考点12 定语从句关系副词的用法 高考重点词汇积累 长难句分析-2024年新高二英语暑假培优全攻略（上海专用）（解析版）

这是一份考点12 定语从句关系副词的用法 高考重点词汇积累 长难句分析-2024年新高二英语暑假培优全攻略（上海专用）（解析版），共22页。试卷主要包含了ptimistic adj，utstanding adj，ppse vt，ppsite n，utcme n，ptinal adj，verlk vt，vercme v等内容，欢迎下载使用。
考点12 定语从句关系副词用法+高考重点词汇积累+长难句分析

核心考点梳理

一、 高考重点词汇积累
核心单词
1.optimistic adj. 乐观的；乐观主义的
2.outstanding adj. 杰出的；突出的；显著的
3.oppose vt. 反对，反抗
4.opposite n. 相反，对面 adj.相反的，对面的
5.outcome n. 结果；结局；成果
6.optional adj. 可选择的；随意的，非强制的
7.overlook vt. 俯瞰；忽略；远眺
8.overcome v. 克服，解决
9.positive adj. 确信的；明确的；积极的，肯定的；正的，阳性的
10.outgoing adj. 外向的；友好的
11.outspoken adj. 直率的，坦诚的
12.picnic n. [C] 野餐，野餐食物
vi. (picnicked, picnicking) (去)野餐，举行野餐
13.postpone vt. 推迟，延期
14.potential adj. 可能的；潜在的　n. 潜力
15.passion n. 激情，热情
16.participate v. 参与；参加
17.particular adj. 特别的；具体的；挑剔的
18.persuade vt. 说服，劝说
19.phenomenon (pl.phenomena) n. 现象
20.possession n. 所有，拥有；财产，所有物
21.passive adj. 被动的；消极的
22.patent n. 专利权，专利证书
23.patience n. 容忍；耐心
24.pension n. 养老金
25.permanent adj. 永久的；持久的
重点短语
in addition 另外
in addition to 除……之外
in danger 在危险中
in sight 看见
in trouble 陷入困境，倒霉
in silence 沉默
in order 井井有条
in public 当众，公开
in ruins 一片废墟，破败不堪
in company with　　　　 与……一起
in conflict with 与……冲突
in common with 与……有共同之处
in connection with 与……有联系
in cooperation with 与……合作
in harmony with 与……和睦相处/协调一致
in/out of condition 健康状况好/不好；保存(养)得好/不好
on condition that... 如果……；在……条件下
on this/that condition 在这种/那种情况下

二、高考阅读理解长难句分析
51. The study, published in 2009, found that when writing with a pen and paper, participants wrote longer essays and more complete sentences and had a faster word production rate.
【句式翻译】这项研究发表于2009年，它发现用笔和纸来写，参与者写的文章更长，写的句子更完整，写单词的速度更快。
【句式分析】本句复合句，that 引导宾语从句，从句中又有一个when引导的状语从句，published在句中作后置定语，writing作状语。
【词语点拨】1) participant n. 参加者 participate vi.参与
He is an active participant in the civil rights movement.
他是人权运动的积极参加者。
Terry can’t participate in the match because he has hurt his foot.
特里不能参加比赛,因为他扭了脚。
2) rate n.比率；速度
House prices are rising at a higher rate than inflation.
房价比通货膨胀上涨的比率高。
The car was going at the rate of 40 miles an hour.
轿车以每小时40里的速度行驶。
【语法点拨】1）现在分词作状语, 具体用法参见第26句。
2）过去分词作定语，具体用法参见第44句。
52. But the donator who started sending envelopes with cash to deserving causes, accompanied by an article from the local paper, has made a northern German city believe in fairytales.
【句式翻译】但是，捐赠者开始给值得关注的事业发送装有现金的信封，当地报纸随之发表一篇文章，这一切使一个德国北部城市相信童话。
【句式分析】本句是复合句，who 引导限制性定语从句，修饰the donator，sending 作宾语，accompanied作状语。
【词语点拨】1) deserving adj.值得的（后面常接介词of） deserve v.值得
A job well done is deserving of praise.
一件工作做得好应该受到表扬。
If you do wrong, you deserve punishment.
你如做错事, 应当受罚。
2）accompany vt.陪伴
Ken agreed to accompany me on a trip to Africa.
肯答应陪我一起去非洲。
Jane was willing to accompany you to the park to go out for a walk.
简愿意陪你去公园散步。
【语法点拨】1）过去分词作状语, 具体用法参见第41句。
2）doing作宾语，具体用法参见第31句。
53. Basic Math starts from the relatively easier concepts and gradually moves on to the more troublesome ones, so as to allow for steady and sure understanding of the material by students.
【句式翻译】基础数学源自相对容易的概念，逐渐转移到更麻烦的，以便允许学生能稳定地、有把握地理解材料。
【句式分析】本句是简单句，so as to allow在句中作目的状语。
【词语点拨】1) gradually adv.逐渐地
The drugs work well at first but gradually lose their effectiveness.
这些药的效果起初非常好，但后来逐渐失效。
After months of work, the new book is gradually taking shape.
经过几个月的努力，这本新书渐渐成型了。
2）allow v. 允许，常用于以下结构：
①allow doing 允许做
They allowed smoking in this room only.
他们只允许在这间屋子里抽烟。
②allow sb to do允许某人做
My boss doesn’t allow me to use the telephone.
我的老板不允许我用电话。
③allow sb sth让某人有
I will allow you 10% off the price if you pay now．
如果你现在付款，我可以给你打九折。
④allow sb in/out/up允许某人进来/出去/起床
The patient was allowed up after ten days.
十天后病人才被允许起床(下地)。
⑤allow for考虑到，把……考虑进来，体谅
We should allow for every possible delay.
我们考虑到任何可能的延误。
【语法点拨】不定式作目的状语，具体用法参见第21句。
54. Professor H. Siegel, honored by Kentucky Educational Television as“the best math teacher in America,”is a devoted teacher and has a gift for explaining mathematical concepts in ways that make them seem clear and obvious.
【句式翻译】H•西格尔教授被肯塔基州教育电视尊称为是“美国最好的数学老师”，他是一个尽职的教师，在解释数学概念方面很有天赋，能把这些概念解释得清楚明了。
【句式分析】本句复合句，that在句中引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词ways，honored作后置定语。
【词语点拨】1) devoted adj.忠诚的；挚爱的 devote vt. 奉献，把……用于
He married well and happily and was a devoted father and husband.
他婚姻美满幸福，是位尽职尽责的父亲，忠实的丈夫。
The editors devoted a whole page to the discussion of the housing problem.
编辑用一个整版来讨论住房问题。
2) have a gift for = have a talent for在……方面有天赋
You have a surprising gift for seeing into people's minds.
你有惊人的才能，能看出别人的心思。
Yang Liping has a love for music and a gift for dancing.
杨丽萍热爱音乐，并具有舞蹈天赋。
【语法点拨】过去分词作定语, 具体用法参见第44句。
55. For example, there’re the obvious tendency to smile when smiled at and there are less obvious changes that reflect emotions of surprise, anger or sadness such as a change in our heart rate and blood pressure.
【句式翻译】例如，别人朝你笑你很可能笑，反映惊讶，愤怒或悲伤情绪的变化不太明显，如我们的心率和血压的变化。
【句式分析】本句复合句，when在句中引导省略的状语从句，that引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词changes，smiled at作状语。
【词语点拨】1）tendency n.倾向；趋势；tend v.倾向
Prices continue to show an upward tendency.
物价呈继续上升的趋势。
There was a tendency in him to walk away from the impossible thing.
而对无能为力的事情，他往往就绕开走了。
People tended to accept her invitations.
人们都乐于接受她的邀请。
2）reflect v. 反映；反射; reflection n.反射；映像
Does this letter reflect how you really think?
这封信反映你的真实想法吗?
Every solid object will reflect a sound.
任何固体都能反射声音。
One can see the reflection of the tower in the water.
塔的影子倒映在水中。

二、定语从句关系副词主要用法
英语中的关系副词有where，when，why等。
1、when的用法
when指时间，修饰表时间的先行词，在定语从句中作时间状语。
July and August are the months when the weather is hot. 七八月是天气很热的月份。
He came last night when I was out. 他昨晚来时，我出去了。
Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a necklace of yours?你还记得十年前的一个下午，我到你家借项链的事吗?
2、where的用法
where指地点，修饰表地点的先行词，在定语从句中作地点状语。
After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child.在巴黎住了五十年后，他回到他童年时生活的小城镇。
I can still remember the sitting-room where my mother and I used to sit in the evening.我还记得那间我妈妈和我晚上常坐在一起的起居室。
She will go home where she can rest. 她要回家了，在家里她可以休息。
One morning, an elephant was led down the road where they stood. 一天上午，有人赶着一头象沿着他们站立的那条路走过来。
注意：先行词为表示时间、地点的名词时，关系词不一定都用when或where。如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语，就要用关系代词which或that。
This is the factory that/which we visited last year.这是我们去年参观的那家工厂。
I won't forget the time that we spent in the countryside.我永远不会忘记我在农村度过的那段时光。
3、why的用法
why指原因，修饰名词reason，在定语从句中作原因状语。
This is the reason why he did so. 这就是他这样做了的理由。
Do you know the reason why he left early?你知道他为什么早走吗？
巧记定语从句的用法
主句型，从句型，两种句子要完整。从句紧靠先行词，系词引导要弄清。定人用who或whom，定物which当先用。关系代词有that，定人定物有本领。定时间要用when，定地点where行。关系代(副)词作成分，唯作宾语可以省。
当堂知识检测
一、单项选择
1．The reason ________ he was sleepy in class was ________ he stayed up last night.
A．that, that B．why, how C．which, whether D．why, that
2．The reason ________ he has been a success is ________ he never gives up.
A．for which, which B．why,that C．why ;which D．for which，which
3．The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication, especially at work ________ a good impression is a must.
A．where B．when C．that D．which
4．I’ll never forget those years________ I lived in the small county with the workers, ________ has a great effect on my life today.
A．that; which B．when; who C．that; that D．when; which
5．Kate will never forget the years, ________ she lived with her home-stay family in China.
A．that B．which C．when D．where
6．According to a report released by the US National Research Council, the amount of space junk flowing in Earth’s orbit has reached a critical level ________ future space missions may become too dangerous to fly.
A．that B．where C．of which D．which
7．In the future, AI will be used in the hospitals, ________ it can simplify the lives of patients, doctors and hospital administrators.
A．when B．about which C．where D．of which
8．Some pre-school children go to a day care centre, _________ they learn simple games and songs.
A．as B．whose C．which D．where
9．We called at the Bird’s Nest the other day, ___________the 29th Olympic Games were held.
A．that B．which C．where D．when
10．Some other advertisers have turned to “proximity marketing,” _________retailers detect _________the consumers are on the street and send __________advertisements to their phone.
A．where, where, tailored B．whose, where, tailoring
C．where, that, tailored D．whose, that, tailoring
11．In the curling (冰壶) final, Britain tied 4-4 in the 10th end to force an extra end, ________ Sweden scored one single point to ________ their victory.
A．which; ensure B．while; greet C．when; secure D．where; seal
12．Let’s ask ourselves what we would do in the particular situation, ________ our moral, spiritual and physical beings were threatened from every direction.
A．that B．where C．which D．when
13．That was written in 1946, ________ the education system has undergone great changes.
A．when B．during which C．since when D．since then
14．Mr. Smith owned this oil painting until the early 1990s, ________ he gave it to his grandson.
A．which B．when C．that D．on which
15．He flew to Paris two hours ago, ________ he would stay for three days.
A．when B．which C．where D．that
16．The English dubbing contest will be held in the lecture hall, _________ there are enough seats for the audience.
A．which B．that C．where D．when
17．October is a great time to visit Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, ________travelers can go to the quiet Ejina to enjoy the wonderful scenery of Euphratica forest(胡杨林).
A．then B．where C．when D．there
18．On the eve of the Spring Festival, I usually stay up until midnight, ________I can set off the firecrackers and fireworks.
A．which B．when C．where D．who
19．It was Oct 16th, 2021, ________ the Shenzhou XIII was successfully launched, with Wang Yaping, the first Chinese female astronaut ________ out a space walk.
A．that ... to carry B．that ... carrying
C．when ... to carry D．which ... carrying
20．In the middle of the woods a deep lake, you can find various fishes.
A．lie, where B．lies, which C．lie, which D．lies, where
21．The new tax law came into effect last May, _____ white-collar workers have benefited a lot from it.
A．when B．through which C．for that D．since when
22．The U. S. and Russia have clashed over Russia’s ongoing military invasion of Ukraine, but space remains one area ______ the two historic rivals still work together.
A．where B．in where C．that D．as
23．I reached into my wallet _________ I don’t usually have cash and pulled out all.
A．which B．where C．when D．who
24．Since many former drug abusers have psychological problems, they often need support groups ________ they can talk about their struggles and find new ways to manage in the world.
A．which B．who C．where D．when
25．—Where did you first meet him?
—It was in a village ________ you can enjoy the nature and fresh air.
A．that B．which C．when D．where
26．We live in the town ________ the great man was born.
A．that B．who C．when D．where
27．The correction of errors in the language class should never be carried to the point _________ it interferes with the willingness of the students to respond orally.
A．where B．which C．how D．when
28．It is on the occasions ________ we don’t realize those talking to us are stealth marketers ________ they are paid to advertise some products to us.
A．that; which B．which; when C．where; that D．when; that
29．As a general rule, it is best not to talk about politics or religion with your business friends. That can get you into trouble, even in the United States, ________ people hold different views.
A．as B．because C．where D．which
30．Have you ever faced a case _____ someone charges you with what you haven’t done but you find it difficult _____ it?
A．where; to clarify B．when; to classify
C．which; to identify D．what; to simplify

二、根据汉语意思填写单词
31．Mr. Wang________(向……挑战) me to play another tennis game. (根据汉语提示单词拼写)
32．The number of seals is ________ (减少) due to human beings’ hunting activities. (根据汉语提示单词拼写)
33．I heard Mary suffered from ___________(焦虑) when she took an exam recently(根据汉语提示单词拼写)
34．This semester, his _________(主修课程) is world history. (根据汉语提示单词拼写)
35．Adventurers take up these ______(挑战)all the time. (根据汉语提示单词拼写)
36．We should take ______(额外的)time to improve ourselves. (根据汉语提示单词拼写)
37．The police ________ (跟踪) the man and knew what had happened. (根据汉语提示单词拼写)
38．He ________ (遭受，蒙受) from poor eyesight and could no longer read properly. (根据汉语提示单词拼写)
39．Your home will learn your daily_________ (惯例) and _________ (喜好), so everything will be ready for you. (根据汉语提示单词拼写)
40．The greatest________(挑战) for the Americans is understanding the mindset of Eastern Europeans. （根据汉语提示单词拼写）
41．The government has promised an ________ (额外的) $1 billion for health care. （根据汉语提示单词拼写）

三、根据首字母填写单词
42．I was listening to songs attentively when the lights went out because of a p_______ failure. (根据首字母单词拼写)
43．Participating in social activities is b________ to students’ communicative skills. (根据首字母单词拼写)
44．Women who eat plenty of fresh vegetables are far less likely to suffer a________ or depression.（根据首字母单词拼写）
参考答案：
1．D
【详解】考查定语从句和表语从句。句意：他上课困的原因是他昨晚熬夜了。分析句子可知，两个空在句中各引导一个从句；第一空引导的是定语从句，从句中不缺少主干成分，先行词为reason，故第一空用关系副词why引导，在从句中作原因状语；第二空引导的是一个表语从句，从句中不缺主干成分，也不缺任何含义，应用that引导。此处是一个the reason why…is that…的句式，表示“……的原因是……”。故选D项。
2．B
【详解】考查定语从句和表语从句。句意：他成功的原因是他从不放弃。分析句子第一空引导的是定语从句，先行词为the reason，引导词在从句中作原因状语，用why；第二空引导的是表语从句，引导词在从句中不做成分只起到连接作用无意义，用that。故选B。
3．A
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这本书对我的日常交流有很大帮助，尤其是在工作中，必须有良好的印象。分析句子结构可知，定语从句修饰先行词work，从句中不缺少主语和宾语，所以使用关系副词，先行词表示抽象地点名词。故选A项。
4．D
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我永远不会忘记我在小县城和工人们一起生活的那些年，这对我今天的生活有很大的影响。第一空是限定性定语从句，先行词为those years，关系词在定语从句中作时间状语，应用关系副词when引导；第二空为非限制性定语从句，关系词指前面的事，在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which引导。故选D。
5．C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：凯特永远不会忘记她和她在中国的寄宿家庭一起生活的日子。分析句子结合句意可知，空处引导非限定性定语从句，先行词years指时间，从句缺少状语，所以应用when引导该从句，故选C。
6．B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：根据美国国家研究委员会发布的一份报告，在地球轨道上流动的太空垃圾的数量已经达到了一个临界水平，未来的太空任务可能会变得过于危险而无法飞行。分析句子结构可知，此处为连词引导的定语从句修饰先行词level，从句中不缺主语和宾语，先行词表示地点的抽象名词，故使用关系副词where。故选B项。
7．C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：未来，人工智能将用于医院，它可以简化病人、医生和医院管理人员的生活。此处为非限制性定语从句修饰先行词hospitals，先行词在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where引导。故选C。
8．D
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：一些学龄前儿童去日托中心，在那里他们学习简单的游戏和歌曲。分析句子结构可知，空处需用关系词引导定语从句，先行词是a day care centre，指地点，关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，所以空处需用关系副词where引导非限制性定语从句。故选D。
9．C
【详解】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：不久前我们参观了鸟巢，那里是第二十九届夏季奥运会举办的地方。分析句子结构可知，逗号后为非限制性定语从句修饰先行词“the Bird’s Nest”，先行词在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where引导该从句。故填where。
10．A
【详解】考查定语从句、名词性从句和非谓语动词。句意：其他一些广告主则转向了“邻近营销”，即零售商发现消费者在街上的位置，然后将定制的广告发送到他们的手机上。第一空为非限定性定语从句，句中先行词为 proximity marketing，在从句中作地点状语，所以用关系副词where引导；第二空为宾语从句，从句中缺少地点状语，所以用连接副词where引导；第三空为非谓语动词，名词advertisements与tailor之间为被动关系，所以用过去分词作定语。故选A。
11．D
【详解】考查定语从句和动词辨析。句意：在冰壶决赛中，英国队在第10局以4-4战平，迫使加时赛结束，瑞典队得1分，即将锁定胜局。A. which哪一个；ensure确保；B. while当……时；greet映入眼帘；C. when什么时候；secure取得，保卫；D. where在哪里；seal确定，使成定局。根据句子结构可知，第一空考查非限制性定语从句，先行词是an extra end，故用where作引导词，在从句中作地点状语。根据句意，其后应填动词原形seal，表示“确定，使成定局”，故选D。
12．B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：让我们问问自己，当我们的道德，精神和身体都受到来自四面八方的威胁时，在这种特殊情况下，我们会怎么做。此处为非限制性定语从句修饰先行词situation，先行词在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where引导。故选B。
13．C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这本书写于1946年，从那时起，教育体系发生了巨大的变化。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导的是定语从句，从句中不缺主语或宾语，空格处用关系副词或“介词+which/whom”，由“has undergone great changes”是现在完成时可知，句子表示“从那时起，教育体系发生了巨大的变化”，“从……起”是since，因此空格处用since when。故选C。
14．B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：史密斯先生一直拥有这幅油画，直到20世纪90年代初，那时候他把它送给了孙子。句中包含定语从句，先行词是the early 1990s，在定语从句中作时间状语，用关系副词when引导。故选B。
15．C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：他两小时前飞往巴黎，他将在那里停留三天。分析句子可知，空处及之后的内容为非限制性定语从句，关系词指代先行词Paris，并在从句中作地点状语，所以用关系副词where，故选C。
16．C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：英语配音比赛将在演讲厅举行，那里有足够的座位给观众。分析句子，设空处引导的是非限制性定语从句，引导词在从句中作地点状语，修饰先行词the lecture hall，应用where。故选C。
17．C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：10月是游览内蒙古自治区的好时候，游客可以去安静的额济纳欣赏胡杨林的美景。分析句子可知，设空处在句中引导一个从句，修饰前面的名词October，这是一个非限制性定语从句，从句中不缺主干成分，先行词表示时间，应用when引导。故选C项。
18．B
【详解】考查连词。句意：在春节前夕，我通常熬夜到午夜，那时我可以放鞭炮和烟花。分析句子可知，此处为连词when引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词midnight，关系副词在从句中作时间状语成分。故选B项。
19．C
【详解】考查定语从句和非谓语动词；句意：2021年10月16日，神舟十三号成功发射升空，王亚平是第一位进行太空行走的中国女宇航员王亚平。分析句子结构可知，第一空为连词引导的非限制性定语从句，从句中不缺少主语和宾语，先行词表示时间，所以用关系副词when引导非限制性定语从句；根据句意，第二空为非谓语动词作定语修饰名词astronaut，当名词前有序数词修饰时，其后使用非不定式作定语，所以使用to carry。故选C项。
20．D
【详解】考查时态、主谓一致和定语从句关系词。句意：在树林中间有一个很深的湖，在那里你可以找到各种各样的鱼。分析句子结构可知，地点介词短语放句首，主谓完全倒装，主语是a deep lake，为第三人称单数，描述的是客观事实，用一般现在时，所以一空处填lies，二空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是a deep lake， 关系词在从句中作地点状语，用关系副词where引导。故选D项。
21．D
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：新税法于去年5月生效，从那时起，白领们从中受益良多。分析句子结构可知，逗号后面是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是last May，表示时间，根据句意可知，此处表示“从那时起”，应选since when。故选D。
22．A
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：美国和俄罗斯就俄罗斯对乌克兰的持续军事入侵发生了冲突，但是太空依旧是这两个历史上的竞争对手所需要合作的一个领域。“______ the two historic rivals still work together.”是限定性定语从句，修饰先行词area(领域)，且从句缺少地点状语in the area，应用关系副词where来引导，故选A。
23．B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我把手伸进我通常没有现金的钱包里，把所有的钱都拿出来了。A. which哪一个；B. where哪里；C. when什么时候；D. who谁。分析句型可知，空格处应该填入一个词引导定语从句。从句中缺少状语，且先行词是wallet（表示地点），where最符合题意。故选B项。
24．C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：由于许多前吸毒者有心理问题，他们经常需要支持小组，在那里他们可以谈论自己的斗争，并在世界上找到支撑的新方法。此处是限制性定语从句，先行词是support groups，在从句中做地点状语，用关系副词where。故选C项。
25．D
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：——你在哪里初次见到他？——在一个可以享受大自然和呼吸新鲜空气的村庄里。此处为限制性定语从句，关系词指代先行词a village并在从句中作地点状语，用关系副词where。故选D。
26．D
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我们住在那个伟人出生的镇上。空处引导定语从句，在定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语，且先行词为town，指地点，所以应用关系副词where。故选D。
27．A
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：语言课上的错误纠正不应影响学生口头回答的意愿。分析句子结构和意思可知，_________ it interferes with the willingness of the students to respond orally是定语从句，先行词point在从句中作状语，point是抽象地点名词，所以作地点状语，用连词where引导。故选A。
28．D
【详解】考查强调句和定语从句。句意：有时我们没有意识到那些和我们说话的人是秘密的营销人员，他们是拿了钱给我们做某些产品的广告。A.that那个；which那个；B.which那个；when何时；C.where在……的地方； that那个；D.when何时；that那个。第一个设空处引导定语从句且在句中作时间状语，先行词为occassion，故填when；第二个设空处为强调句，结构为：it +is/was+强调成分+who/that+其他。第二个设空处强调状语on the occasions，应用that。故选D。
29．C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：一般来说，最好不要与你的商业朋友谈论政治或宗教。那可能会让你陷入麻烦，即使是在美国，人们也持有不同的观点。分析句子可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是the United States，关系词在从句中作地点状语，应用where引导。故选C项。
30．A
【详解】考查定语从句和动词辨析。句意：你有没有面对过这样的情况：有人指控你做了你没做的事，但你发现很难澄清？A. clarify澄清；B. classify分类；C. identify识别；D. simplify简化。由句子结构可知，第一个空引导限制性定语从句，先行词为a case，且空处在从句中作地点状语，所以应用关系副词where。根据句中的“someone charges you with what you haven’t done but you find it difficult”可知，这种情况难以澄清，要用clarify。故选A。
31．challenged
【详解】考查动词时态。句意：王先生向我挑战再打一场网球。根据汉语提示“向……挑战”可知，此处为动词challenge，此处陈述过去发生的事情，需用一般过去时。故填challenged。
32．reducing/declining
【详解】考查动词。句意：由于人类的捕猎活动，海豹的数量正在减少。根据汉语提示可知，reduce/decline减少，动词，结合空前的is可知，句子是现在进行时，空处应填现在分词，故填reducing/declining。
33．anxiety
【详解】考查名词。句意：我听说玛丽最近参加考试时很焦虑。设空处接在介词后，应用名词作宾语，根据汉语提示可知是anxiety，不可数名词，故填anxiety。
34．major
【详解】考查名词。句意：本学期，他的主修课程为世界史。根据句意和所给汉语提示，“主修课程”表达为名词major，作主语，动词为is，故设空处为单数形式。故填major。
35．challenges
【详解】考查名词。句意：冒险家一直在接受这些挑战。根据单词汉语提示“挑战”及空前的these可知应填名词复数形式challenges，做宾语。故填challenges。
36．extra
【详解】考查形容词。句意：我们应该花额外的时间来提高自己。根据单词汉语提示“额外的”及空后的time可知应填形容词形式extra，作定语。故填extra。
37．tracked
【详解】考查动词。句意：警察跟踪了这名男子，知道发生了什么事。分析句子结构可知，此处应为谓语动词，根据提示的汉语，表示“跟踪”应为track，根据谓语动词knew可知，此处应为一般过去时态，且与句子主语之间为主动关系。故填tracked。
38．suffered
【详解】考查动词和时态。句意：他视力不好，再也不能正常阅读了。分析句子可知，设空处在句中作谓语，应用动词；结合汉语提示可知，此处表示“遭受，蒙受”，可用suffer，结合句意及后面的could可知，此处表示过去发生的事，应用一般过去时。故填suffered。
39． routine preferences
【详解】考查名词。句意：你的家会了解你的日常生活和喜好，所以一切都会为你准备好。“惯例”表达为名词routine，为不可数名词，“喜好”表达为名词preference，为可数名词，前无不定冠词，应用名词复数形式，与routine并列，作learn的宾语。故填：①routine；②preferences。
40．challenge
【详解】考查名词。句意：美国人面临的最大挑战是理解东欧人的思维模式。分析句子可知，表示“挑战”应用名词challenge，在本句中作主语，且由后文 is可知，这里应用单数形式。故填challenge。
41．extra
【详解】考查形容词。句意：政府承诺为医疗保健额外拨款10亿美元。根据句意及汉语提示可知，此处使用形容词extra，作定语，修饰名词词组$1 billion for health care。故填extra。
42．power/ower
【详解】考查名词。句意：我正在专心听歌，突然由于停电，灯熄灭了。分析句子可知，空格处应填入名词作定语。根据句意及首字母提示可知，此处应用名词power，意为“电力供应”，power failure (电路中断、停电)。故填power。
43．beneficial/eneficial
【详解】考查形容词。句意：参加社会活动有利于提高学生的交际能力。根据句意和首字母提示可知，形容词beneficial“有益的”符合题意，作表语，be beneficial to“对……有益”是固定短语。故填beneficial。
44．anxiety
【详解】考查名词。句意：吃大量新鲜蔬菜的女性患焦虑或抑郁的可能性要小得多。根据下文“or depression(或抑郁)”可推理出空白处应填表示心理疾病含义的名词，根据首字母提示，以字母a开头且表示心理疾病含义的名词为anxiety，含义为“焦虑”，符合句意，故填anxiety。

课后巩固提高
四、汉译英（整句）
45．为了保护濒危物种，我们设立了动植物可得到保护的特区。(限制性定从)(汉译英)
46．大多数职业女性都陷入这样的困境，她们无力承担失业风险，只得依靠父母来帮助照顾孩子。(rely) (汉译英)
47．诚然，每个人都会有这样一个时期，事情似乎出了差错。(go wrong) (汉译英)
48．我想采访杨利伟的原因是他对中国的发展做出了巨大贡献。(表语从句)(汉译英)
49．这家餐馆顾客至上，菜肴出众，人气攀升，值得学习。(where) （汉译英）
50．这座城市爆发新冠病毒，在这里口罩是必需品。（strike）（汉译英）
51．春暖花开的四月是欣赏这个南方小镇美景的最佳时机。（when) （汉译英）
52．昨天我游览了西湖，那里的景色美得令人窒息。（take one’s breath away）（汉译英）
53．只有每个人都尽最大努力保护濒危物种，我们的行动才会改变这个共同生活的星球的现状。(Only...，difference) （汉译英）
54．这家公司曾经是人才的聚集地，这样的日子已经一去不复返了。(Gone.., home)(汉译英)

五、六选四
With an eye on urbanization, population growth and efficiency, tiny spaces were a big theme at this summer’s Dwell on Design conference in Los Angeles. Designers from around the world proudly presented housing and products for living small – from transformable furniture to 3D printed interior objects. 55 Urban housing supplies are already straining (紧张) worldwide with 54% of the global population of 7.2 billion living in cities, according to the United Nation’s World Urbanization Prospects 2014 report. By 2050, that number is expected to rise to 6.33 billion, or 66% of a forecasted world population of 9.6 billion.
In North America, about 82% of the total population – roughly 473.8 million people – lives in urban areas. 56 Many of the new units being built are getting smaller and smaller, challenging municipal(市政的) housing codes and zoning regulations.
Micro-apartments tricked out with scaled-down, adaptable furniture and decor could make urban living more compatible (兼容的) with the way people increasingly live now – and help cities as they attempt to absorb more people in the future. The challenges include how to do so affordably, comfortably and with enough privacy to make these spaces homes as well as housing.
Re-thinking the toilet
The greater Tokyo area is the world’s most densely populated metropolitan region with some 38 million residents packed into about 5,200 sq miles. 57 TOTO, the Japanese bathroom fixtures and plumbing company, showcased micro-toilet design for bathrooms as small as 9 sq feet (0.84 meters) at the Dwell on Design conference.
The design also carries the EPA WaterSense label, averaging a lean 1 gallon per flush. This “saves a family of four more than $90 annually on their water bill, and $2,000 over the lifetime of the toilet”, said TOTO USA’s Lenora Campos.
Convertible furniture re-imagined
To furnish a micro-apartment comfortably, Resource Furniture has re-imagined the old Murphy beds and folding tables with sophisticated book shelves, desks and sofas that can convert into beds. Drawers pull out from under stairs. 58
A．A sleeping layer might include a platform bed with a desk or closet space underneath, for example.
B．There’s a very fixed idea of what an apartment needs to be and who you expect to live in the unit will affect the design.
C．Often their strategies sought to reduce the human footprint on the environment and save energy.
D．So small sinks and showers are nothing new in compact Japanese bathrooms.
E．Storage space is cleverly hidden within walls and pushed up to ceilings.
F．The number of single-person households is rising, although housing has not kept pace with demographic change.
参考答案：
45．To protect endangered species, we set up special zones where animals and plants can be protected.
【详解】考查定语从句和不定式。“为了保护濒危物种”用不定式表目的，翻译为to protect endangered species，“我们设立了动植物可得到保护的特区”用一般过去时描述过去的事情，“设立”是set up，“特区”是special zones，“动植物可得到保护的”用where引导定语从句，修饰先行词special zones，“动植物可得到保护”是animals and plants can be protected。故答案为To protect endangered species, we set up special zones where animals and plants can be protected.
46．Most working women find themselves in a situation where they can’t afford the risk of losing their jobs, so they have no option but to rely on parents to help look after their children.
【详解】考查名词、动词短语、时态和定语从句。根据句意可知，全句描述当前普遍存在的社会现象，应使用一般现在时态；“大多数职业女性都陷入这样的困境”是主句，主语“大多数职业女性”可用most working women表示，谓语部分“陷入这样的困境”可用短语find themselves in a situation表示，因主语与宾语一致，使用了反身代词themselves，另外“困境”未直译，在其后定语从句中体现。“她们无力承担失业风险，只得依靠父母来帮助照顾孩子”处理为定语从句，修饰先行词situation，模糊地点，在定语从句作地点状，用关系副词where引导该定语从句；“她们无力承担失业风险”是定语从句中第一分句，主语“她们”they，谓语“无力承担”可用can’t affords表示，宾语“失业风险”用the risk of losing their jobs表示；“只得依靠父母来帮助照顾孩子”是第二分句，与上一分句之间是因果关系，用并列连词so连接，主语“她们”they，谓语“只得依靠”可用短语have no option but to do...表示，宾语“依靠父母来帮助照顾孩子”用to rely on parents to help look after their children表示。综上， 全句译为：Most working women find themselves in a situation where they can’t afford the risk of losing their jobs, so they have no option but to rely on parents to help look after their children.
47．It is true that everyone will have one of those periods when things seem to be going wrong.
【详解】考查从句。“诚然”可以用it作形式主语，that引导的主语从句表示为It is true that，“每个人”用不定代词everyone作从句主语，“有”用动词have作谓语，描述将来会遇到的情况，用一般将来时，“这样一个时期”表示为one of those periods，“事情似乎出了差错”指的是在这样的时期里事情似乎出了差错，可以用定语从句表示，从句主语“事情”用名词things表示，“似乎做某事”表示为seem to do sth，“出了差错”表示为go wrong，“出差错”是正在发生的动作，表示为seem to be going wrong，定语从句缺时间状语，先行词是“those periods”，故用when引导定语从句。故译为It is true that everyone will have one of those periods when things seem to be going wrong。
48．The reason why I want to interview Yang Liwei is that he has made great contributions to the development of China.
【详解】考查名词、动词、时态、定语从句和表语从句。“……的原因是……”用固定句型The reason why...is that...表示，其中关系副词why引导限制性定语从句，连词that引导表语从句；定语从句中主语“我”用I，谓语动词“想”用动词want，陈述客观事实用一般现在时态，宾语“采访杨利伟”用不定式短语to interview Yang Liwei；表语从句中主语“他”用人称代词he，谓语“做出了巨大贡献”用动词短语make great contributions to...，强调结果和影响，用现在完成时态has made great contributions to，宾语“中国的发展”用the development of China。综上， 全句译为：The reason why I want to interview Yang Liwei is that he has made great contributions to the development of China.
49．The restaurant, where the customers are given the top priority/treated with great respect and the dishes are wonderful/remarkable/outstanding, enjoys increasing popularity and is worth learning from.
【详解】考查名词、定语从句、动词（短语）、形容词、固定句式及时态等。分析句子可知，句子应使用一般现在时，表示“顾客至上，菜肴出众”可用where引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰“餐馆”，与主句用逗号隔开。表达“这家餐馆”应使用名词短语the restaurant，作主句主语；其后用连接副词where引导定语从句，指代先行词restaurant，并在从句中作状语，表达“顾客”应使用名词customers（复数），表达“至上”应使用give the top priority/treat with great respect，由于动词短语与customers之间是被动关系，应使用被动语态；表达“菜肴”应使用名词短语the dishes，作并列定语从句另一主语，表达“出众”应使用形容词wonderful/remarkable/outstanding，中间用系动词are（dishes为复数），构成主系表结构。定语从句的两分句用递进连词and连接。表达“人气攀升”应使用动词短语enjoys increasing popularity；表达“值得学习”应使用固定搭配be worth learning from。两者之间用and连接。由于主句主语the restaurant为第三人称单数，谓语动词及系动词应使用enjoys和is.故翻译为The restaurant, where the customers are given the top priority/treated with great respect and the dishes are wonderful/remarkable/outstanding, enjoys increasing popularity and is worth learning from.
50．COVID-19 has struck the city , where masks are necessities.

【详解】考查句子结构。这是一个复合句，根据汉语句意可知，需用现在完成时来表示过去动作对现在造成的影响，主句为“这座城市爆发新冠病毒”，使用所给单词“strike侵袭”，表述为“COVID-19 has struck the city”；“在这里口罩是必需品”是一个定语从句，修饰“这座城市”，表述为where引导的非限制性定语从句“where masks are necessities”。故整句可译为COVID-19 has struck the city , where masks are necessities。
51．April when the spring flowers bloom is the perfect time (the optimum/ optimal time) to enjoy the beauty of this southern town.
April, when it gets warmer and flowers start blooming, is the best time to appreciate the beautiful scenery of this southern town.
【详解】考查定语从句和时态。句子陈述客观事实，用一般现在时；“四月是欣赏这个南方小镇美景的最佳时机”处理为主句，“做某事的最好时机/时间”表达为the best/perfect/optimum/optimal time to do sth.，“欣赏”表达为appreciate/enjoy，“这个南方小镇的美景”表达为 the beauty of this southern town；“春暖花开的”处理为修饰April的定语从句（限制性和非限制性都可以），表达为the spring flowers bloom/ it gets warmer and flowers start blooming，先行词April在从句中作时间状语，应用when引导。结合其他汉语提示，故翻译为April when the spring flowers bloom is the perfect time (the optimum/ optimal time) to enjoy the beauty of this southern town.或April, when it gets warmer and flowers start blooming, is the best time to appreciate the beautiful scenery of this southern town.
52．Yesterday I visited the West Lake, where the scenery took my breath away.
【详解】考查动词短语，时态和定语从句。根据yesterday“昨天”可知，用一般过去时。主句“我游览了西湖”译为I visited the West Lake，分析句子可知，用where引导的定语从句，修饰The West Lake，从句主语the scenery“风景；自然风景”，特指西湖的风景，take one's breath away“令人乍舌；神往”固定短语作谓语，故答案为Yesterday I visited the West Lake, where the scenery took my breath away.
53．Only when everyone does their best to preserve the endangered species, will/can our action(s) make a difference to the planet where we all live.
【详解】考查时态、部分倒装、定语从句和短语。“濒危物种”用名词短语the endangered species表达；“最大努力保护濒危物种”用动词短语do one’s best to preserve the endangered species；“每个人都尽最大努力保护濒危物种”谓语用一般现在时，表达为“everyone does their best to preserve the endangered species”；“我们的行动”用名词短语our action(s)表达；“改变这个共同生活的星球的现状”表达为“make a difference to the planet where we all live”，where we all live为定语从句修饰先行词the planet；“我们的行动才会改变这个共同生活的星球的现状”用谓语用一般将来时或can+动词原形，可表达为our action(s) will/can make a difference to the planet where we all live；句子分析可知“只有每个人都尽最大努力保护濒危物种”应表达为only+状语从句，only+状语置于句首，句子部分倒装，故翻译为Only when everyone does their best to preserve the endangered species, will/can our action(s) make a difference to the planet where we all live.
54．Gone are the days when the company was the home to talents.
【详解】考查倒装句和固定搭配。根据所给中文提示句，应该用定语从句，其中“这家公司曾经是人才的聚集地”应该用做定语从句，修饰“日子”。“这样的日子已经一去不复返了”做本句的主句，在主句中“这样的日子”做主语译为“the days”，“已经一去不复返了”根据题干要求用系表结构：be gone。主语是复数，描述的是现在的状态，用一般现在时，所以be动词用are。又根据题干要求，Gone需放句首，所以应填用倒装句型，故译为“Gone are the days”。“这家公司曾经是人才的聚集地”做定语修饰“the days”，所以应该用when引导，其中主语是“这家公司”译为“the company”，谓语是“曾经是”用be动词，应该用was，“人才的聚集地”根据题干要求，需用home，所以此处是固定搭配home to意为“是...之家”，所以译为“home to talents”。故译为：Gone are the days when the company was the home to talents.
55．A 56．F 57．D 58．E

【导语】本文为一篇说明文。讲述了随着城市化带来的城市人口急剧增长，小空间是今年夏天洛杉矶设计住宅会议的一大主题，来自世界各地的设计师都展示了自己设计的适合小型居住的住房和产品。
55．根据空前“Designers from around the world proudly presented housing and products for living small – from transformable furniture to 3D printed interior objects.(来自世界各地的设计师自豪地展示了适合小型居住的住房和产品——从可改造的家具到3D打印的内部装置。)”可知，空前提到了世界各地的设计师都展示了自己设计的适合小型居住的住房和产品，故A项“例如，睡眠层可能包括一张平台床，下面有一张桌子和壁橱。”符合，空前提到了设计师设计的小型居住的住房和产品，本空举例说明到底是怎样的设计，故选A项。
56．根据空前“In North America, about 82% of the total population – roughly 473.8 million people – lives in urban areas.(在北美，约82%的总人口（约473.8亿人）生活在城市地区。)”和空后“Many of the new units being built are getting smaller and smaller, challenging municipal(市政的) housing codes and zoning regulations.(很多在建的新单元都越来越小，对市政住房法规和分区条例构成了挑战。)”可知，空前提出在北美，居住在城市地区的人口比重很大，空后提出这些对市政来说都是挑战，故F项“尽管住房没有跟上步伐，但单身家庭的数量仍在增加。”符合，本空进一步说明单身家庭的数量增加，需要的住房也就更多，因此对市政来说也是一个挑战，故选F项。
57．根据空前“The greater Tokyo area is the world’s most densely populated metropolitan region with some 38 million residents packed into about 5,200 sq miles.(大东京地区是世界上人口最密集的大都市地区，约有3800万居民聚集在5200平方英里的范围内。)”和空后“TOTO, the Japanese bathroom fixtures and plumbing company, showcased micro-toilet design for bathrooms as small as 9 sq feet (0.84 meters) at the Dwell on Design conference.(日本卫浴和管道公司TOTO在设计住宅会议上展示了小到9平方英尺（0.84米）的迷你厕所设计。)”可知，空前提出了东京是人口十分密集的大都市，空后提出了TOTO公司所设计的迷你厕所，故D项“因此，小型水槽和沐浴器在紧凑型的日本浴室中并不少见。”符合，承接上文的人口密集的大都市，引出下文的迷你厕所的设计，故选D项。
58．根据空前“To furnish a micro-apartment comfortably, Resource Furniture has re-imagined the old Murphy beds and folding tables with sophisticated book shelves, desks and sofas that can convert into beds. Drawers pull out from under stairs.(为了舒适地布置微型公寓，资源家具公司重新设计了旧的墨菲床和折叠床，配有精致的书架、书桌和沙发，可以转换成床。抽屉从楼梯下拉出。)”可知，空前具体讲述了可转换型家具，故E项“储物空间巧妙地隐藏在墙壁内，并推至天花板。”符合，本空承接前文，进一步介绍可转换家具的设计，故选E项。