高考英语二轮复习阅读理解分类训练：人与自然类 (含答案)

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阅读理解
ECycling refers to the recycling of electronic items, which are becoming a common problem in American home and throughout the world. The EPA, or Environmental Protection Agency, has actually started a program to help and motivate the recycling of electronics.
To get the program to the regional and neighborhood levels, the EPA directed “Plug-In to eCycling Partners.” These partnerships support electronic reusing programs in individual communities. They provide local governments, retailers and manufacturers with opportunities to reuse and recycle their items. Those who make and offer electronic devices then promote programs and opportunities for consumers to reuse their second-hand electronic products. One of the EPA’s goals is to enlighten customers about why the recycling of electronics is so important. They likewise wish to make eCycling chances easily accessible to specific consumers and their family electronics. According to the EPA, the eCycling program has actually been quite successful. In 2008, the EPA collected 66.5 million pounds of electronic devices through their Plug-In Partners.
Local governments have actually likewise got on board and passed laws intended to handle used electronic devices. Huge corporations have actually introduced eCycling programs at their local retail stores. One seller offers customers small, medium and big boxes for sale, which the customers then load with used electronics and go back to the store. Typically, customers bring their recyclable electronics to a location. When the electronic items are gathered by the EPA (typically this is done by the Partners), they are reused or recycled.
Reused items are repaired and refurbished, and passed on to others as a contribution. You can repair or recondition your very own electronic devices too, extending the life of the items and conserving the energy of making new materials. Reusing electronic devices includes making use of the products and parts of the items. These materials and parts are then made use of to produce another item. This is more efficient than making items from new materials.
Some items that are commonly eCycled consist of televisions, computer monitors, printers, notebook computer, keyboards and cable televisions. Less usual items include copying machines, CD players, voice mail machines, computer hard drives, mobile telephones, remote controls, radios, batteries, telephones, facsimile machines and computer games. Occasionally, electronic items such as microwaves, fans, vacuums, smoke alarms, and toasters are eCycled.
As the eCycling program continues, you or your organization may want to get involved. Check the EPA’s internet site (www.epa.gov) for regional eCycling programs, or for details on how your company can participate. Their website has links to organizations that are taking part in the eCycling program.
1．The EPA brought about “Plug-In to eCycling Partners” to ________.
A．make and offer electronic devices to consumers
B．make customers understand the importance of eCycling
C．make it possible for consumers to reuse their used e-products
D．make the program accessible to local regions and communities
2．The Plug-In Partners are mainly engaged in ________.
A．offering customers different boxes for sale
B．reusing second-hand e-products
C．gathering recyclable electronics
D．repairing electronic device
3．What is the main purpose of this passage?
A．To call on local governments to support Plug-In Partners.
B．To attract people to join in the eCycling programs.
C．To teach customers how to recycle electronics.
D．To introduce a new way to save costs.
When I give public lectures about the climate crisis, the most common question people pose is: “Are you an optimist or a pessimist?”
My answer is yes. California has achieved dramatic emissions reductions in a thriving economy, which makes me hopeful, yet in general the fossil-fuel industry is determined not to change. The second most common question is: “What can I, personally, do?”
That’s a tough one. The major drivers of climate change are collective enterprises such as power grids, industry, large-scale agriculture and transportation systems. Substantial emissions reductions in these settings most likely will not come from personal actions; they will come from laws and policies such as carbon-pricing systems, revised building codes and supports for green investment.
Some people have argued that calls for individual action actually distract us from corporate responsibility. That could explain why the fossil-fuel industry is fond of such requests. Oil giant BP popularized and promoted the idea of a carbon footprint, deflecting attention to its customers who, it suggests, should take personal responsibility by lowering their carbon footprints. One study found that focusing on individual activity actually undermines support for more effective policy initiatives such as a carbon tax. Another problem with personal behavior is that people do not like to be told what to do.
Yet individual acts can grow into influential group activity. One effective act, and one that can be amplified, is to eat less red meat. Cutting meat consumption is a powerful and personal thing most Americans can do to tackle the climate crisis, and they can do it immediately. About 40 percent of greenhouse gases come from agriculture, deforestation and other land-use changes. Meat — particularly beef — drives climate change in two ways: first, through cows’ emission of methane, a potent greenhouse gas, and second, by destroying forests as they are converted to grazing land to satisfy the global demand for beef. By eating less beef, we can start to decrease that demand. You do not have to become a vegan to do this. If every person in the U.S. cut their meat consumption by 25 percent, it would reduce annual greenhouse gas emissions by 1 percent. That might not sound like a lot, but it would help protect the rain forest, so the positive effects — including reduced water and fertilizer use, improved biodiversity and safeguarded rights of indigenous peoples — would be amplified.
Perhaps most important, social action is contagious — in a good way. If lots of us begin to eat less meat and if we talk about it constructively, we will likely influence others. Pretty soon the 1 percent reduction becomes 2 percent or more. Reduced demand for meat could motivate my local supermarket to carry better produce, making it easier for me and my neighbors to prepare a few more satisfying meat-free meals. Ultimately changes in demand will influence industry. Forty years ago few mainstream supermarkets carried organic products; now nearly all do. Consumer demand did that.
Cutting back on red meat also has the added benefit of being good for your health. So while I wouldn’t advise governments to order people to stop eating hamburgers, if anyone asks, “What can I do?” a simple and accurate answer is: “Eat less meat. It’s in your control, and you can begin right now. It benefits both you and the planet.”
4．Which one plays the most decisive role in emissions reductions according to the passage?
A．Individual actions. B．Fossil-fuel industries.
C．The thriving economy. D．Effective laws and policies.
5．What do we learn from the passage?
A．Indigenous peoples turn forests into grazing land.
B．Meat is considered as the biggest driver of climate change.
C．Small individual acts can make a big difference collectively.
D．Most Americans have to become vegans to tackle the climate crisis.
6．What does the underlined word “contagious” in Paragraph 6 mean?
A．Appealing. B．Poisonous. C．Harmonious. D．Spreading.
7．What is the purpose of the author writing this passage？
A．To explain ways to reduce carbon footprint.
B．To persuade people to cut meat consumption.
C．To evaluate the effects of healthy eating habits.
D．To argue against the emission policies of industries.
It was 2005 and scientists in Cape Town made a shocking discovery. Their tracking data showed a great white shark moving from South Africa to Australia and back again in a near straight line. It was the fastest transoceanic return migration ever recorded and it was carried out with near pinpoint accuracy. Today, it’s well known that sharks make yearly returns such as this to specific locations, but how exactly they do it has escaped consensus.
A group of scientists from Florida State University has taken on the question and concluded that sharks have an internal, GPS-like navigation system that allows them to read the Earth’s geomagnetic field. To conduct the research, the team first got 20 juvenile bonnethead sharks in St George Sound off the Florida Panhandle, and placed them in a small pool surrounded by copper wire. The wire allowed the researchers to create a custom magnetic field in the centre of the pool. Exposed to the magnetic field from the capture location, the sharks swam in random directions at leisure; but when exposed to the geomagnetic field that would be found 600 kilometres south of that spot, they swam north in a “homeward orientation”.
Researchers have suspected that sharks and sawfish detect magnetic fields since the 1970s, but the exact mechanism by which they do so, and the prevalence of this skill in nature has proven elusive, partly because it’s so difficult to study. “We’ve known for some time that sharks have the ability to detect the magnetic field, but this is the first time it has been tested successfully,” says Bryan Keller, a scientist at the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. “We expect these abilities are also observed in other species, like the great white, which migrate 20,000 kilometres out and back to the same spot.” The results mean that some sharks can be added to the growing list of animals that navigate by magnetic sensation, which includes sea turtles, lobsters and birds.
With the shark navigation system now demonstrated, scientists want to understand the mechanism behind it. Two theories have emerged: some researchers believe that it depends on an iron mineral called magnetite; others believe it’s based on a magnetic-field-sensing molecule in the retina (视网膜) of the eye called cryptochrome. Both theories, or a combination of the two, are plausible. Magnetite has been isolated from many animal tissues, while evidence from studies in birds suggests that they sense the inclination of the magnetic field using cryptochrome molecules in their retinas; the direction of the field is transmitted by the optic nerve to the brain, which allows them to “visualize” north and south. But scientists don’t yet know the precise location of the cryptochrome receptors, or the brain centres that process the information on the magnetic field. There’s more work to do to truly understand these masterful navigators.
8．Scientists in Cape Town discovered sharks could ______.
A．migrate fast and accurately B．navigate by magnetic system
C．detect magnetic fields precisely D．swim in a straight line perfectly
9．In the Florida State University research, the sharks swam north because they ______.
A．lost the navigation system B．could not detect magnetic fields
C．sensed their home magnetic field D．were exposed to a strange magnetic field
10．The underlined word “elusive” in paragraph 3 probably means ______.
A．unique B．unattainable
C．complex D．superior
11．The last paragraph mainly talks about ______ of shark navigation system.
A．the evolution B．the application
C．the advantages D．the mechanism
A group of blue-faced birds step through the grass shoulder to shoulder, red eyes looking around. They look like middle schoolers seeking a cafeteria table at lunchtime. Perhaps they’re not so different.

A new study, led by Damien Farine, an ornithologist who studies collective behaviour, shows that the vulturine guineafowl of eastern Africa, like humans, have multilevel societies. In the past, scientists assumed such social structures required a lot of brainpower. But the pea-brained guineafowl are revealing the faults in that assumption.
These large birds wander across the landscape in packs, often walking so closely that their bodies touch. They may fight each other to maintain their strict hierarchies (等级制度), but at other times they engage in friendly behaviours like sharing food.
Suspecting the guineafowl might have a social structure, Dr. Farine and his colleagues began a thorough study of their society. For a whole year, they made daily observations of 441 birds. Coloured leg bands in unique combinations let researchers tell the black-and-blue birds apart. They also attached GPS devices to the backs of 58 birds, which let them see exactly where every group went, 24 hours a day.
The findings of the research suggest that the vulturine guineafowl have a multilevel society. There are groups within groups within the population as a whole. There even seem to be groups of friends within the small groups. This is the first time anyone has observed such a society in a bird.
And Dr. Farine emphasizes this particular bird’s tiny brain size: “ They don’t only have small brains relative to mammals (哺乳动物), they also have quite small brains relative to other birds, ” he said.
According to him, living in this kind of society might actually make it easier to keep track of the social order. For example, if groups are stable and a bird can identify just one or two individuals within a group, it knows which group it’s looking at — no need for a brain that can recognize every single animal. Multilevel societies also let animals adjust their group sizes based on whatever challenges they’re facing. Depending on what enemies or resources are around, it might make sense to travel in a combined group rather than a smaller one.
“ Having a multilevel structure may not require having a large brain, ” Dr. Farine said. There may be more birds and other animals out there that, although small-brained, have societies as many-leveled as our own.
12．According to the passage, what inspired Dr. Farine to carry out the study?
A．The guineafowl’s social behaviour. B．Previous assumptions about birds.
C．His interest in animal brainpower. D．The faults in earlier research.
13．What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?
A．The research subjects. B．The research methods.
C．The research findings. D．The research equipment.
14．What can be learned from the passage?
A．Complex social systems can be a disadvantage to the guineafowl.
B．The guineafowl are good at recognizing individuals in a group.
C．Birds maintain social order by travelling in combined groups.
D．Small-brained animals can form multilevel societies.
Millions of migratory(迁徙的)birds occupy seasonally favorable breeding(繁殖)grounds in the Arctic, but scientists know little about the formation, maintenance and future of the migration routes of Arctic birds and the genetic determinants of migratory distance. In a new study, a multinational team of researchers under the leadership of Dr. ZHAN Xiangjiang from the Institute of Zoology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences integrated two state-of-the-art techniques-satellite tracking and whole genome sequencing(基因排序)-and established a continental-scale migration system of peregrine falcons in Eurasian Arctic.

The researchers tracked 56 peregrine falcons from six Eurasian Arctic breeding populations and sequenced 35 genomes from four of these populations to study the migration of this species. They found that the birds used five migration routes across Eurasia, probably established between the last Ice Age 22, 000 years ago and the middle-Holocene 6, 000 years ago. “Peregrine falcons initiated their autumn migration mainly in September, and arrived at their wintering areas mainly in October, " said Professor Mike Bruford, an ecologist at Cardiff University. “Peregrine falcons that depart from different breeding grounds use different routes, and winter at widely distributed sites across four distinct regions. Individual birds that were tracked for more than one year exhibited strong path repeatability during migration, complete loyalty to wintering locations and limited breeding dispersal(扩散). ”
The researchers quantified the migration strategies and found that migration distance is the most significant differentiation. They used whole genome sequencing and found a gene-ADCY8, which is known to be involved in long-term memory in other animals in previous research- associated with differences in migratory distance. They found ADCY8 had a variant at high frequency in long-distance migrant populations of peregrine falcons, indicating this variant is being favorably selected because it may increase powers of long-term memory thought to be essential for long-distance migration.
“Previous studies have identified several candidate genomic regions that may regulate migration-but our work is the strongest demonstration of a specific gene associated with migratory behavior yet identified, ”Professor Bruford said. The researchers further looked at models of likely future migration behavior to predict the impact of global warming. If the climate warms at the same rate as it has in recent decades, they predict peregrine populations in western Eurasia have the highest probability of population decline and may stop migrating altogether.
“Our work is the first to begin to understand the way ecological factors may interact in migratory birds, ” said Dr. ZHAN Xiangjiang. “We hope it will serve as a cornerstone to help conserve migratory species in the world. ”
15．What can we learn from the first two paragraphs?
A．Five birds’ historical migration routes were rebuilt.
B．Peregrine falcons stick to the areas where they winter.
C．Two novel research methods of migration were invented.
D．Peregrine falcons leave for Arctic regions in September.
16．What can we infer about ADCY8?
A．It is a newly-discovered gene in the new study.
B．It serves as a fundamental part of long-distance migration.
C．It could be strengthened by the power of long-term memory.
D．It turned out to be more favored by birds than the other animals.
17．What is special about the new study?
A．It has discovered a new genomic region of birds.
B．It has predicted the rate at which the climate warms.
C．It analyses the reasons for the decrease of peregrine falcons.
D．It encourages attention to environmental effects on migratory birds.
18．Which would be the best title for this passage?
A．Researchers Help Conserve Migratory Species
B．Biologists Find Evidence of Migration Gene in Birds
C．How Long-term Memory Helps Long-distance Migration
D．How Ecological Factors Affect Birds’ Migratory Distances
Microplastics —   tiny pieces of plastic waste less than five millimetres long that have been degraded by waves, wind and ultraviolet rays — have been discovered in the deepest oceanic trenches and within the stomachs of the organisms that live there, but we have little idea about where the great majority of them end up. More than eight million tonnes of plastic enters our oceans every year, comprising between 80 and 85 percent of all marine trash, but with inadequate data, there are concerns that these figures could be underestimates.
Currently, most of the data we have on microplastics are accidentally captured by research ships, which use plankton nets to collect marine-microorganism samples. However, researchers Christopher Ruf and Madeline Evans from the University of Michigan have discovered an innovative way to identify and track concentrations of microplastics in the ocean.
The technique relies on NASA’s Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS), a constellation of eight micro-satellites used to predict hurricanes that calculate wind speeds above the ocean by measuring the roughness of surface waters. As the satellites are continuously recording, Ruf and Evans realised that they collect a great deal of additional data. It was while analysing these data that they noticed some differences-times where the surface of the ocean appeared to be much smoother than it should, given the prevailing wind (盛行风) conditions.
Knowing that water isn’t roughened as much when it contains a lot of floating material, Ruf and Evans identified a pattern that linked areas of unusual smoothness and predicted microplastic distributions. They found that the difference between their measurements, and how much rougher the surface would be if winds of the same speed were blowing across clear water, was “highly correlated with the presence of microplastics, and the degree of the difference also correlated with the concentration of the plastics.”
The research reveals that there are seasonal variations,where the concentrations of microplastics tend to be higher in the summer and lower in the winter in a very clean, periodic way, which Ruf explains mirrors the way in which the ocean circulation changes throughout the year. It also confirms, as was previously thought, that rivers are the main source of ocean microplastics.
Raising awareness of the issue of ocean microplastics among the public and politicians is just one of the researchers’ future aims; they are also in conversation with Duteh non-profit The Ocean Cleanup and Finnish clean-technology specialist Clewat, which are interested in using the information to more efficiently target their trash-collection campaigns.
So far, only one year’s worth of data have been processed since CYGNSS was launched in 2016. By looking at a longer time period, Ruf and Evans aim to determine whether the seasonal pattern is repeatable, and whether the concentration of micmplastics in the ocean is getting worse.
19．What is Paragraph 1 mainly about?
A．The limited knowledge about ocean microplastics.
B．The harm of ocean microplastics to sea creatures.
C．The methods of degrading ocean microplasties.
D．The previous research on ocean microplasties.
20．According to the passage, CYGNSS ________.
A．has offered data about the repeatable seasonal pattern
B．guides research ships to gather data about sea animals
C．provides unexpected data about the changes of sea surface
D．was designed to measure the distribution of ocean microplastics
21．What can we learn from the passage?
A．Microplastics will end up in the stomachs of the ocean organisms.
B．Mlicroplastics play a vital role in the yearly ocean circulation changes.
C．The surface of the ocean can get smoother with more microplastics in it.
D．The new way of tracking microplastics has helped prevent ocean pollution.
22．What is the main purpose of the passage?
A．To introduce the technology of CYGNSS.
B．To present a way to study ocean microplastics.
C．To test an assumption on ocean microplastics.
D．To propose a new means of protecting the ocean.
Few dishes taste better than a juicy cut of beef. One survey in 2014 found that steak was Americans’ favorite food. Unfortunately, by cooking so many cows, humans are cooking themselves, too.
The influence of food on greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions (排放) can slip under the radar. In a survey in Britain last year, the share of answerers saying that “producing plants and meat on farms” was a “significant contributor” to climate change was the lowest among ten listed activities. Yet two papers published this year in Nature Food find that food, especially beef, creates more GHGS than previously thought.
This March researchers from the European Commission and the UN’s Food and Agriculture Office released a study estimating that the global food system was responsible for 34% of GHG in 2015. The paper assigns the full impact of deforestation to the agriculture that results from it;includes emissions after food is sold(such as from waste and cooking);and counts non-food crops like cotton. But even when the authors took away emissions from sources like transport and packaging, they still found that agriculture generated 24% of GHGS.
Another recent paper, by Xiaoming Xu of the University of Illinois and eight co-authors, allocates (分配) this impact among 171 crops and 16 animal products. It finds that animal-based foods account for 57% of agricultural GHGS, versus 29% for food from plants. Beef and cow’s milk alone made up 34%. Combined with the earlier study’s results, this implies that cattle produce 12% of GHG emissions.
Relative to other food sources, beef is uniquely carbon-intensive. Because cattle emit methane (甲烷) and need large grasslands that are often created by cutting more forests, they produce seven times as many GHGS per calorie of meat as pigs do. This makes beef a bigger share among foods than coal is among sources of electricity.
The simplest way to cut beef output is for people to eat other animals instead, or become vegetarians. But convincing people to give up their burgers is a tall order.
Fortunately, lab-grown meats are moving from Petri dishes (培养皿) to high-end restaurants. Doing without beef from live cattle is hard to imagine, but the same was true of coal 100 years ago. Lab-grown meat could play an essential role in slowing a climate disaster.
23．The underlined phrase in paragraph 2 can probably be replaced by ____________.
A．be detected by radar B．be ignored by people
C．be explained by experts D．be controlled by government
24．What can we learn from the passage?
A．Lab-grown meats will replace other meats in the future.
B．Quitting steak may be an efficient way to reduce GHG.
C．Producing beef generates more GHG than burning coal.
D．Beef transport is the major contributor of GHG emissions.
25．The author mentions the coal in the last paragraph just to show ____________.
A．the importance of both lab-grown beef and coal B．the difficulty to produce the lab-grown meat
C．the necessity of beef from live cattle D．the future of lab-grown beef
Deep Sea: To Mine Or Not To Mine
A robot as large as a truck moves along the bottom of the deep sea. It eats metallic (含金属的) rock and soft mud. They travel up a long pipe to a ship, where workers and machinery separate out the rock and throw the mud back into the ocean. This is a mining operation. The rock contains a mixture of metals, including ones called rare earth metals. People use these materials to make batteries and electronics like computers and phones.
Deep-sea mining hasn’t happened yet. But it probably will occur within the next decade. No country owns any part of the deep sea, so a UN organization called the International Seabed Authority (ISA) decides who is allowed to mine there. It has allowed 29 organizations to explore the deep sea and make plans for mining, one of which plans to begin mining in the year 2027.
Scientists and environmentalists, though, warn that mining could destroy deep-sea ecosystem. In 1989, ecologist Hjalmar Thiel carried out a test. His team searched the seafloor of the Pacific Ocean, in a spot with lots of the metallic rocks that miners wanted. They didn’t actually collect any of the rocks. But they disturbed the mud, just as a mining operation would. The cloud of mud fell back down over the ocean floor burying creatures living there. Up to now, the area they disturbed has not recovered. Signs of the search are still there. Deep sea creatures like sponges and corals have not moved back in. That means mining could have harmful, long-lasting consequences for deep ocean life. Scientists want to understand the deep sea better before disturbing it.
Leaving the deep sea alone sounds great, but people need those metals. “Mines on land are soon going to run out,” geologist Steven Scolt of the University of Toronto told Smithsonian Magazine. “Every electronic device in the world has rare earth metals in it... we need raw resources.” New energy technologies including solar and wind power and electric cars rely on these metals as well. We may need to mine them from the sea in order to switch to greener energy sources.
26．According to the passage, why do people want to carry out deep sea mining?
A．To test the mining robot. B．To collect rare earth metals.
C．To separate the rock from mud. D．To understand the deep sea better.
27．What can we infer from the test of Hjalmar Thiel in 1989?
A．They gathered some metallic rocks the miners wanted.
B．They helped the recovery of the disturbed mining areas.
C．They discovered the deep-sea mining affected the ocean ecology.
D．They found the rare metallic rocks were harmful to sea creatures.
28．What is Steven Scolt’s attitude towards deep-sea mining?
A．Doubtful. B．Neutral. C．Supportive. D．Disapproving.
If you’re someone who spends time outdoors you probably have a positive body image and high self—esteem. Surprising? You’d better believe it. Fresh air isn’t just good for your health; it can also help you feel confident about how you look.
A UK study of 199 women and 200 men aged between 19 and 76 from the US—led by a Cambridge Professor Viren Swami—has reported that being in natural surroundings can help make people feel more respect for their bodies.
Consequently, they take more care of themselves and stay in better health. It can also help people feel further removed from the pressures of society and lessen the need to conform to stereotypes, such as being thin or muscular.
For the study, participants were asked to visit different locations like the countryside, the seaside, the beach and open spaces in cities like parks. Then they were asked to describe how their visits and overall experience had affected them.
The researchers found trips to nature were linked to great feelings of relaxation and refreshment. This was especially true of visits to country or coastal locations, and to protected sites.
The strongest connections with nature were found in visits that lasted longer than 30 minutes and so had greater psychological benefits. Another study from researchers at the universities of Surrey, Exeter, Plymouth, and from Natural England, surveyed 4,500 people as they spent time in nature. For the first time, they investigated how different environmental settings can affect psychological wellbeing. Lead author of the paper Dr Kayleigh Wyles, from Surrey University, said: “We’ve demonstrated that nature can be beneficial to us, but we’re still exploring how and why. “Here we have found our mental wellbeing and our emotional bond with nature may differ depending on the type and quality of an environment we visit.”
“These findings are important as they not only help unpick the mechanisms behind these psychological benefits, but they can also help to prioritize the protection of these environments and emphasize why bracing nature is so important.”
29．Which is not a benefit natural surroundings brings to human according to the passage?
A．Increase the need to conform to stereotypes, such as being thin or muscular.
B．Make people feel more respect for their bodies.
C．Help people stay in better health.
D．Help people feel further removed from the pressures of society.
30．For the study, participants were asked to visit different locations except _________?
A．the countryside. B．the seaside. C．the beach. D．high street.
31．Which exposure to nature may bring the largest psychological benefit?
A．Stay at coastal locations for 25 minutes. B．Stay at coastal locations for 5 hours.
C．Stay at park for 20 minutes. D．Stay at school for 2 hours.
32．Why researchers at the universities of Surrey, Exeter, Plymouth, and from Natural England, surveyed 4,500 people?
A．They want to know whether natural surrounding will benefit human’s mental wellbeing.
B．They want to learn the connection between environment and personality.
C．They want to study human’s psychology.
D．They want to explore how and why nature can be beneficial to human.
33．which is the best title for the passage?
A．countryside will make you feel better. B．sports and health.
C．let’s take a trip. D．the secret of health.
Throughout history, many species of animals have been threatened with extinction. When Europeans first arrived in North America, more than 60 million buffalo (水牛) lived on the continent. Yet hunting the buffalo was so popular during the 19th century that by 1900 the animal’s population had fallen to about 400 before the government stepped in to protect the species. In some countries today, the elephant faces a similar challenge, as illegal hunters kill the animals for the ivory in their tusks.
Yet not all animals with commercial value face this threat (威胁).The cow, for example, is a valuable source of food, but no one worries that the cow will soon be extinct. Why does the commercial value of ivory threaten the elephant. while the commercial value of beef protects the cow?
The reason is that elephants are a common resource, while cows are private goods. Elephants wander freely without any owners. The hunter has a strong motivation to kill as many elephants as he can find. Because illegal hunters are numerous, each has only a slight motivation to preserve the elephant population. By contrast, cattle live on farms that are privately owned. Each farmer makes great effort to maintain the cattle population on his farm because he harvests the benefit of these efforts.
Governments have tried to solve the elephant’s problem in two ways. Some countries, such as Kenya and Uganda, have made it illegal to kill elephants and sell their ivory. Yet these laws have been hard to put into effect, and elephant populations have continued to dwindle. By contrast, other countries, such as Malawi and Namibia, have made elephants private goods and allowed people to kill elephants, but only those on their own property.
With private ownership and the profit motive now on its side, the African elephant might someday be as safe from extinction as the cow. The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle pointed out the problem with common resources: “What is common to many is taken least care of, for all men have greater regard for what is their own than for what they possess in common with others.”
34．Why does the author mention buffalo in paragraph 1?
A．To introduce a similar threat to elephants.
B．To provide an example of species extinction.
C．To offer an explanation for government policies.
D．To present the statistics of the buffalo in America.
35．Why do elephants face threats while cows are safe?
A．They are under different law protection
B．They attract different groups of hunters
C．They contain different commercial value
D．They represent different ownership types
36．What is paragraph 4 mainly about?
A．Bans on killing elephants for ivory
B．Effective laws for elephant protection.
C．Methods of making elephants private goods
D．Government policies on the elephant’s problem
37．What can we learn from Aristotle’s words?
A．People hold little regard for others’ property
B．People want to profit from common resources
C．People care more about their own possession
D．People tend to take what they own for granted
Farmed fish should have the same legal protection as other farmed animals, according to an animal welfare group. The Conservative Animal Welfare Foundation, which has Carrie Johnson as a supporter, says fish deserve to be treated with the same care as cows, pigs, sheep and other livestock because they experience stress and pain.
The foundation is focusing on improving fish welfare during slaughter (屠宰) because that is where the biggest differences in protection lie.
Slaughterhouses for land animals are required to have a vet on site and must have closed-circuit television in all areas where animals are handled, stunned and killed, with footage stored for independent inspection. Such legal requirements do not apply to fish slaughter facilities, which are not subject to routine welfare inspections by public bodies.
The UK industry, which rears up to 80 million fish a year, has instead adopted voluntary codes of practice. A report by the foundation cites evidence of abuses of fish revealed last year by The Times. A stunning machine at the firm’s plant at Arnish on the Isle of Lewis failed to make them unconscious and workers used their fingers to tear the gills (鳃) and struggled to keep up with the volume of fish wriggling on the unit. Fish were thrown and kicked as they struggled on the ground in 2020 at Test Valley Trout Farming in Hampshire, which supplied the Ritz and Harrods. Fish considered unprofitable were dropped on the floor and left to die. The company said the treatment of the fish was unacceptable and it operated under “the best industry standards available”.
The foundation’s report refers to the findings of the government’s Farm Animal Welfare committee, which said in a 2014 opinion on fish welfare that “at least some species, including trout, have a sensory experience of pain” as well as “a degree of sense”.
Studies have shown that fish feel pain and change their behaviour to avoid it. In one study, goldfish were given an electric shock in an area of a tank where they received food. They avoided that area for three days before hunger overcame their fear.
The foundation report states that the UK government is failing aquatic animals dismally and calls for unannounced welfare inspections of fish slaughterhouses and says they should be required to install closed-circuit television, with footage reviewed by public bodies.
38．What can we provide for the farmed fish?
A．Comfortable place. B．Less pain.
C．Enough food. D．Gentle love.
39．As for the situation of the farmed fish, the foundation is ______.
A．concerned B．puzzled
C．surprised D．scared
40．What’s the purpose of this article?
A．To encourage people to treat fish kindly.
B．To reveal the evidence of abuses of fish.
C．To appeal for the improvement of fish welfare.
D．To explain how fish experience pain during slaughter.
When a chunk of ice fell from a collapsing glacier(冰川)on the Swiss Alps’ Mount Eiger in 2017, part of the long deep sound it produced was too low for human ears to detect. But these vibrations held a key to calculating the ice avalanche’s(崩塌)critical characteristics.
Low-frequency sound waves called infrasound that travel great distances through the atmosphere are already used to monitor active volcanoes from afar. Now some researchers in this field have switched focus from fire to ice: dangerous blocks snapping off glaciers. Previous work has analyzed infrasound from snow avalanches but never ice, says Boise State University geophysicist Jeffrey Johnson. “This was different,” Johnson says. “A signature of a new material has been detected with infrasound.”
Usually glaciers move far too slowly to generate an infrasound signal, which researchers pick up using detectors that track slight changes in air pressure. But a collapse—a sudden, rapid breaking of ice from the glacier’s main body—is a prolific infrasound producer. Glacial collapses drive ice avalanches, which pose an increasing threat to people in mountainous regions as rising temperatures weaken large fields of ice. A glacier “can become detached from the ground due to melting, causing bigger break— offs,” says University of Florence geologist Emanuele Marchetti, lead author of the new study. As the threat grows, scientists seek new ways to monitor and detect such collapses.
Researchers often use radar to track ice avalanches, which is precise but expensive and can monitor only one specific location and neighboring avalanche paths. Infrasound, Marchetti says, is cheaper and can detect break—off events around a much broader area as well as multiple avalanches across a mountain. It is challenging, however, to separate a signal into its components (such as traffic noises, individual avalanches and nearby earthquakes) without additional measurements, says ETH Zurich glaciologist Malgorzata Chmiel. “The model used by Marchetti is a first approximation for this,” she says. Isolating the relevant signal helps the researchers monitor an ice avalanche’s speed, path and volume from afar using infrasound.
Marchetti and his colleagues are now working to improve their detectors to pick up more signals across at-risk regions in Europe, and they have set up collaborations around the continent to better understand signals that collapsing glaciers produce. They are also refining their mathematical analysis to figure out each ice cascade’s physical details.
41．What can we learn from Paragraph 2 and Paragraph 3?
A．Infrasound has a major role to play in discovering new materials.
B．Ice avalanches are a bigger threat to people than volcanic eruptions.
C．Researchers are trying to use infrasound in detecting ice avalanches.
D．Scientists employ infrasound more in mountain areas than in other places.
42．Which is an advantage of infrasound over radar?
A．The combination with other relevant signals.
B．The accuracy in locating a certain avalanche.
C．The ability in picking up signals in wider areas.
D．The sensitivity in tracking air pressure changes.
43．The underlined word “this” in Paragraph 4 refers to________.
A．distinguishing different components of a signal
B．detecting multiple avalanches at the same time
C．calculating the speed and path of ice avalanches
D．monitoring the specific location of ice break—offs
44．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A．From Fire to Ice B．Glacier Whispers
C．Nature is Warning D．Secret of Ice Avalanches
Scientists have changed a spider’s web into audio (音频). The process involving imaging and analysing a three-dimensional spider web. Led to a curious piece of music played on a ‘harp-like instrument’ in several live performances. The investigator, Markus Buehler, has extended the research beyond the scientific world: Webs could be a new source for musical inspiration that is different from the usual human experience.
To create the music, the researchers first produced a 3D digital model of the spider’s web by taking 2D cross-section images and using computer algorithms (算法). They then changed the non-audible data into something audible — a process known as sonification. This involved assigning distinct notes to each of the silk strands (纤维丝)of the spider’s web based on their length.
The innovative approach allowed the researchers to come up with “novel interpretations” of the spider’s web, offering a new perspective of understanding the natural world. The researchers also set up a virtual reality environment, combining the visual and audio representations of the web: “By hearing and seeing it at the same time, you can really start to understand the environment the spider lives in,” says Beuhler.
And it isn’t all about music. The researchers are keen to show that an in-depth understanding of natural constructions such as spider webs, has great potential for aiding our own technological constructions. Just one example is the method named “spider-mimicking”, in which complex micro-structures are 3D printed, using the spider web as inspiration.
Beuhler expressed his hopes the new research into sonification will lead to further work in cross-species communication: If we expose the spiders to certain patterns of rhythms or vibrations (振动), can we affect what they do, and can we begin to communicate with them? Those are really exciting ideas.Future research could potentially explore ways of communicating with spiders “in their own language”, or influence their behaviour with the help of machine algorithms. A previous study in 2018 by researchers including Buehler, found that most researches on spider webs to date have focused on the orb web (a specific form of web which is 2D and round in shape), while the majority of webs created by spiders are not orb webs. This analysis of a 3D web structure pushes the research a step further.
Spider webs are actually very diverse and also have a number of desirable properties. As the paper’s abstract states, spider webs have a unique strength, toughness, elasticity and hardness, making them a particularly appealing natural formation to study.
45．What does the underlined word “sonification” probably mean?
A．the process of making something audible.
B．the behavior of taking notes of the spider webs.
C．the algorithms of analyzing three-dimensional spider webs.
D．the procedure of changing 2D images into 3D digital models.
46．The passage suggests that ________.
A．A piece of music played on the instrument resulted in study on spider webs
B．Researchers have already worked out ways to communicate with spiders
C．This spider web music hints at potential for cross-species communication
D．The spider webs’ unique formation attracts scientists to study music
47．What is the main idea of Paragragh 5?
A．Analysis of spiders’ behavior.
B．Significance of 3D web structure.
C．Previous researches on orb webs.
D．Further researches on cross-species communication.
When it comes to lowering our carbon emissions (排放), it seems that nothing is simple. Electric vehicles (EVs) act as an example of potential greenwash. “They seem very attractive at first sight,” writes The Next Web in a report. “When we look more closely, it becomes clear that they have a substantial carbon footprint.”
The rare earth metals and costly minerals included as essential ingredients in EV batteries are not renewable. What’s more, their extraction (提炼) is often anything but green.
So the question is: is it worth it? Just how much emission reduction can EVs justify? Luckily, a life cycle assessment has been done to give us some answers.
“A life cycle analysis of emissions considers three phases,” writes The Next Web. “the manufacturing phase, the use phase, and the recycling phase.” In the manufacturing phase, the battery is to blame. “Emissions from manufacturing EV batteries were estimated to be 3.2 tons of carbon dioxide (CO2), 1/4 of those from an electric car, 13 tons of CO2. Those were bigger than emissions from gas cars, 10.5 tons of CO2.” If the vehicle life is assumed to be 150,000 kilometers, emissions from the manufacturing phase of an electric car are higher than gas cars.”
In the use phase, the source of electricity the consumer is using to power their car comes into play in a major way. “To understand how the emissions of electric car vary with a country’s renewable electricity share, consider Australia and New Zealand,” continues the report. “In 2018, Australia’s share of renewables in electricity was about 21%. In contrast, the number in New Zealand’s was about 84%. Electric car emissions in Australia and New Zealand are estimated at about 170g and 25g of CO2 per km respectively. As a consumer, our car is only as green as our country’s energy mix.”
Finally, in the recycling phase, we look at vehicle dismantling(拆除), vehicle recycling, battery recycling, and material recovery. “The estimated emissions in this phase, based on a study, are about 1.8 tons for a gas car and 2.4 tons for an electric car. This difference is mostly due to the emissions from battery recycling, which is 0.7 tons,” shows in the report. “While electric cars cause more greenhouse gas emissions than gas cars do, it's important to note the recycled batteries can be used in subsequent batteries. This could have significant emissions reduction benefits in the future. For complete life cycle emissions, the study shows that EV emissions are 18% lower than gas cars.”
So here’s the takeaway: EVs are greener. Maybe they’re not as green as we thought. There’s certainly room for improvement. But the real challenge lies in speeding the global energy transition toward greener energy-production.
48．Why is a life cycle analysis of emissions made?
A．To illustrate the advantages of EVs.
B．To show how gas cars outperform EVs.
C．To weigh the environmental impact of EVs.
D．To examine the energy sources of gas cars and EVs.
49．How does the author support the underlined statement in Paragraph 5?
A．By giving instructions. B．By highlighting features.
C．By making comparisons. D．By analyzing cause and effect.
50．According to the passage, what contributes to EVs’ beating gas cars?
A．Recycling of batteries. B．Overall driving distance.
C．Manufacturing technology. D．Government’s energy policy.
51．Which of the following statements does the author support?
A．EVs are worthy of the praise they have received.
B．EVs are not successful for their environmental downsides.
C．EVs will no longer be widely accepted for their emissions.
D．EVs are not truly green until their energy sources become green.
Many animals depend upon sound to find food, detect predators and communicate with one another. These species understandably suffer when loud motorways cut through their habitats. Some deal with this problem by singing more loudly, some change the timing of their calls to occur when fewer people are driving, others just move to quieter places.
It has always been assumed that noise is a problem unique to animals. But a new study by Ali Akbar Ghotbi-Ravandi, a botanist at Shahid Beheshti University in Tehran, has revealed that plants suffer too.
That plants can be affected indirectly by noise pollution has never been in doubt. Since most flowering species depend upon pollinators and most fruit-bearing species need animals to disperse their seeds, it is obvious that if these animal partners are harmed by noise then their botanical plants will do badly, too. What has remained unknown is whether or not plants themselves suffer directly from noise pollution.
Sounds are pressure waves transmitted through gases, liquids and solids. Scientists have previously predicted that plants may be able to sense these waves as they are struck by them. A number of experiments have confirmed this in recent years — plants attacked with ultrasound in the lab have shown a range of hurtful responses, including the expression of stress-related genes, underdeveloped growth and reduced germination (发芽) of seeds.
Working with a team of colleagues, Dr. Ghotbi-Ravandi grew two species in his lab that are commonly found in urban environments. The plants were grown from seeds and allowed to mature for two months in the same space before they were divided into two groups. One group was exposed to 73 decibels (分贝) of traffic noise recorded from a busy motorway in Tehran for 16 hours a day. The other group was left to grow in silence. After 15 days, samples were taken from the youngest fully expanded leaves on every plant in the experiment and studied.
None of the plants exposed to the traffic noise did well. Analysis of their leaves revealed that all of them were suffering. Harmful chemicals in them are indicators of stress in plants and both were found at much higher levels in the plants exposed to the traffic noise. Most notably, levels of the harmful chemicals in the plants exposed to noise were two to three times what they were in those grown in silence. The findings make it clear that the noise of traffic bothers the plants.
52．What’s the function of the first two paragraphs?
A．To lead in the topic of the passage.
B．To prove that only animals suffer from noise.
C．To introduce how animals avoid the urban traffic noise.
D．To compare the different effects of noise on animals and plants.
53．Which of the following words is closest in meaning to the word “disperse” in Paragraph 3?
A．Classify. B．Spread. C．Damage. D．Collect
54．What can we learn from Dr Ghotbi-Ravandi’s experiment?
A．Urban traffic noise mainly poses a threat to animals.
B．Plants themselves suffer indirectly from noise pollution.
C．Plants exposed to the traffic noise bear higher levels of stress.
D．Plants that don't need animals for growth will not be influenced by noise.
On a dark night, 11-year-old Joe was playing hide-and-seek with his friends in the backyard when he thought he saw Magellan—a huge housecat. However, when the cat suddenly jumped on his head, Joe found it turned out a young cougar. He backed away from the animal, then turned and ran inside the house.
Cougar encounters like this one are becoming increasingly common in the U.S. Most people assume that’s because cougar populations are growing, or because the big cats are coming into closer contact with the expanding web of human suburbs. But Professor Robert Wielgus at Washington State University argues that poorly designed hunting policies might be causing an increase in cougar-human conflicts.
Wielgus’s research teams have been fitting the big cats with radio collars and monitoring their movements. They find that the cougar population is actually declining rapidly and almost no male cougars are over four years of age. And a study shows that the heavily hunted area has five times as many cougar complaints as the lightly hunted area—even though the density of cougars is about the same in both areas.
Wielgus suspects that hunting policies, which allow older males to be killed to keep cougar populations in check, were the culprit and teenage cougars in the heavily hunted area may be responsible for most of the trouble. To test his theory, he adds two more groups of cougars to the tracking program—one in a heavily hunted area and another in a comparable but lightly hunted area. He concludes that heavy hunting indeed almost wipes out older males and the population structure in the heavily hunted area shifts toward younger animals.
With these findings, Wielgus believes without adults to keep them under control, the disorderly teens are more likely to come into conflict with humans, farm animals and pets.
Wielgus’s ideas don’t sit well with everyone. “Hunting definitely does cause lots of teenage males to flow in, but I don’t yet see solid proof that they are more likely to cause trouble than older cats,” says the University of Montana’s Robinson. “In many cases, the new arrivals have been squeezed out of remote wilderness habitat and forced into areas where they are more likely to encounter humans. I think humans are primarily responsible for all the interaction you see. We’re moving into these areas where cougars and deer are,” according to Alldredge, a researcher at the Colorado Division of Wildlife.
We may not understand what makes 18-year-old males more likely than 48-year-old men to do dangerous things, Wielgus says, but we know that the world would be a different place, if teenagers were in charge.
55．The passage begins with a story to ________.
A．lead into the topic B．describe an incident
C．show the author’s attitude D．warn of the dangers of cougars
56．The underline word “culprit” in Para. 4 is closest in meaning to ________.
A．effect B．evidence C．cause D．target
57．Which of the following is true?
A．Alldredge agrees hunting results in the arrival of lots of teens.
B．Robinson doubts whether age is a key factor in human-cougar conflicts.
C．Alldredge believes killing older males may cause a bigger threat.
D．Robinson holds humans are to blame for the fall of older males.
58．What might Wielgus suggest to reduce cougar attacks?
A．Driving teenage cougars back into their natural habitat.
B．Getting people to move out of the areas where cougars are.
C．Forbidding children to play in the backyard by themselves.
D．Changing hunting policies to ensure a healthy cougar population.
While the human world is suffering from the novel coronavirus outbreak, our planet is actually showing certain signs of “recovery” from the damage caused by human activity. According to the BBC, new satellite images released by the European Space Agency showed that levels of air pollutants and greenhouse gases have “fallen sharply” in major cities in Europe and the United States ever since the lockdown started.
This is a great example of how the world can change overnight as soon as people change their behavior—especially after recent discoveries in Antarctica.
An international team of 89 scientists found that the ice in Greenland and Antarctica is melting six times faster in the 2010s than it was in the 1990s. And in February, Argentina’s Marambio research station in Antarctica recorded a record high temperature of 20.75 ℃ on the continent.
So what exactly will happen if the temperature keeps rising and the ice keeps melting? A third study might give you an idea. A team of scientists drilled a hole into the seafloor in west Antarctica and extracted material from underground, in which they found traces of roots, spores and pollen—typical products of a rainforest—that dated back 90 million years ago. In other words, Antarctica was very likely a rainforest back when the dinosaurs walked on Earth.
But given the fact that the South Pole has four months of darkness winter—even millions of years ago—scientists believe that the rainforest could only exist if the greenhouse gas concentrations were extremely high back then to keep the continent warm when there was little or no sunlight. “We didn’t know that this Cretaceous（白垩纪的）greenhouse climate was that extreme,” Johann Klages of the Alfred Wegener Institute in Germany and a co-author of the research told the Guardian. “It shows us what carbon dioxide is able to do.”
Ice or no ice, Antarctica will be—and has always been—fine with extreme changes. The human world, however, may not be.
Now, during the coronavirus lockdown, we’ve seen the changes resulting from less human activity. Hopefully, we’ll hold on to those changes—not for Antarctica or the planet, but for ourselves.
59．What message does the author mainly want to convey in the first paragraph?
A．The air pollution issue in major cities urgently needs to be dealt with.
B．The novel coronavirus outbreak has resulted in a damage to nature.
C．Reduced human activity is beneficial to the healing process of the earth.
D．The novel coronavirus outbreak has changed the patterns of human activity.
60．What can we learn from the recent discoveries in Antarctica?
A．The climate in Antarctica can change overnight.
B．The greenhouse effect in Antarctica is extremely severe.
C．The high temperature in Antarctica is caused by climate change.
D．The glacier in Antarctica is melting in a faster speed in this century.
61．Why was Antarctica likely to be a rainforest 90 million years ago?
A．Traces of typical elements in a rainforest were found underground.
B．The greenhouse gas concentrations were extremely high back then.
C．The density of carbon dioxide has changed the climate in Antarctica.
D．The temperature in Antarctica have been increasing since the Cretaceous time.
62．According to the passage, which of the following statements is True?
A．Human activities do little harm to Antarctica.
B．We should limit carbon dioxide emissions to save ourselves.
C．There is little we can do to recover the environment in Antarctica.
D．Limiting human activities can be used to slow down global warming.













参考答案：
1．D
2．C
3．B
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了eCycling这一项目的开展情况和人们的参与情况。
1．
细节理解题。根据第二段“To get the program to the regional and neighborhood levels, the EPA directed “Plug-In to eCycling Partners.”(为了将该项目推广到地区和社区层面，美国环境保护署指导了Plug-In to eCycling Partners项目。)”可知，美国环境保护署推出了Plug-In to eCycling Partners计划，是为了使当地地区和社区都可以使用该项目。故选D项。
2．
细节理解题。根据第二段“They provide local governments, retailers and manufacturers with opportunities to reuse and recycle their items. Those who make and offer electronic devices then promote programs and opportunities for consumers to reuse their second-hand electronic products.(它们为地方政府、零售商和制造商提供了重复使用和回收其产品的机会。然后，那些制造和提供电子设备的公司会为消费者提供重复使用二手电子产品的项目和机会。)”可知，Plug-In Partners主要从事的活动是收集可回收利用的电子产品。故选C项。
3．
推理判断题。根据最后一段“As the eCycling program continues, you or your organization may want to get involved. Check the EPA’s internet site (www.epa.gov) for regional eCycling programs, or for details on how your company can participate. Their website has links to organizations that are taking part in the eCycling program.(随着eCycling计划的继续，您或您的组织可能希望参与其中。查看美国环境保护署的网站（www.epa.gov）了解区域eCycling项目，或了解贵公司如何参与的详细信息。他们的网站上有与参与电子产品回收项目的组织的链接。)”可知，本文的主要目的是吸引人们参加eCycling项目。故选B项。
4．D
5．C
6．D
7．A
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了通过个人的努力，也可以为减少碳足迹贡献自己的力量。
4．
细节理解题。根据第三段“they will come from laws and policies such as carbon-pricing systems, revised building codes and supports for green investment.(它们将来自法律和政策，如碳定价体系、修订的建筑法规和对绿色投资的支持。)”可知，有效的法律和政策在减排中起决定性作用。故选D。
5．
推理判断题。根据第五段“Yet individual acts can grow into influential group activity. (然而，个人行为可以发展成有影响力的群体活动。)”及下文所举少吃肉的例子可推断，小的个人行为可以产生大的影响。故选C。
6．
词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“Reduced demand for meat could motivate my local supermarket to carry better produce, making it easier for me and my neighbors to prepare a few more satisfying meat-free meals. (如果我们很多人开始少吃肉，如果我们建设性地谈论它，我们很可能会影响其他人。很快，1%的减少就变成了2%或更多。)”可知，社会行动具有传染性。所以contagious为“感染性的；传播性的”之意。故选D。
7．
推理判断题。根据最后一段“So while I wouldn’t advise governments to order people to stop eating hamburgers, if anyone asks, “What can I do?” a simple and accurate answer is: “Eat less meat. It’s in your control, and you can begin right now. It benefits both you and the planet.”(所以，虽然我不会建议政府下令人们停止吃汉堡包，但如果有人问：“我能做什么?”一个简单而准确的回答是:“少吃肉。”一切都在你的掌控之中，你现在就可以开始。这对你和地球都有好处。”)”及全文可推断，作者写这篇文章的目的是解释如何通过个人努力减少碳足迹的方法。故选A。
8．A
9．C
10．B
11．D
【解析】
【导语】
本文是说明文。文章讲述了鲨鱼迁移准确快速，研究发现鲨鱼体内有准确的定位系统可以感知地磁场，科学研究鲨鱼的定位机制，提到了两种理论，但是想要真正了解这些鲨鱼的定位机制还需要很多研究。
8．
细节理解题。根据第一段的“Their tracking data showed a great white shark moving from South Africa to Australia and back again in a near straight line. It was the fastest transoceanic return migration ever recorded and it was carried out with near pinpoint accuracy.(他们的追踪数据显示，一条大白鲨从南非移动到澳大利亚，然后又以一条接近直线的方式返回。这是有记录以来最快的跨洋返回迁移，而且它是以高精确度进行的。)”可知，开普敦的科学家发现了鲨鱼可以快速精确地迁移。故选A。
9．
推理判断题。根据第二段的“A group of scientists from Florida State University has taken on the question and concluded that sharks have an internal, GPS-like navigation system that allows them to read the Earth’s geomagnetic field.(来自佛罗里达州立大学的一组科学家接受了这个问题，并得出结论，鲨鱼体内有一个类似GPS的导航系统，可以让它们读取地球的地磁场。)”和“Exposed to the magnetic field from the capture location, the sharks swam in random directions at leisure; but when exposed to the geomagnetic field that would be found 600 kilometres south of that spot, they swam north in a “homeward orientation”.(暴露在远离捕获地点的磁场下，鲨鱼悠闲地随意游动；但当暴露在该地点以南600公里处的地磁场中时，它们会以“回家的方向”向北游。)”可知，鲨鱼体内有类似GPS的导航系统，可以让它们读取地球的地磁场，因此可知，鲨鱼向北游是因为他们感知到了家的磁场。故选C。
10．
词句猜测题。根据下文“partly because it’s so difficult to study(部分原因是研究是很难的)”可推断，上文“Researchers have suspected that sharks and sawfish detect magnetic fields since the 1970s, but the exact mechanism by which they do so, and the prevalence of this skill in nature has proven elusive”讲述研究人员一直怀疑，鲨鱼和锯鳐自20世纪70年代以来就能探测到磁场，但它们这样做的确切机制以及在自然界中的这种技能的普遍存在被证明是难以捉摸的，因为太难研究，划线词与B项“无法取得的；可望不可即的”意思相近。故选B。
11．
主旨大意题。根据最后一段的“With the shark navigation system now demonstrated, scientists want to understand the mechanism behind it. Two theories have emerged(随着鲨鱼导航系统的证明，科学家们想要了解它背后的机制。现在已经出现了两种理论:)”以及下文对这种理论的分析可知，最后一段主要讨论了鲨鱼定位系统的机制。故选D。
12．A
13．B
14．D
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲了鸟类学家Damien Farine团队在非洲东部的一项新的研究发现：小脑动物也有多层次的社会结构。
12．细节理解题。由第四段中的“Suspecting the guineafowl might have a social structure, Dr. Farine and his colleagues began a thorough study of their society.(由于怀疑珍珠鸡可能有社会结构，Farine博士和他的同事们开始对它们的社会进行深入研究。 )”可知，珍珠鸡的社会行为和社会结构让Farine博士和他的同事们有所怀疑，所以他们进行了彻底的研究。故选A项。
13．主旨大意题。由第四段中的“For a whole year, they made daily observations of 441 birds. Coloured leg bands in unique combinations let researchers tell the black-and-blue birds apart. They also attached GPS devices to the backs of 58 birds, which let them see exactly where every group went, 24 hours a day.(一整年，他们每天观察441只鸟。独特组合的彩色腿带让研究人员区分了黑蓝色的鸟类。他们还在58只鸟的背上安装了GPS设备，让它们一天24小时准确地看到每一组鸟的去向。)”可知，这段主要是讲述他们团队如何研究观察的，即他们的研究方法。故选B项。
14．推理判断题。由最后一段“Having a multilevel structure may not require having a large brain, ” Dr. Farine said. There may be more birds and other animals out there that, although small-brained, have societies as many-leveled as our own.”（拥有一个多层次的结构可能不需要有一个大的大脑，”法林博士说。可能还有更多的鸟类和其他动物，虽然它们的大脑很小，但它们的社会像我们人类的社会一样多层次。）可知，脑容量小的动物可以形成多层次的社会结构。故选D项。
15．B
16．B
17．D
18．B
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新的科学发现，研究表明，全球变暖对于长途迁徙的鸟类有很大的影响。
15．细节理解题。根据第二段“Individual birds that were tracked for more than one year exhibited strong path repeatability during migration, complete loyalty to wintering locations and limited breeding dispersal(扩散).(追踪超过一年的单个鸟类在迁徙过程中表现出很强的路径重复性，对越冬地点完全忠诚，并限制繁殖扩散。)”可知，它们对自己的越冬地点非常专一。故选B。
16．推理判断题。根据第三段“They found ADCY8 had a variant at high frequency in long-distance migrant populations of peregrine falcons, indicating this variant is being favorably selected because it may increase powers of long-term memory thought to be essential for long-distance migration.(他们发现ADCY8在长途迁徙的游隼种群中有一种高频率的变异，这表明这种变异被有利地选择了，因为它可能增加长期记忆的能力，这被认为是长途迁徙的必要条件。)”可推断，ADCY8是长途迁徙中必不可少的要素。故选B。
17．推理判断题。根据最后一段““Our work is the first to begin to understand the way ecological factors may interact in migratory birds, ” said Dr. ZHAN Xiangjiang. “We hope it will serve as a cornerstone to help conserve migratory species in the world. ”(詹湘江博士说:“我们的工作是第一次开始了解生态因素可能在候鸟中相互作用的方式。”“我们希望它能成为保护世界迁徙物种的基石。”)”可推断，该研究的特别之处是了解了生态因素对候鸟的影响，希望更多的人关注这一点。故选D。
18．主旨大意题。根据倒数第二段“Previous studies have identified several candidate genomic regions that may regulate migration-but our work is the strongest demonstration of a specific gene associated with migratory behavior yet identified(以前的研究已经确定了几个可能调控迁移的候选基因组区域，但我们的工作是迄今为止与迁移行为相关的特定基因的最有力的证明。)”及全文可知，文章主要介绍了研究发现证实了鸟类身上存在的迁徙基因。所以“Biologists Find Evidence of Migration Gene in Birds(生物学家在鸟类身上发现迁徙基因的证据)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选B。
19．A
20．C
21．C
22．B
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了密歇根大学的研究人员发现了一种识别和跟踪海洋中微塑料浓度的创新方法。
19．
主旨大意题。根据第一段“Microplastics - tiny pieces of plastic waste less than five millimetres long that have been degraded by waves, wind and ultraviolet rays-have been discovered in the deepest oceanic trenches and within the stomachs of the organisms that live there, but we have little idea about where the great majority of them end up.(微型塑料——在最深的海沟和生活在那里的生物体的胃里发现的被海浪、风和紫外线降解的长度不到5毫米的塑料废料，但我们不知道绝大多数塑料废料最终会在哪里。)”以及本段内容可知，本段主要介绍了海洋微塑料有限的信息。故选A项。
20．
细节理解题。根据第三段“The technique relies on NASA’s Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS),a constellation of eight micro-satellites used to predict hurricanes that calculate wind speeds above the ocean by measuring the roughness of surface waters. As the satellites are continuously recording, Ruf and Evans realised that they collect a great deal of additional data.(这项技术依赖于美国宇航局的旋风全球导航卫星系统（CYGNSS），这是一个由八颗微型卫星组成的星座，用于预测飓风，通过测量地表水的粗糙度来计算海洋上方的风速。随着卫星不断记录，鲁夫和埃文斯意识到他们收集了大量额外数据。)”可知，CYGNSS收集到了有关海面变化的大量额外数据，可以提供有关海面变化的额外数据。故选C项。
21．
细节理解题。根据第四段“Knowing that water isn’t roughened as much when it contains a lot of floating material(知道当水中含有大量漂浮物时，水不会变得那么粗糙)”可知，如果水中有微塑料时，水面会变得不那么粗糙，海洋表面会由于海中存在更多的微塑料变得更加光滑。故选C项。
22．
推理判断题。根据第二段“However, researchers Christopher Ruf and Madeline Evans from the University of Michigan have discovered an innovative way to identify and track concentrations of microplastics in the ocean.( 然而，密歇根大学的研究人员克里斯托弗·鲁夫和马德琳·埃文斯发现了一种识别和跟踪海洋中微塑料浓度的创新方法。)”以及文章内容可知，本文的主要目的是介绍一种研究海洋微塑料的创新方法。故选B项。
23．B
24．B
25．D
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了动物尤其是牛在整个食物链上对对温室气体排放的不良影响。呼吁人们吃其他动物，或者成为素食者，并指出实验室培育的肉类可能在减缓气候灾难方面发挥重要作用。
23．
词句猜测题。根据第二段“In a survey in Britain last year, the share of answerers saying that “producing plants and meat on farms” was a “significant contributor” to climate change was the lowest among ten listed activities.”（去年在英国进行的一项调查中，回答者认为”农场生产植物和肉类”是造成气候变化的”重要因素”的人数比例，在所列的10项活动中排名最低。）可知，食物对温室气体(GHG)排放的影响可能不人们忽视。所以划线部分的意思是“被人们忽视”。故选B项。
24．
推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Relative to other food sources, beef is uniquely carbon-intensive. Because cattle emit methane(甲烷)and need large grasslands that are often created by cutting more forests, they produce seven times as many GHGS per calorie of meat as pigs do. This makes beef a bigger share among foods than coal is among sources of electricity.”（相对于其他食物来源，牛肉是唯一的碳密集型食品。因为牛会排放甲烷，而且需要大草原，而大草原往往是砍伐更多的森林造成的，所以每消耗一卡路里的肉，牛产生的温室气体是猪的七倍。这使得牛肉在食品中的份额比煤炭在电力来源中的份额还要大。）以及最后一段“Lab-grown meat could play an essential role in slowing a climate disaster.”（实验室培育的肉类可能在减缓气候灾难方面发挥重要作用）由此判断出，不吃牛排可能是减少温室气体排放的有效方法。故选B项。
25．
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Fortunately, lab-grown meats are moving from Petri dishes(培养皿)to high-end restaurants. Doing without beef from live cattle is hard to imagine, but the same was true of coal 100 years ago.”（幸运的是，实验室培养的肉类，正从培养皿转移到高档餐厅。很难想象没有活牛的牛肉，但100年前的煤炭也是如此。）可知，作者在最后一段提到了煤炭，只是为了展示实验室培育牛肉的未来。故选D项。
26．B
27．C
28．C
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了深海采矿作业给海洋环境带来的危害和必要性。
26．
细节理解题。根据第一段“A robot the size of a large bulldozer moves along the bottom of the deep sea.(一个大型推土机大小的机器人沿着深海底部移动)”和“This is a mining operation. The rock contains a mixture of metals, including ones called rare earth metals.(这是一个采矿作业。这种岩石含有多种金属，其中包括一种叫做稀土金属的金属)”可知，深海采矿作业是为了获得稀土金属。故选B项。
27．
细节理解题。由文章第三段“But they disturbed the mud, just as a mining operation would. The cloud of mud fell back down over the ocean floor burying creatures living there. Up to now, the area they disturbed has not recovered. Signs of the search are still there. Deep sea creatures like sponges and corals have not moved back in. That means mining could have harmful, long-lasting consequences for deep ocean life. Scientists want to understand the deep sea better before disturbing it.(但他们扰乱了泥浆，就像采矿作业一样。泥云落在海底，埋葬了生活在那里的生物。到目前为止，他们扰乱的地区还没有恢复。搜寻的迹象仍然存在。海绵和珊瑚等深海生物还没有搬回来。这意味着采矿可能对深海生物产生有害的、长期的后果。科学家希望在干扰深海之前更好地了解它。)”可知，海底采矿会影响海洋生态系统。故选C项。
28．
推理判断题。由文章最后一段“Leaving the deep sea alone sounds great, but people need those metals. “Mines on land are soon going to run out,” geologist Steven Scolt of the University of Toronto told Smithsonian Magazine. “Every electronic device in the world has rare earth metals in it... we need raw resources.”(离开深海听起来很棒，但人们需要这些金属。多伦多大学的地质学家史蒂文·斯考特告诉史密森尼杂志：“陆地上的矿很快就会耗尽。世界上每一个电子设备都含有稀土金属……我们需要原材料。”)”可知，他对海底采矿是支持的。故选C项。
29．A
30．D
31．B
32．D
33．A
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。文中主要介绍了经过研究人员的调查和研究，他们发现大自然中的新鲜空气对人们的身心健康都有益处。
29．
细节理解题。根据第三段“It can also help people feel further removed from the pressures of society and lessen the need to conform to stereotypes, such as being thin or muscular.( 它还可以帮助人们感到进一步远离社会的压力，并减少遵从刻板印象的需要，比如身材瘦削或肌肉发达。)”可知，选项A. Increase the need to conform to stereotypes, such as being thin or muscular. (增加了符合刻板印象的需求，比如身材瘦削或肌肉发达。)说的是“增加了”，而本文说的是“减少”，所以它不是自然环境带给人类的好处。故选A。
30．
细节理解题。根据第四段“For the study, participants were asked to visit different locations like the countryside, the seaside, the beach and open spaces in cities like parks.( 在这项研究中，参与者被要求访问不同的地点，如乡村、海滨、海滩和公园等城市的开放空间。)”可知，只有选项D. high street(主干道)没有被提及。故选D。
31．
细节理解题。根据第六段“The strongest connections with nature were found in visits that lasted longer than 30 minutes and so had greater psychological benefits.( 接近大自然持续时间超过30分钟被发现有最好的效果，因此有更大的心理益处。)”可知，“接近大自然”和“超过30分钟”两个因素可能会给人们带来更大的心理益处，只有B.Stay at coastal locations for 5 hours.(在海滨呆5个小时 )符合题意。故选B。
32．
细节理解题。根据第六段“We’ve demonstrated that nature can be beneficial to us, but we’re still exploring how and why. (我们已经证明了自然可以对我们有益，但我们仍在探索如何和为什么有益。)”可知，来自这几所大学的研究人员想探索自然是如何以及为什么能对人类有益的。故选D。
33．
主旨大意题。文中主要介绍了经过研究人员的调查和研究，他们发现大自然中的新鲜空气对你的身心健康都有益处。可知，本文主要谈了自然环境和健康两个方面，所以最佳题目是A. countryside will make you feel better.(乡村会让你感觉更好)。故选A。
34．A
35．D
36．D
37．C
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇议论文。文章通过谈论作为公共资源的大象濒临灭绝，而作为私有财产的饲养牛却能安全生存，说明了人们对私有财产比公共资源更加关心的现象。
34．
推理判断题。根据第一段中“Yet hunting the buffalo was so popular during the 19th century that by 1900 the animal’s population had fallen to about 400 before the government stepped in to protect the species. In some countries today, the elephant faces a similar challenge, as illegal hunters kill the animals for the ivory in their tusks. (然而，狩猎水牛在19世纪是如此流行，以至于到了1900年，野牛的数量已经下降到大约400只，直到政府介入保护这个物种。今天在一些国家，大象也面临着类似的挑战，因为非法捕猎者为了获取象牙而捕杀这种动物。)”可知，作者之所以提到水牛，是为了介绍大象所面临的类似威胁。故选A项。
35．
细节理解题。根据第三段中“The reason is that elephants are a common resource, while cows are private goods. (原因是大象是一种公共资源，而牛是私人物品。)”和“Elephants wander freely without any owners. The hunter has a strong motivation to kill as many elephants as he can find. (大象在没有主人的情况下自由走动。猎人有强烈的动机去杀死尽可能多的大象。)” 及“By contrast, cattle live on farms that are privately owned. Each farmer makes great effort to maintain the cattle population on his farm because he harvests the benefit of these efforts. (相比之下，牛生活在私人拥有的农场上。每个农场主都在努力维持农场的牲畜数量，因为他们收获了这些努力的成果。)”可知，之所以大象面临威胁，而奶牛是安全的，是因为它们各自代表着不同的所有权类型。故选D项。
36．
主旨大意题。根据第四段中“Governments have tried to solve the elephant’s problem in two ways. Some countries, such as Kenya and Uganda, have made it illegal to kill elephants and sell their ivory. (各国政府试图通过两种方式来解决大象的问题。一些国家，如肯尼亚和乌干达，已经将猎杀大象和出售象牙定为非法行为。)”以及“By contrast, other countries, such as Malawi and Namibia, have made elephants private goods and allowed people to kill elephants, but only those on their own property. (相比之下，其他国家，如马拉维和纳米比亚，则把大象当作私人物品，允许人们猎杀大象，但仅限于在他们自己的领地上。)”可知，第四段通过举例说明各国政府对大象的政策。故选D项。
37．
推理判断题。根据最后一段中Aristotle所说“What is common to many is taken least care of, for all men have greater regard for what is their own than for what they possess in common with others. (对大多数人来说共同的东西最不被重视，因为所有人都更关心自己的东西，而不是他们与他人共同拥有的东西。)”可以推知，人们更关心自己的财产。故选C项。
38．B
39．A
40．C
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。文章指出英国一家动物福利组织呼吁要让养殖鱼类得到与其他家畜同样的福利待遇，即在宰杀时尽可能减轻其痛苦。
38．
推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句“The Conservative Animal Welfare Foundation, which has Carrie Johnson as a supporter, says fish deserve to be treated with the same care as cows, pigs, sheep and other livestock because they experience stress and pain.（保守动物福利基金会声称鱼类应当得到与牛、猪、羊等家畜一样的关爱，因为它们也能感受到压力和痛苦）”可知，正因为鱼类也能感到压力和痛苦，动物福利组织才提出对鱼类进行合法保护，这正是文章的主题，人类能为养殖鱼做的就是减轻它们的痛苦。故选B项。
39．
推理判断题。第二段指出“The foundation is focusing on improving fish welfare during slaughter (屠宰) because that is where the biggest differences in protection lie.（基金会专注于提高鱼类在宰杀期间的福利，因为保护中最大的区别就在于此）”，文章在后文中对于differences即鱼类宰杀和其他家畜宰杀时的区别进行了详细描述，而第三段第二句指出“A report by the foundation cites evidence of abuses of fish revealed last year by The Times.（一份由基金会给出的报告列出了去年虐待鱼类的证据）”，文章最后也点明“The foundation report states that the UK government is failing aquatic animals dismally and calls for unannounced welfare inspections of fish slaughterhouses and says they should be required to install closed-circuit television, with footage reviewed by public bodies.（基金会的报告陈述道，英国政府在水生动物上很失败，呼吁未宣布的对鱼类宰杀室的福利检查，并表示他们应当被要求安装闭路电视，保留可供公众审查的镜头）”，综上可知，英国当前养殖鱼的福利情况存在很多问题，基金会对此的态度应当是感到担忧的。故选A项。
40．
推理判断题。总览全文，文章以保守动物福利基金会切入，点明保障养殖鱼得到与其他家畜同等福利这一主题，以基金会的报告贯穿全文，其目的就是引起关注、呼吁人们提高鱼类福利。故选C项。
41．C
42．C
43．A
44．B
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。文章介绍冰崩会发出大量的次声波，研究人员正在尝试用次声探测技术来检测和探测冰崩。
41．
细节理解题。根据第二段的“Previous work has analyzed infrasound from snow avalanches but never ice, says Boise State University geophysicist Jeffrey Johnson. （博伊西州立大学的地球物理学家Jeffrey Johnson说，之前的工作分析过雪崩的次声，但从未分析过冰的次声）”和第三段的“But a collapse—a sudden, rapid breaking of ice from the glacier’s main body—is a prolific infrasound producer.（但是冰川的崩塌——冰川主体的冰突然迅速断裂——是大量次声的产生者）”和“As the threat grows, scientists seek new ways to monitor and detect such collapses.（随着威胁的增加，科学家们寻求新的方法来监测和探测这种崩塌）”可知，从第二和第三段我们知道研究人员正试图利用次声探测冰崩。故选C。
42．
细节理解题。根据第四段的“Researchers often use radar to track ice avalanches, which is precise but expensive and can monitor only one specific location and neighboring avalanche paths. Infrasound, Marchetti says, is cheaper and can detect break—off events around a much broader area as well as multiple avalanches across a mountain.（研究人员经常使用雷达来跟踪冰雪崩，这种方法精确但昂贵，而且只能监测一个特定的位置和邻近的雪崩路径。马尔凯蒂说，次声探测技术成本更低，可以探测到更广阔的区域附近的断裂事件，以及山脉上的多次雪崩）”可知，和雷达相比次声探测的优势是能接收更大范围内的信号。故选C。
43．
词句猜测题。分析句子可知，句中this应指代上文出现的内容。根据第四段的“It is challenging, however, to separate a signal into its components (such as traffic noises, individual avalanches and nearby earthquakes) without additional measurements, says ETH Zurich glaciologist Malgorzata Chmiel. （然而，苏黎世联邦理工学院的冰川学家Malgorzata Chmiel说，在没有额外测量的情况下，将一个信号分解成它的组成部分(如交通噪音、单独的雪崩和附近的地震)是一项挑战）”推知，this指代“区分信号的成分”，即马尔凯蒂使用的模型是区分信号成分的初步近似（该模型能区分出信号的不同成分）。故选A。
44．
主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，尤其第一段的“But these vibrations held a key to calculating the ice avalanche’s(崩塌)critical characteristics.（但这些振动是计算冰崩临界特性的关键）”和第三段的“But a collapse—a sudden, rapid breaking of ice from the glacier’s main body—is a prolific infrasound producer.（但是冰川的崩塌——冰川主体的冰突然迅速断裂——是大量次声的产生者）”和“As the threat grows, scientists seek new ways to monitor and detect such collapses.（随着威胁的增加，科学家们寻求新的方法来监测和探测这种崩塌）”可知，冰崩会发出大量的次声波，研究人员正在尝试用次声探测技术来检测和探测冰崩。故B项“冰川低语”可以作为本文标题，吸引读者。故选B。
45．A
46．C
47．D
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。主要讲述了科学家们已经将蜘蛛网变成了音频。该过程涉及对三维蜘蛛网进行成像和分析。研究员 Markus Buehler还将这项研究扩展到科学界之外：“蜘蛛网可能成为音乐灵感的新来源，不同于通常的人类体验。”该声化研究有助于进一步推进跨物种交流。
45．
词句猜测题。根据第二段“To create the music, the researchers first produced a 3D digital model of the spider's web by taking 2D cross-section images and using computer algorithms. They then changed the non-audible data into something audible—a process known as sonification.”(为了创作音乐，研究人员首先通过拍摄 2D 横截面图像并使用计算机算法制作了蜘蛛网的 3D 数字模型。然后，他们将不可听的数据更改为可听的数据—这一过程被称为sonification。)可推知，他们把不可听的数据变成可听的数据，这个过程是sonification，所以，A项“发出声音的过程”说法正确。故选A项。
46．
推理判断题。根据第五段“Beuhler expressed his hopes the new research into sonification will lead to further work in cross-species communication.”(Beuhler表达了他的希望，这项关于声波化的新研究将引领跨物种交流的进一步工作）。可知这种蜘蛛网音乐暗示了跨物种交流的潜力，说法符合题意。故选C项。
47．
主旨大意题。根据第五段“Future research could potentially explore ways of communicating with spiders 'in their own language', or influence their behaviour with the help of machine algorithms. A previous study in 2018 by researchers including Buehler, found that most researches on spider webs to date have focused on the orb web（a specific form of web which is 2D and round in shape）, while the majority of webs created by spiders are not orb webs. This analysis of a 3D web structure pushes the research a step further.”( 未来的研究可能会探索“用蜘蛛自己的语言”与它们交流的方式，或者在机器算法的帮助下影响它们的行为。比勒等研究人员在2018年进行的一项研究发现，迄今为止，大多数关于蜘蛛网的研究都集中在圆网(一种2D和圆形的特定形式的网)，而蜘蛛织出的大多数网不是圆网。这种对三维网络结构的分析将研究推进了一步。)可知，第五段主要是关于跨物种交流的进一步研究，所以D项说法正确，故选D项。
48．C
49．C
50．A
51．D
【解析】
【导语】
本文为一篇说明文。电动车更环保，但是只有电动汽车实现能源方面的绿色，才能实现真正的绿色。
48．
细节理解题。根据文章第一、二段内容及第三段“So the question is: is it worth it? Just how much emission reduction can EVs justify? Luckily, a life cycle assessment has been done to give us some answers.”（所以问题是：这值得吗？ 电动汽车到底能减排多少呢？幸运的是，一个生命周期评估已经完成，给了我们一些答案。）可知，对排放进行生命周期分析是为了衡量电动汽车对环境的影响。故选C项。
49．
推理判断题。根据文章第五段内容“In 2018, Australia’s share of renewables in electricity was about 21%. In contrast, the number in New Zealand’s was about 84%. Electric car emissions in Australia and New Zealand are estimated at about 170g and 25g of CO2 per km respectively.”（在2018年，澳大利亚可再生能源在电力中的份额约为21%。相比之下，新西兰的这一数字约为84%。据估计，澳大利亚和新西兰的电动汽车每公里排放的二氧化碳分别为170克和25克。）可知，作者通过作比较的方法来支持陈述“作为消费者，我们的汽车是否环保取决于我们国家的能源组合。”这一观点。故选C项。
50．
细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段内容“While electric cars cause more greenhouse gas emissions than gas cars do, it's important to note the recycled batteries can be used in subsequent batteries. This could have significant emissions reduction benefits in the future. For complete life cycle emissions, the study shows that EV emissions are 18% lower than gas cars.”（虽然电动汽车比汽油汽车排放更多的温室气体，但需要注意的是，回收电池可以用于后续电池。这可能在未来产生显著的减排效益。研究表明，在整个生命周期的排放中，电动汽车的排放量比汽油汽车低18%。）可知，电动汽车打败汽油汽车的原因是其电池的回收。故选A项。
51．
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“So here’s the takeaway: EVs are greener. Maybe they’re not as green as we thought. There’s certainly room for improvement. But the real challenge lies in speeding the global energy transition toward greener energy-production.”（所以结论是：电动汽车更环保。也许它们没有我们想的那么环保。当然还有改进的余地。但真正的挑战在于加快全球能源向绿色能源生产的转变。）可知，实现了能源方面的绿色，电动汽车才是真正绿色的。故选D项。
52．A
53．B
54．C
【解析】
【导语】
本文是说明文。动物遭受噪音影响是不容怀疑的，植物是否也遭受噪音影响呢？文章通过一个实验阐述噪音也影响着植物。
52．
推理判断题。根据第一段内容“Many animals depend upon sound to find food, detect predators and communicate with one another. These species understandably suffer when loud motorways cut through their habitats. (许多动物依靠声音来寻找食物、探测捕食者以及相互交流。当嘈杂的高速公路穿过它们的栖息地时，这些物种遭受痛苦是可以理解的。)”可知，第一段讲述动物通过声音寻食，捕猎，交流，并会因为噪音而受苦，第二段第一句“It has always been assumed that noise is a problem unique to animals. (人们一直认为，噪音是动物所特有的问题。)紧跟上文说明人们一直认为只有动物才有噪音困扰，接下来讲述“But a new study by Ali Akbar Ghotbi-Ravandi, a botanist at Shahid Beheshti University in Tehran, has revealed that plants suffer too.(但是，德黑兰沙希德·贝赫什蒂大学的植物学家阿里·阿克巴尔·格尔比-拉万迪的一项新研究表明，植物也会受到影响。)”，下面的段落展开讲述这个话题，因此推断前两段的目的是引出文章的主题。故选A。
53．
词句猜测题。根据划线句“Since most flowering species depend upon pollinators and most fruit-bearing species need animals to disperse their seeds (因为大多数开花物种依赖于传粉者，大多数结果实的物种需要动物disperse它们的种子)”并结合选项A. Classify把……分类；B. Spread传播；C. Damage毁坏；D. Collect收集，以及常识可知，开花物种需要传粉，结果的物种需要传播种子，划线词与B项意思相近。故选B。
54．
细节理解题。根据最后一段的“Most notably, levels of the harmful chemicals in the plants exposed to noise were two to three times what they were in those grown in silence. The findings make it clear that the noise of traffic bothers the plants.(最值得注意的是，暴露在噪音中的植物中的有害化学物质的含量是那些在寂静中生长的植物的两到三倍。调查结果清楚地表明，交通的噪音困扰着植物)”可知，Ghotbi-Ravandi博士的实验表明，暴露在交通噪音中的植物承受着更高水平的压力。故选C。
55．A
56．C
57．B
58．D
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。本文主要是讲专家关于美洲狮管制的看法，说明了为什么会有美洲狮进入人类居住区，且表达了在此管制制度下美洲狮惹出的事端的看法。
55．
推理判断题。由第一段中的“However, when the cat suddenly jumped on his head, Joe found it turned out a young cougar. (然而，当猫突然跳到他的头上时，乔发现原来是一只年轻的美洲狮)”和第二段中的“Cougar encounters like this one are becoming increasingly common in the U.S. (在美国，这样的美洲狮遭遇正变得越来越普遍)”及下文可知，文章开始讲述了一个孩子被美洲狮袭击的故事，接下来引出专家对于为什么会有美洲狮进入人类居住区的说明，这也是本文的中心主题，因此推断，文章以故事开始是为了引出主题。故选A项。
56．
词句猜测题。由第三段中的“And a study shows that the heavily hunted area has five times as many cougar complaints as the lightly hunted area—even though the density of cougars is about the same in both areas (一项研究表明，尽管美洲狮在这两个地区的密度大致相同，但重度捕猎地区的美洲狮投诉数量是轻度捕猎地区的五倍)”和第四段中的“Wielgus suspects that hunting policies, which allow older males to be killed to keep cougar populations in check, were the culprit and teenage cougars in the heavily hunted area may be responsible for most of the trouble. (Wielgus怀疑，允许杀死年老雄性美洲狮以控制美洲狮的数量的捕猎政策是culprit，而在被大量捕杀的地区，年轻的美洲狮可能是造成大部分问题的原因)”可知，Wielgus研究发现在过度捕猎区有更多的美洲狮伤人事件发生，他猜测为了控制美洲狮数量，允许杀死年老美洲狮的狩猎制度是“原因（cause）”。故选C项。
57．
细节理解题。由倒数第二段中的““Hunting definitely does cause lots of teenage males to flow in, but I don’t yet see solid proof that they are more likely to cause trouble than older cats,” says the University of Montana’s Robinson. (“狩猎确实会导致很多年轻雄性美洲狮流入，但我还没有看到坚实的证据，表明年轻雄性美洲狮比年老雄性美洲狮更可能造成麻烦，”蒙大拿大学的Robinson说)”可知，Robinson还没有看到坚实的证据表明年轻雄性美洲狮比年老雄性美洲狮更可能造成麻烦（与人类的冲突），说明他怀疑年龄是否是人类与美洲狮冲突的关键因素。故选B项。
58．
推理判断题。由第二段中的“But Professor Robert Wielgus at Washington State University argues that poorly designed hunting policies might be causing an increase in cougar-human conflicts. (但华盛顿州立大学的Robert Wielgus教授认为，设计不当的狩猎政策可能会导致美洲狮人类冲突的增加)”和第四段中的“Wielgus suspects that hunting policies, which allow older males to be killed to keep cougar populations in check, were the culprit and teenage cougars in the heavily hunted area may be responsible for most of the trouble. (Wielgus怀疑，允许杀死年老雄性美洲狮以控制美洲狮的数量的捕猎政策是原因，而在被大量捕杀的地区，年轻的美洲狮可能是造成大部分问题的原因)”可知，Wielgus认为现行的捕猎政策是造成人类与美洲狮冲突的关键因素，因此可得出Wielgus会提出改变狩猎政策，确保美洲狮种群健康。故选D项。
59．C
60．D
61．A
62．B
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。文章首先提到新冠肺炎期间的封城给环境带来了一些积极影响，接着作者举例南极洲的考察发现告诉我们温室气体浓度上升对我们人类带来了影响。最后作者提倡为了人类要减少对环境的影响。
59．
主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“According to the BBC, new satellite images released by the European Space Agency showed that levels of air pollutants and greenhouse gases have “fallen sharply” in major cities in Europe and the United States ever since the lockdown started（据英国广播公司报道，欧洲航天局发布的新卫星图像显示，自封城开始以来，欧洲和美国主要城市的空气污染物和温室气体水平“急剧下降”）”可知，文章第一段主要告诉我们由新冠肺炎所以引起的封城给环境带来了一些积极的影响，比如空气污染物和温室气体水平都急剧下降。故选C。
60．
细节理解题。根据文章第三段“An international team of 89 scientists found that the ice in Greenland and Antarctica is melting six times faster in the 2010s than it was in the 1990s.(一个由89名科学家组成的国际团队发现，在21世纪10年代，格陵兰和南极地区的冰的融化速度比20世纪90年代要快六倍)”可知，南极冰川在本世纪融化的速度很快，故选D。
61．
推理判断题。根据文章第四段“A team of scientists drilled a hole into the seafloor in west Antarctica and extracted material from underground, in which they found traces of roots, spores and pollen—typical products of a rainforest—that dated back 90 million years ago. In other words, Antarctica was very likely a rainforest back when the dinosaurs walked on Earth.（一组科学家在西南极洲钻了个洞直到海底，并提取了地下的一些物质，在这些物质中他们发现了追溯到9000万年前的根、狍子以及花粉的足迹，这些都是典型的雨林物质。换句话说，在恐龙时代，南极很有可能是一个雨林）”可知，南极很可能在9000万年前是雨林是因为在地下发现了典型雨林物质的足迹，故选A。
62．
细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Now, during the coronavirus lockdown, we’ve seen the changes resulting from less human activity. Hopefully, we’ll hold on to those changes—not for Antarctica or the planet, but for ourselves(现在，在冠状病毒封城期间，我们看到了人类活动减少带来的变化。希望我们能坚持这些改变——不是为了南极洲或地球，而是为了我们自己)”可知，冠状病毒封城期间，人类带给环境的积极影响要继续。为了我们自己好，我们要继续减少温室气体的排放。故选B。