际的效用，比如结交朋友。比起珠宝或金钱，送人一幅书法作品就来得高雅、体面。
⑶很多人研习书法的目的是提升文化素养，老年人学习书法是为了保健强身。
⑷我一直认为电脑的出现会导致中国书法的衰落。现在看来，这不太可能。你怎么能拿着一幅从电脑中打印出来的书法作品送给上司呢？
⑸毛笔是中国的传统书写工具。笔尖由羊毛、黄鼬毛或兔毛制成。毛笔的毫毛既软又有弹性。
二十.放风筝（Kite-flying）
⑴Kite-flying has been an ld Chinese pastime.
⑵Recrds abut the activity were mentined as back 2,500 years ag.
⑶Over the centuries, peple have develped kites knwn fr their beauty.
⑷Peple are able t make them lk like swallws, geese, frgs, butterflies, peaccks, crabs and many ther animals.
⑸Nw peple will fly kites in early spring and autumn.
⑹It’s really a very beautiful scene with kites flying in the sky.
⑴放风筝是中国一项古老的娱乐活动。
⑵2500年前，就有放风筝的记载。
⑶几个世纪以来，风筝因为它的样式美观而众所周知。
⑷人们把它做成诸多动物的形状，比如燕子、鹅、青蛙、蝴蝶、孔雀、螃蟹等。
⑸现在人们在初春和初秋放风筝。
⑹天空中飞着风筝，真实非常漂亮的景观啊！
第三部分、中华习俗
一．餐桌礼仪Table Manners（1）
⑴Table manners in China are quite different frm thse f westeners.
⑵In China,it’s kay t talk while eating.Hwever,yu may regard it as rude.
⑶Yu will cnsidered a well-cnnected,sciable man, if yu keep invlved in the cnversatin all the time.
⑷Dn’t eat fast! Peple usually keep their dining pace accrded with thers. And all the dishes shuld nt be eaten up cmpletely.
⑸It is a custm and gd manners t serve tea t a guest wh cmes t pay a visit. There is n need t ask if he needs it r nt.
⑹It wuldn’t be cnsidered rude behavir if he desn’t even take a single drp. But he’d better receive the teacup with bth hands and bw his thanks when the cup is brught befre his face. When the hst purs ht water int his cup, he may als chse t tap his index finger n the table,meaning”thanks”. N matter if he likes it r nt,it is implite if he desn’t even lay a finger n the cup.
⑴中国的餐桌礼仪和西方的差别还是很大的。
⑵中国人认为吃饭时可以说话，相反你们会觉得这很没礼貌。
⑶如果在饭桌上你积极参与谈话，别人会觉得你一定是个善于交际、人缘很好的人。
⑷不要吃得太快，人们往往要跟其他人吃饭的进度保持一致。各个盘子都应该留下一点别吃完。
⑸给上门拜访的客人上茶确实是风俗礼节，不需要问他要不要喝茶，或者要不要别的东西。
⑹茶端到他面前的时候，他最好双手接住茶杯，欠身致谢。主人给他倒茶时，他也可以在桌面上轻叩几下食指，表示“叩首谢谢”。不管他喜不喜欢，要是连碰都不碰一下茶杯，那就有失礼貌了。
二．餐桌礼仪Table Manners（2）
⑴Table manners are very strict during a Chinese meal. Respect has t be given t the elderly. Each time a dish is served, everyne has t wait until the elder persn starts r , “t cut the ribbn”.
⑵The fd is brught t the table all the same time s everybdy is n the same starting line. This lacks the warm atmsphere which prevails at a Chinese dinner.
⑶This may be the reasn why it is always nisy at a Chinese dinner but quiet in a Western restaurant.
⑷Alchl is a medium fr cmmunicating emtin in China. Drinking with business partners r wuld-be friends is a way f slidifying friendship, especially in Nrthern China.
⑸Yu will be set free at a Western banquet.It seems we are keen t make it as cnvenient as pssiblet savr the wine,its clr,its arma and its delicate taste.
⑹The mst imprtant thing is that the gblet,table-clth,and plates shuld be made shiningly clean,s that the clr f the wine is clearly visible and the delicate arma and taste are fully appreciable.
⑺At the Western table,remember t avid talking s lundly,r talking with a muthful fd.
⑴中餐还有严格的餐桌礼仪。长辈要受到尊重。一盘菜上来，大家要先让长者举筷，这被称作“剪彩”。
⑵西餐中每个人点的菜都同时端上，大家在同一时间开始用餐，缺少了中国人相互礼让的过程，
⑶友好的气氛就差了许多。这也许就是中国人吃饭热热闹闹，西方人的餐桌相对安静的原因吧。
⑷在中国，喝酒时情感交流的介质。尤其是在北方，和业务伙伴或者“准朋友”喝酒可以增进感情。
⑸西式酒宴上，你可就自由了，我们乐意为品酒创造便利，品味就的颜色、气味和口感。
⑹所以有一点是很重要的，那就是酒杯、桌布和盘子都要擦得一尘不染，为的就是使就的颜色清楚可见，酒的口感和气味也能感受出来。
⑺在西餐桌上，记得不要大声说话，或边嚼边说话。
【拓展】文化差异
1. Chewing with yur muth pen.张开嘴咀嚼食物。
This is the ppsite f Chinese Culture where they appreciate that yu make nise while eating. Westerners feel this is disgusting and shws a cmplete lake f manners. Chew with yur muth shut!
中国人喜欢在咀嚼食物的时候发出声响，与中国文化相反，西方人认为这种行为极为讨厌，是缺乏礼貌的表现。嚼东西的时候要闭上嘴巴。
2. Speaking with yur muth full.说话时满嘴食物。
This is cnsidered quite rude when at the table. Western children are taught frm a very early age never t d this.
在餐桌上，这被认为是非常粗鲁的行为。西方人从小就受这方面的教导。
3. Picking teeth / Sucking teeth. 剔牙 / 吮牙。
It is cnsidered rude t pick between yur teeth where thers can see yu. Western restaurants usually d nt supply tthpicks s it is smetimes hard t decide when t remve fd stuck between the teeth. It is usually best t excuse yurself and g int the bathrm.
当着他人的面剔牙是很不礼貌的。西餐厅通常不提供牙签，所以有时候很难决定什么时候该剔牙。当确实需要清理牙缝间的食物时，最好是上洗手间。
4. Elbws n the table.手肘支在桌上。
While eating yu shuld be sitting straight up. D nt put yur elbws n the table. Putting yur elbws n the table will make yu lk like a farmer.
用餐时应该身体坐直，手肘不要支在餐桌上。把手肘放在桌子上会让你看起来像个农民。
5. Spitting fd (bnes, skin, etc.) ut f yur muth. 直接从嘴里吐出食物（骨、皮等）。
This is nt dne in Western restaurants. If yu d need t take smething ut f yur muth, bring yur napkin up t yur muth and place the item in it.
在西方的餐厅里你是见不到这一幕的。真要这样做的话，应该把纸巾拿到嘴边，吐在纸巾上。
6. Picking up yur plate r bwl. 捧起碗碟。
They think that nly children d this. Dn’t lean ver and slurp frm the plate n the table either. Fd must be transprted frm the dish t yur muth with a frk r a spn. If yu’re nervus abut using a knife and frk, buy a set and practice at hme until yu feel cmfrtable.
西方人觉得这是小孩子才会有的举动。也不要把嘴放在碗边直接吸取食物。要用勺子或叉子把食物放进嘴里。如果你不习惯用刀叉，那就买一套放在家里练习如何使用，直到运用自如。
7. Speaking ludly. 大声讲话。
All Westerners try t keep the cnversatin t their wn table. If the whle restaurant can hear yu, yu are speaking t ludly and it will be cnsidered rude. In fact, sme westerners find it difficult t d business in Chinese restaurants because the nise level is just t high.
用餐时，西方人只会与同桌的人交谈。如果整个餐厅都会听到你的“演讲”，那你的声音就太大了。实际上，一些西方人认为在中国的餐馆里谈生意是件很困难的事情，因为噪音太大了。
8. Passing gas / Belching / Burping. 放屁 / 打嗝。
This is cnsidered rude in any situatin. If yu d need t pass gas, excuse yurself and g t the bathrm. Of curse smetimes this is ut f yur cntrl. If yu accidentally pass gas ludly in frnt f thers, yu need t say, “excuse me” and quickly start talking abut smething t distract the peple arund yu. DO NOT discuss any details abut yur gas, r any bdily functin at the table.
在任何场合下放屁或打嗝都是不雅的。如果确实需要的话，要上洗手间解决。当然也有失控的时候。如果不小心当众放了响屁，要说“对不起”，而且要很快转移话题。千万不要大谈特谈“人之气”，也不要再餐桌上谈论任何与身体器官有关的内容。
9. Cleaning ears with fingernails. 用指甲挖耳孔。
This is nt dne in public. It shuldn't be dne in private either! It’s dangerus. Use a cttn swab!
千万不要再大庭广众下用指甲挖耳。在没人的地方也不要这样做！用指甲挖很危险，最好用棉签。
10.Smking. 吸烟。
While thers are still eating r even when everyne has finished eating, it is plite t ask their permissin if yu can smke at the table. In many western restaurants yu will be asked if yu prefer t be seated in the smking r nn-smking sectin. If yur hst chses the nn-smking sectin, yu will have t excuse yurself frm the table t smke.
当其他人还没有吃完，或者就算所有人都用完餐，如果要抽烟的话，要礼貌地征得大家的许可。在很多西餐厅里，你会闻到是愿意在吸烟区还是非吸烟区就差那。如果主人选择了非吸烟区，那你想抽烟时要征得同桌人的同意到外面去抽。
三.中国人崇尚的颜色China’s Favrite Clrs
⑴Chinese peple seem t like the red and yellw clrs a lt. The tw clrs are used fr the Chinese natinal flag.
⑵Maybe because the Hans riginated in the Yellw River Plateau, a regin where yellw was the prevailing clr.
⑶Yellw was als the clr representing the imperial curt in traditinal China. During the Sui Dynasty, yellw was fficially designated as the exlusive clr fr the imperial family.
⑷In lden times, a persn culd be beheaded fr the misuse f yellw.
⑸Red represents happiness. Fr example, the wrd“duble happiness”used fr wedding is red. The bride wears red clthes, which is different frm the white gwns f the West.
⑹During Chinese Spring Festival, peple will give hng ba, r red envelpes with mney inside t the children as well wishes. Cuplets hanging n bth sides f the drs are written in red.
⑴中国人似乎很喜欢红黄两色。中国的国旗就是由这两种颜色组成。
⑵这也许是因为汉民族的发源地是黄土高原，这个地域满目黄土之色。
⑶在中国古代，黄色是皇权的象征。从隋朝起，黄色成为皇家专用的颜色。
⑷古时，用错了黄色会杀头。
⑸红是喜庆的象征。比如结婚时的双喜字是红色的，新娘要穿红色的嫁衣，这与西方穿白色婚纱不同。
⑹春节时，送晚辈压岁钱要用红纸包了，称“红包”，以示吉祥。对联也是用红纸书写，贴在大门的两侧。
四．喝茶The Tea-Drinking（1）
⑴Believe it r nt, tea is the mst ppular beverage in the wrld afer water.
⑵China is the hmeland f tea.
⑶Did yu knw that tea, the mst ppular drink in the wrld , was invented by accident.
⑷Sme leaves frm a nearby bush fell int the biling water and remained there befre sme time.
⑸The emperr Shen Nung nticed that leaves in the water prduced a pleasant smell.
⑹The tea bag was nt made with drinking in mind.
⑺A tea imprter was sending ut samples f tea that were packaged in silk bags. Nt knwing any better, his custmers put the entire bags int the pt and added ht water. It turned ut that the tea tasted fine,and the custmers liked hw easy the bags were t clean up.
⑴你知道吗？除了水，世界上最受欢迎的饮料就是茶了。
⑵茶起源于中国。
⑶你知道吗？世界上最流行的饮料——茶，是在偶然的机会里被发明出来的。
⑷当时附近树上落下几片叶子，飘到开水里，在水里煮了一会儿。
⑸神农帝发现开水中的叶子产生一种香香的味道。
⑹茶包本来不是用来喝茶的。
⑺曾有一位茶叶进口商送了一些用丝质袋子包装的茶叶样品给顾客。他的顾客不知情，将整个袋子放在茶壶里泡热水。结果发现茶的为傲不错，而且用袋子就比较清理，顾客很喜欢这点。
五.The Tea-Drinking（2） 喝茶
⑴The Chinese peple, in their drinking f tea, place much significance n the act f “savring”.
⑵In classical nvels, if smene drinks tea ut f a big cup t quench his thirst, the wrd used t illustrate this actin is “drink”, like a cw drinking water.
Schlars wuld use fine cups t drink tea and the wrd t use is “savur”.
⑶In the ld days, peple used irn kettles t bil water. Tea was placed in a paper bag. Prcelain cups were used fr drinking.
⑷The water came frm melted snw which was cllected frm plum blssm trees the previus winter and stred undergrund in a jar. N ne cllects snw any mre because f pllutin s peple use bttled water instead.
⑸Tea has categries:red tea, green tea, Wulng tea and Pu’er tea. The first three types f tea are prcessed using similar methds but Pu’er tea uses a ttally different methd. It cntains a kind f fungus which is believed t be healthy. The fungus will ferment n its wn after the tea is prcessed. That’s why expensive Pu’er tea is always quite ld.
⑴中国人饮茶，注重一个“品”字。
⑵在古典小说中，某人用大杯喝茶解渴被称为“饮”，指此人像牛般饮水；而雅士用精致的茶具喝茶被称为“品”。
⑶古人用铁壶烧水，用纸袋装茶，用瓷杯饮茶。
⑷泡茶的水是前一年冬天从梅花树上收集起来的，装在瓷坛中埋入地下的雪水。因为污染，没有人再收集雪水泡茶，取而代之的是瓶装矿泉水。
⑸茶大概分为这样几种：红茶、绿茶、乌龙茶和普洱茶。前三种茶的制作方法是一样的，普洱茶的制作方法则不同。普洱茶本身含有一种有益的霉菌，在制成后会随着时间而自然发酵。这也是普洱茶年头越长越值钱的原因。
六.The Secret f Numbers 数字的秘密
⑴In Cantnese, the number “8” has a similar prnunciatin t,the wrd “prsper.”
⑵Guangdng is ne f the first prvinces t benefit frm China’s pen plicy. There is a lt f temptatin t becme wealthy , s “8”is a lucky number fr peple in Guangdng.
⑶“6”is ften assciated with smthness. Many peple like t chse a date fr their weddings which includes the number “6”.
⑷In cntrast, “4”is the least favrable, because it sunds very similar t the wrd, “death”. Many building s d nt, even, use the number fr their elevatr prgramming.
⑸Nw, as a result f Western influence, mre Chinese peple started t dislike the number “13”.
⑴广东话里“8”与“发”同音，有发财的意思。
⑵广东是中国最先受益于改革开放政策的省份之一，金钱的诱惑力很大，人人豆做着发财的梦，因此“8”成为人们偏爱的数字。
⑶“6”有顺利之意，许多人爱选带“6”的日子作为结婚日子。
⑷相比之下，“4”与“死”同音，是最不讨人喜欢的数字。不少建筑物甚至没有“4”层。
⑸现在，受西方文化的影响，许多中国人开始讨厌数字“13”了。
七.美食的色相The Clr f Fd
⑴There are eight majr culinary styles in China. Clr cmbinatins reflect the lcal features f each style.
⑵Take Guangdng fd fr example. Because it is ht and humid there, peple are mindful f the heat n their internal rgans. Therefre Guangdng fd is mild in bth taste and clr cmbinatins. Yu dn’t find a lt f ht and spicy fd in Guangdng dishes because warm clr in the ht summer can be repulsive t peple’s appetite.
⑶Sichuan fd is just the ppsite. Sichuan is als very humid but,unlike Guangdng, Sichuan peple chse t use extremely ht peppers t pen their stmach.
⑴中国有八大菜系，在色相上体现出地域的特点。
⑵比如粤菜，出自广东，哪里气候炎热而潮湿，人们特别在意五脏燥热，所以广东菜色泽和味道均以清淡为主，辛辣的食物在粤菜中不多见。因为炎热的天气，暖色调的食物会让人没有食欲。
⑶川菜就不同，四川气候也湿热，但与广东不同，四川人选择用极辣的辣椒来对付食欲低下。