专题04 介词-备战2024年初中英语中考单元知识点一遍过(牛津译林版)
展开专题04 介词
介词的基本考点:
1. 介词的分类
2. 介词固定搭配
一)、介词的分类
1. 表示时间的介词
(1)表示“在…之时”的介词in, on, at
①in 表示某年、某季节、某月及一般(非特指)的早、中、晚等。如:
in summer 在夏天
in January 在一月
in 2012 在2012年
in the morning 在上午
②on 表示具体某一天及某一天的早、中、晚。如:
on August 8th 在8月8日
on Monday 在星期一
on New Year’s Day 在元旦
on a cold morning 在一个寒冷的早晨
on Sunday afternoon 在周日下午
③at 表示某一时刻或比较短暂的时间。如:
at 5:10 在5点10分
at the beginning of… 在…的开端
at the end of 在…的末尾
at the age of 在…岁时
at night 在晚上
at noon 在正午
at the same time 与此同时
注意:在this, that, last, next, every 等词之前一律不能直接加介词。如:
I went to Hangzhou last Sunday.我在上周日去了杭州。
(2)表示“在…之后”的介词after, in
after接时间段,只能用于过去式;接时间点,可以用于将来时。
in 接时间段,用于将来时。
①He came back after three days.三天后他回来了。
②He will come here after four.4点后他要来这里。
③He will come back in a week.他会在一周以后回来。
(3)表示一段时间的介词for, since, by, from… to, until/till
①for 表示一段时间。可以指过去、现在或将来,着重说明“多久(how long)”。如:
My uncle has lived in Washington for more than two years.我的叔叔在华盛顿住了两年多。
②since 意为“自…起”。多与完成时态连用,其后跟表示时间点的词。如:
Paul has worked in the capital since he was eighteen.保罗自18岁以来一直都在首都工作。
③by意为“到…为止“。表示时间上的界限,常与完成时和将来时连用。如:
a. We had learnt 2,000 words by the end of last term.
到上学期末,我们已学了2000个单词。
b. It is said that there will be nine billion people in the world by the year 2050.
据说到2050年世界人口将达到90亿。
④from…to表示从某一时间点到另一时间点的一段时间。如:
My brother worked in this factory from 2004 to 2009.
从2004年到2009年我哥哥在这家工厂工作。
⑤until/till 表示某动作或状态延续到某一时间。如:
My brother came to this factory in 2004 and worked there until 2009.
2. 表示工具、手段、方法的介词
(1)by表示“以…的方法、手段或泛指用某种交通工具“。如:
①Why don’t we go there by bus instead?我们为什么不坐公交车去那里呢?
②He makes a living by selling newspapers.他以卖报为生。
③He studies English by reading English books every day.他通过每天读英语书来学习英语。
(2)with表示“用…工具”。如:
①He wrote the letter with a pen.他用钢笔写那封信。
②How amazing! The boy can write with his two hands at the same time.
多令人惊讶啊!这个男孩能同时用两只手写字。
(3)in表示“以…方式;用…语言(语调、笔墨、颜色)”。如:
①Say it in English.用英语说。
②He told me the news in a low voice.他低声告诉我那个消息。
3. 表示地点、位置的介词
(1)表示“在…”的介词at, in, on, to
at 接小地点表示“在…附近;在…里面”
in 接大地点表示“在…范围之内”。
on表示接壤。
to表示“在…范围之外”,并不接壤。
如:
①He arrived at school at eight o’clock.他八点钟到达学校。
②He arrived in Wenzhou yesterday.他昨天到达温州。
③Zhejiang is in the east of China.浙江在中国的东部。
④Russia is on the north of China.俄罗斯在中国的北面。
⑤Zhejiang is to the south of Shandong Province. 浙江在山东省的南面。
(2)表示“在…上方”的介词above, over, on; 表示“在…下方”的介词below, under
above 指“在…上方”,不强调是否垂直,与below相对;below表示“在…下方”,不一定在正下方。
over指垂直的上方,但与物体有一定的空间,不直接接触,与under相对;under表示“在…正下方”。
on表示在某物体上面并与之接触。
如:
①The bird is flying above my head.这只鸟正在我的头上空飞翔。
②There is a bridge over the river.河面上有一座桥。
③There is a dog under the desk.在课桌下有一只狗。
④Please write your name below the line.请下这条线下方写下你的名字。
⑤There is a book on the desk.课桌上有一本书。
(3)表示“在…前”的介词短语in front of, in the front of
in front of 表示“在某人或某物的前面(范围之外)”。
in the front of 表示“在某一物体或空间范围的前部(范围之内)”。
如:
①The teacher’s desk is in front of the blackboard.讲台在黑板前。
②I was sitting in the front of the cinema but then someone sat in front of me.
我坐在电影院的前排,但是后来又有人坐在了我的前面。
4. 表示运动方向和位置的介词
(1)表示“通过;穿过”的介词across, over, through
across表示“横穿“,表示从一边到另一边,与on有关。
over表示“越过“,表示夸过一段距离。
through 表示“穿过”,表示通过一个空间,与in有关。
如:
①He swam across the river.他游过河。
②The Great Wall runs over many mountains.长城穿过崇山峻岭。
③I like exciting trips. I’d love to travel through the jungle next summer, because it’s a good place to explore.我喜欢令人振奋的旅行。我想明年夏天去穿越丛林,因为那是个探险的好去处。
(2)表示“在…之间”的介词between, among
between指在两个人或两个事物之间;among指在三个或三个以上的人或事物之间。如:
①Our school is between the hospital and the bookstore.我们学校在医院和书店之间。
②Mike is sitting among the students, so it’s not easy to find him.
麦克坐在同学之间,所以要找到他真是不容易。
(3)表示“在…里面”的介词in, into
in表示“在…里面”,用于表示静止的位置。into表示“进入…里面”,用于表示有特定重点的运动方向,经常与表示动作的动词连用,如come, go, run, rush等。与into相对的介词短语有out of(从…里出来),也表示有一定的运动方向。如:
①Her mother works in the cinema.她的妈妈在电影院工作。
②The child ran into his mother’s arms.这个孩子跑进他妈妈的怀抱。
③All the children rushed out of the classroom when the bell rang.
当铃声响起,所有的孩子都冲出了教室。
二)、介词与其他词类的固定搭配
1. 形容词与介词的固定搭配
有些形容词后面要求用固定的介词,这类介词常见的有about, at, for, from, in, of, to, with。
(1)形容词+about
be careful about 小心
be worried about 担心
如:Mother is worried about his healthy.母亲为他的健康担心。
(2)形容词+at
be good at 擅长
be mad at 对…发怒/恼火
be surprised at 对…感到惊奇
如: We were much surprised at the news that he was out of the 110m hurdles race.
听到他推出110m跨栏比赛的消息,我们都很惊讶。
(3)形容词+for
be famous for 因…出名
get/be ready for 为…准备好
be sorry for 后悔
be late for 迟到;没赶上
如:The farmers are getting ready for the next year’s farming.农民们正为明年的农作做准备。
(4)形容词+from
be different from 与…不同
如:City life is different from country life.城市生活与乡村生活不同。
(5)形容词+in
be interested in 对…感兴趣
如:Many foreigners are interested in many Chinese traditional things like paper-cut.
许多外国人对像剪纸之类的中国传统的东西很感兴趣。
(6)形容词+of
be tired of 厌倦
be afraid of 害怕
如:
I’m tired of the same breakfast every morning.我对每天吃同样的早餐感到厌烦。
(7)形容词+with
be busy with 忙于
如:His parents were both busy with their work.他的父母都忙于他们的工作。
2. 名词与介词的固定搭配
有的名词后面要求跟固定的介词,常见的有:
(1)名词+in
have difficulty in …有困难
如:They have some difficulties in taking care of themselves because of the earthquake.
由于地震,他们连照顾好自己也有困难。
(2)名词+to
the answer to …的答案/回答
the key to 答案;钥匙;关键
如:Who knows the answer to the question?谁知道这个问题的答案?
(3)名词+with
have a talk with 与…谈话
have a word with 与…说话
如:I had a talk with Mike this morning,今天早上我和麦克谈话了。
3. 副词与介词的搭配
instead of 代替
away from 离开
next to 紧挨着
far from 远离
4. 动词和介词的搭配
laugh at 嘲笑
take part in 参加
catch up with 赶上
talk about 谈论
hear from 收到…的来信
pay for 支付;付钱
stop (sb.) from doing (sth.) 阻止(某人)做(某事)
spend on 花费
get up 起床
turn off 关上
help with 在…方面帮忙
三)、常考动词词组辨析
1.break vt. 打破
短语:break into 闯入(有被动) break down 坏了,抛锚(没有被动)
break out 爆发(没有被动)
2.cheer vi. 欢呼
短语:cheer for 为……加油 cheer up 使……振奋
3.come on 得了吧,快点,加油(表鼓励,催促等语气)
come其他短语总结:come up with 想出,提起 come down 崩塌
come out 出版
4.cut vt. 剪下,切下 cut-cut-cut
短语:cut down 砍树 cut out 剪下 cut into 切成…… cut in 打断,插嘴
cut...short 缩短
5.die vi. 死
短语:die of 死于(疾病) die from 死于(天灾人祸)
6.famous adj. 出名的,著名的
短语:be famous for 因……出名 be famous as 作为……出名
7.短语:notice sb. do sth. 注意到某人经常做某事/注意到某人做了某事的全过程
notice sb. doing sth. 注意到某人正在做某事
8.短语:let off 放(烟花) have XX days off 放……天假
take off 起飞,脱掉 get off 下车 turn off 关掉(电器)
put off 推迟 fall off (从某地)掉下来
9.get on 上车 get up 起床 get away 逃脱,离开
10.give up 放弃 give out=hand out 分发 go wrong 弄错,出错
go over 复习 go on 继续 go by (时光)流逝
go for 去从事 go into hiding 躲起来
11.hand in 上交 hand out 分发 by hand 手工的
12.hear of/about 听说 hear from 收到某人的来信
13.keep sb. doing keep (on) doing keep sb./sth. adj. keep sb. from doing
keep ... in order keep silent keep off 避开 keep .... away from 使远离
keep in touch 保持联系 keep sb. from sth. 保护,使免受 vt. 保守,保存
keep a secret keep ... to oneself 把……藏在心中
14.knock on(at) the door knock into sb. 撞上某人
.knock sth. off (the desk) 把……从……撞下来 know over sth. 撞翻某物
15.lead sb. to ..... 把某人带入 take the lead n. 主角 play the lead role of
16.leave sp. 离开某地 leave for sp. 动身去某地 leave sp. for sp. 离开某地去某地
leave a message 留一个字条 leave the light on/off leave the door open/closed
leave me alone 让我一个人待着 leave the tap running 让水龙头一直流
17.look for 寻找 look up 查(字典) look after 照顾 look around 环顾四周
look over 检查(作业) look through 浏览 look at 看着 look out at 看着外面的……
look out of 看着……的外面 look out 小心 look into 调查
18. make friends
be made of+看得出的材料
be made from + 看不出的原材料
be made in + 产地
be made by + 生产者
make... out of 用(材料)制作……
make sb. do sth. 让某人做某事
Sb. be made to do 某人被让做某事
make sb./sth. adj. 让某物/某人怎么样
make a fire 生火 make a mess 搞得一团糟 make mistakes 犯错误
make up 编造 make up of 组成
make a difference to 对……产生影响
make one’s mind 下定决心 manage to do 设法做某事
19.move to 搬到 move into 搬进 move away 搬离 move out of 搬出
20.out adv. (从……里)出来,向外,外出
短语: go out 出去 work out 解出,解决 give out 分发
turn out 结果是,原来是 put out 扑灭 find out 查明
look out 小心 look out of 看着……的外面 look out at 看着外面的……
21.put短语总结:
put in 安装 put on 张贴 put away 收好 put out 扑灭
put off 推迟 put down 放下
22.Take 的短语
take off 起飞,脱掉 take on 承担 take away 带走
take in 吸收 take out 取出,拿出 take notice of 注意,察觉
23.think的短语和句型:
think twice (about sth.) 三思而后行 think of 想起,想出
think about 考虑 think it adj. to do sth. 认为做某事是怎样的
24.through
短语:look through 浏览 put...through 给……接通电话(注意被动语态)
25.time
短语:have a good time=have fun=enjoy oneself+doing sth. 玩得开心
at a time 一次,每次 at times 有时候 at all times 总是
at different times 在不同的时代 on time 准时 in time 及时
from time to time 时不时,偶尔
26.
try短语总结:
try out for 参加……的选拔 try one’s best to do 尽力做某事
try on 试穿
27.turn out 结果是,原来是
turn的短语总结:turn off 关闭(电器) turn on 打开(电器)
turn up 调高 turn down 调低
turn....into 把……变成……
28.up短语:
take up 占据(时间,空间) put up 张贴 set up 建立,设立
turn up 调高音量 give up 放弃 get up 起来
eat up 吃光 use up 用光 tidy up 清理干净
clean up 打扫干净 come up with 提出,想出
【例题精讲】
类型一、词义辨析
【例1】The “teacher﹣free exam” means that students take their exams______teachers.Students must be more honest.
A.without B.against C.through D. with
【答案】A
【例2】They went climbing the morning of May I and came back the afternoon.
A.on;on B.in;in C.on;in D.in;on
【答案】C
类型二、固定搭配
【例3】—We must be strict ________ ourselves.
—I think so.
A. with B. on C. in D. by
【答案】A
类型三、介词短语辨析
【例4】Mr. Wu is standing _________ the classroom. There is a teacher’s desk_________ him.
A. in front of; in front of B. in the front of; in the front of
C. in front of; in the front of D. in the front of; in front of
【答案】D
【综合练习】
1. Don't stay inside _______such a sunny morning. Let's go out to enjoy the gentle wind and the sweet flowers.
A. on B. in C. from]
【答案】A
2.Tim is going to give his father a surprise ______ Father’s Day.
A. in B. at C. on D. by
【答案】C
3. Nobody could solve this difficult problem alone______ others’ help.
A. with B. for C. without D. from
【答案】C
4. We should be kind to the old and take care them in daily life.
A. of B. for C. with D. about
【答案】A
5. Our reading club shares ideas with each other ________ one hour every Tuesday.
A. to B. on C. at D. for
【答案】D
6.---His mother. She’s been in hospital for a few days.
A. for B. after C. at D. up
【答案】B
7. The 31st Olympic Games will take place ________ August, 2016.
A.in B. on C. At
【答案】A
8. Jim lives _____ a small village and the air there is very fresh.
A. on B. in C. under D. from
【答案】B
9. - -As a nurse, her work goes_________ taking care of her patients.
--Yes, she always thinks of others.
A. beyond B. beside C. behind D. between
【答案】A
10. Xiaogan is well known ________ the culture of “Xiao”.
A. in B. for C. at D. on
【答案】B
链接中考:
(2022扬州中考)2. Place names often have interesting connections ________ the local landscape and people.
A. in B. on C. at D. to
【答案】D
【解析】句意:地名通常与当地景观和人有着有趣的联系。
考查介词辨析。in在……里;on在……上;at在;to到。根据“Place names often have interesting connections...the local landscape and people”可知地名和当地景观和人有联系,have connections to...“和……有联系”。故选D。
(2022年宿迁市中考)2. ________ spring, the days are often windy and bright. It’s a perfect time to fly a kite.
A. on B. In C. At D. With
【答案】B
【解析】句意:春天,白天经常刮风,阳光明媚。这是放风筝的最佳时机。
考查介词辨析。on用于具体的某一天前,或具体某一天的上/下午/晚上前;in用于年、月、季节等泛指的时间前;at用于具体的钟点前;with和……一起;根据“spring”可知,季节前用介词in,故选B。
(2022年连云港市中考)3. The traffic light is green. Let' s go the road.
A. against B. among C. across D. above
【答案】C
【解析】考查介词之间的词义辨析。go across the road是固定搭配,意思是“穿过马路”。
(2022年无锡市中考)1. Our English teacher came into the classroom ________ a smile on her face.
A. in B. over C. with D. against
【答案】C
【解析】考查介词辨析。这句话的意思是“我们的英语老师走进教室,她的脸上带着微笑”,哲理的“面带微笑”用介词with表示。
(2022年泰州市中考)1. 200 families won 2021 Jiangsu Most Beautiful Families Award this year, and 15 families from Taizhou were ________ them.
A. among B. between C. over D. on
【答案】A
【解析】句意:200个家庭获得了2021年江苏省最美家庭奖,其中有15个来自泰州的家庭。
考查介词辨析。among(三者及以上)之间;between(两者)之间;over超过;on在……上。根据“200 families won 2021 Jiangsu Most Beautiful Families Award this year, and 15 families from Taizhou were...them.”可知,200个家庭中,15个来自泰州,用among表示“在……之间”。故选A。
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