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高中英语牛津译林版 (2019)选择性必修 第四册Grammar and usage授课课件ppt
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这是一份高中英语牛津译林版 (2019)选择性必修 第四册Grammar and usage授课课件ppt，共41页。PPT课件主要包含了necessary，that ，定语从句，修饰the boy，限制性定语从句，practice ，非限制性定语从句，对water补充说明，先行词，关系词等内容，欢迎下载使用。
Explring the rules
Belw is a persnal accunt by a Chinese student wh studied in the UK and the USA. Find the sentences with relative clauses and fill in the table belw. The first ne has been dne fr yu.
restrictive relative clause 限制性定语从句
nn-restrictive relative clause 非限制性定语从句
A Explring the rules
relative clauses 定语从句
指代人 指代事物 所属关系 指地点 指时间 指原因
wh, whm, that, aswhich, that, aswhsewherewhenwhy
先分析定语从句中缺少什么成分
基础知识回顾: 关系词及其意义
Wrking ut the rules
A restrictive relative clause is used t mdify a nun, prnun r nun phrase and gives (1) ____________ infrmatin abut it. Fr the clause, there is n cmma befre it.A nn-restrictive clause gives (2) ____________ infrmatin abut a nun, prnun r nun phrase in the sentence, r the main clause. We cannt use (3) ____________ t intrduce it.
Fcus n 基本用法
1.限制性定语从句；2.非限制性定语从句；3. “介词+关系词”引导的定语从句
在复合句中，如作定语的是一个从句，该从句被称为定语从句。定语从句分为两种：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
限制性定语从句对先行项（先行词）进行限定或修饰，由关系代词或关系副词引导。主句和从句不用逗号隔开。
The by wh is wearing a black cat bught an iPd yesterday.
a. The man (wh) I talked with is ur teacher.b. The man (whm/wh) I ndded t is Mr. Li.c. These are the trees which were planted last year.d. A plane is a machine that can fly.e. This is the scientist whse achievements are well knwn.
（一）限制性定语从句中关系代词的用法
引导限制性定语从句的关系代词有：wh(人), whm(人), which(物), that(人/物), whse(人/物), 在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。
关系代词在从句中作宾语时可省略
Mrs. Clark is angry with the gat. The gat is eating her flwers.
Can yu lend me the bk? Yu talked abut it last night.
Can yu lend me the bk (which) yu talked abut last night?Can yu lend me the bk abut which yu talked last night?
Mrs. Clark is angry with the gat which is eating her flwers.
用定语从句改写下列两组句子。
① I like the way (in which / that) yu smile.② I dn't like the way (in which / that) he's lking at me. ③ This is the way (in which / that) we've always dne it.
当先行词是way且在从句中表示“以……方式”时，常由that或in which引导定语从句，引导词也可以省略。
① I am sure she has smething (that) yu can brrw.② Did yu have anything (that) yu want t say fr yurself?
(1)先行词为all, everything, nthing, smething, anything, little, much, nne, sme 等不定代词时。
that和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换， 但在下列情况下，一般用that而不用which。
用that而不用which的情况
① This is the very bus (that) I'm waiting fr.② The nly thing (that) we can d is (t) give yu sme mney.③ I've read all the bks that are nt mine.
(2)先行词被the nly, the very(恰恰，正好), the same, the last, all, every, n, sme, any, little, much等修饰时。
(3)先行词是序数词或被序数词或最高级修饰时。
① This train is the last that will g t Suzhu.② This is the first bk (that) he has read.③ This is the mst interesting film (that) I've seen.
D yu knw the things and persns that theyare talking abut?
(4)当先行词既有人又有物时。
(5) 当主句的主语是疑问词wh或which时。
① Which is the bike that yu lst? ② Wh is the by that wn the gld medal?
(6) 有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词宜用which，则另一个用that。
They secretly built up a small factry, which prduced things that culd cause pllutin.
a. He tld me the date when (n which) he jined the Party.b. The htel is the ne where (at which) I stayed last mnth.c. I knw the reasn why (fr which) she was s angry.
关系副词（when, where, why）引导定语从句时，既引导定语从句，又在定语从句中充当状语。关系副词可转化为介词+关系代词(which)结构。
（二）限制性定语从句中关系副词的用法
Water, which is a liquid, has many uses.
非限制性定语从句对先行项进行补充说明，由关系代词或关系副词引导。主语和从句用逗号隔开。
a. Peter, wh had been driving all day, suggested stpping at the next twn.b. I want t buy a dictinary, which is valuable t my learning.c. My brther, whm/wh yu met the ther day, has gne abrad.d. Mrs. Gray, whse children are in cllege, is trying t get a jb.
（一）非限制性定语从句中关系代词的用法
非限制性定语从句由which, wh, whm, whse等关系代词引导。
（二）非限制性定语从句中关系副词的用法
a. He will put ff the picnic until May 1st, when he will be free.b. Yesterday I went t the department stre, where I met my teacher.
非限制性定语从句中，可用关系副词when, where引导。
三、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句的注意事项
a. I met an ld friend frm whm I had parted fr many years. b. It was a crisis fr which she was ttally unprepared. c. They were badly hurt in the earthquake, because f which they didn't g t schl.d. He lived in a big huse, in frnt f which std a big tall tree.
1.“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句，关系代词常用whm或which，且不能省略。
a. This is the scientist whse achievements are well knwn.= This is the scientist, the achievement f whm are well knwn.b. This is the huse whse windw brke last night.= This is the huse, the windw f which brke last night.
2. 介词f +whm / which可替换由whse引导定语从句。
a. This is the pen which I’m lking fr.b. This is the prgram which he listened t.
3. 当定语从句中的谓语动词是固定搭配不可分割时，介词不可提前。
常见搭配有：listen t/lk at/depend n/lk fr/pay attentin t/take care f/lk after/take part in/make use f/catch up with/get alng with/hear f /lk frward t等。
a. He paid the by $ 10 fr washing ten windws, mst f which hadn’t been cleaned fr at least a year.b. The ftball team has 15 members, the ldest f whm is 25 years ld.c. Here are tw pairs f scks, either f which yu may chse.
4.“名词/代词/数词/表示整体或部分概念的词+介词+关系代词（which/whm）”结构可引出定语从句。
1. 根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系 Is that the newspaper ___ which yu ften write articles?2. 根据从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配 Can yu explain t me hw t use these idims _____ which I'm nt sure?3. 根据先行词与介词的搭配习惯 1949 was the year ___ which the was funded.
关系代词前介词(介词＋which)的确定
Applying the rules
Fill in the blanks with prper prnuns, relative adverbs r “prepsitin + relative prnun” structure.
1. In the UK, __________ punctuality is very imprtant, yu shuld try nt t arrive late. 2. In Thailand, the ft, __________ is cnsidered an unclean part f the bdy, shuld nt be pinted twards anther persn.3. In Eurpe, there are many different types f greetings, ________ cheek kissing is just ne example, and it is imprtant t knw which ne t use.
4. When we travel, we shuld pay attentin t situatins ________/ ___________ there might be unwritten rules, such as gift giving. 5. My sister, ________ wrks in Japan, finds it dd that she has t d exercise at the start f her wrking day.
The passage belw is abut tabs. Cmplete it with the crrect relative clauses in the bx belw. There are tw clause yu d NOT need t use. Write the letters in the blanks. .
A tab is scial behaviur that is nt allwed. There are many different tabs arund the wrld, (1) ______. They ften vary frm sciety t sciety. Tabs are usually related t certain items r peple. Thse (2) ______ are likely t feel upset r embarrassed even if they have n intentin f hurting thers, and the situatin will als be awkward fr the peple arund them.
When yu meet peple frm different cultures. It is imprtant t understand what yu cannt d. If yu are nt aware f the differences, (3) ______, sme strange things might happen. Fr example, in China, giving an umbrella as a gift t yur friend r a married cuple, except when it is actually raining, shuld be avided. This is because the wrd that crrespnds t “umbrella” in Chinese sunds like anther Chinese wrd (4) ______
Befre yu travel t a new cuntry, it is a gd idea t find ut abut the lcal tabs. If yu knw what t avid and hw t behave, yu will spare yurself embarrassment. Mind that tabs change with the times. Sme behavir (5) ______ might be accepted nw.
a few f which are universalb that was nt tlerated befrec wh see smene breaking a tabd which may seem unimprtant t use wh breaks tabsf which means “t separate”g that make up part f a cuntry’s cultural identity
Read the passage again and summarize each paragraph by filling in the mind map.
Para. 2 __________________________________
Para. 1 __________________________________
Para. 3 __________________________________
Para. 4 __________________________________
Pssible answers1. A tab is scial behavir that is nt allwed.2. Tabs are usually related t certain items r peple.3. It is imprtant t understand what yu cannt d when meeting peple frm different cultures.4. It is gd t find ut the lcal tabs befre travelling t a new cuntry.
What ther tabs d yu knw abut? Give examples using relative clauses. Use the examples belw t help yu.
Pssible answer
In Japan, bathrm slippers, which are cnsidered dirty, shuld always remain in the bathrm nly and nt be wrn in any ther rm f the huse.In Vietnam, peple wh tuch smene’s head r shulders r pass items ver smene’s head are prbably nt familiar with Vietnamese custms.In Brazil, where purple is usually wrn t a funeral r t murn the lss f a lved ne, mst peple avid wearing purple because it is believed t be disrespectful and unlucky.
4. When the explrers first set ft upn the cntinent f Nrth America, the skies and lands were alive with an astnishing variety f wildlife…. Unfrtunately, it tk the explrers and the settlers _____ fllwed nly a few decades t decimate a large part f these resurces.
解析：空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the explrers and the settlers，并在定语从句中作主语，故填wh。
1. Many lessns are nw available nline, frm ___ students can chse fr free. A. whseB. which C. when D. whm2. Dr. Rwan, ____ secretary resigned tw weeks ag, has had t d all his wn typing. A. whse B. f whm C. f which D. which3. We have entered int an age ____ dreams have the best chance f cming true. A. which B. what C. when D. that
1. The naughty by tld the headmaster everything _____ was cnnected with the theft. 2. Thrugh my stay in Mntreal, I met lts f Chinese peple ________ are struggling t succeed and then lead a better life in Canada.3. I didn't buy the cellphne, ______ price was t high fr me. 4. Mre imprtantly, there are teachers nline ________ yu can turn fr help when yu have prblems.
Explring the rules
Belw is a persnal accunt by a Chinese student wh studied in the UK and the USA. Find the sentences with relative clauses and fill in the table belw. The first ne has been dne fr yu.
restrictive relative clause 限制性定语从句
nn-restrictive relative clause 非限制性定语从句
A Explring the rules
relative clauses 定语从句
指代人 指代事物 所属关系 指地点 指时间 指原因
wh, whm, that, aswhich, that, aswhsewherewhenwhy
先分析定语从句中缺少什么成分
基础知识回顾: 关系词及其意义
Wrking ut the rules
A restrictive relative clause is used t mdify a nun, prnun r nun phrase and gives (1) ____________ infrmatin abut it. Fr the clause, there is n cmma befre it.A nn-restrictive clause gives (2) ____________ infrmatin abut a nun, prnun r nun phrase in the sentence, r the main clause. We cannt use (3) ____________ t intrduce it.
Fcus n 基本用法
1.限制性定语从句；2.非限制性定语从句；3. “介词+关系词”引导的定语从句
在复合句中，如作定语的是一个从句，该从句被称为定语从句。定语从句分为两种：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
限制性定语从句对先行项（先行词）进行限定或修饰，由关系代词或关系副词引导。主句和从句不用逗号隔开。
The by wh is wearing a black cat bught an iPd yesterday.
a. The man (wh) I talked with is ur teacher.b. The man (whm/wh) I ndded t is Mr. Li.c. These are the trees which were planted last year.d. A plane is a machine that can fly.e. This is the scientist whse achievements are well knwn.
（一）限制性定语从句中关系代词的用法
引导限制性定语从句的关系代词有：wh(人), whm(人), which(物), that(人/物), whse(人/物), 在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。
关系代词在从句中作宾语时可省略
Mrs. Clark is angry with the gat. The gat is eating her flwers.
Can yu lend me the bk? Yu talked abut it last night.
Can yu lend me the bk (which) yu talked abut last night?Can yu lend me the bk abut which yu talked last night?
Mrs. Clark is angry with the gat which is eating her flwers.
用定语从句改写下列两组句子。
① I like the way (in which / that) yu smile.② I dn't like the way (in which / that) he's lking at me. ③ This is the way (in which / that) we've always dne it.
当先行词是way且在从句中表示“以……方式”时，常由that或in which引导定语从句，引导词也可以省略。
① I am sure she has smething (that) yu can brrw.② Did yu have anything (that) yu want t say fr yurself?
(1)先行词为all, everything, nthing, smething, anything, little, much, nne, sme 等不定代词时。
that和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换， 但在下列情况下，一般用that而不用which。
用that而不用which的情况
① This is the very bus (that) I'm waiting fr.② The nly thing (that) we can d is (t) give yu sme mney.③ I've read all the bks that are nt mine.
(2)先行词被the nly, the very(恰恰，正好), the same, the last, all, every, n, sme, any, little, much等修饰时。
(3)先行词是序数词或被序数词或最高级修饰时。
① This train is the last that will g t Suzhu.② This is the first bk (that) he has read.③ This is the mst interesting film (that) I've seen.
D yu knw the things and persns that theyare talking abut?
(4)当先行词既有人又有物时。
(5) 当主句的主语是疑问词wh或which时。
① Which is the bike that yu lst? ② Wh is the by that wn the gld medal?
(6) 有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词宜用which，则另一个用that。
They secretly built up a small factry, which prduced things that culd cause pllutin.
a. He tld me the date when (n which) he jined the Party.b. The htel is the ne where (at which) I stayed last mnth.c. I knw the reasn why (fr which) she was s angry.
关系副词（when, where, why）引导定语从句时，既引导定语从句，又在定语从句中充当状语。关系副词可转化为介词+关系代词(which)结构。
（二）限制性定语从句中关系副词的用法
Water, which is a liquid, has many uses.
非限制性定语从句对先行项进行补充说明，由关系代词或关系副词引导。主语和从句用逗号隔开。
a. Peter, wh had been driving all day, suggested stpping at the next twn.b. I want t buy a dictinary, which is valuable t my learning.c. My brther, whm/wh yu met the ther day, has gne abrad.d. Mrs. Gray, whse children are in cllege, is trying t get a jb.
（一）非限制性定语从句中关系代词的用法
非限制性定语从句由which, wh, whm, whse等关系代词引导。
（二）非限制性定语从句中关系副词的用法
a. He will put ff the picnic until May 1st, when he will be free.b. Yesterday I went t the department stre, where I met my teacher.
非限制性定语从句中，可用关系副词when, where引导。
三、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句的注意事项
a. I met an ld friend frm whm I had parted fr many years. b. It was a crisis fr which she was ttally unprepared. c. They were badly hurt in the earthquake, because f which they didn't g t schl.d. He lived in a big huse, in frnt f which std a big tall tree.
1.“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句，关系代词常用whm或which，且不能省略。
a. This is the scientist whse achievements are well knwn.= This is the scientist, the achievement f whm are well knwn.b. This is the huse whse windw brke last night.= This is the huse, the windw f which brke last night.
2. 介词f +whm / which可替换由whse引导定语从句。
a. This is the pen which I’m lking fr.b. This is the prgram which he listened t.
3. 当定语从句中的谓语动词是固定搭配不可分割时，介词不可提前。
常见搭配有：listen t/lk at/depend n/lk fr/pay attentin t/take care f/lk after/take part in/make use f/catch up with/get alng with/hear f /lk frward t等。
a. He paid the by $ 10 fr washing ten windws, mst f which hadn’t been cleaned fr at least a year.b. The ftball team has 15 members, the ldest f whm is 25 years ld.c. Here are tw pairs f scks, either f which yu may chse.
4.“名词/代词/数词/表示整体或部分概念的词+介词+关系代词（which/whm）”结构可引出定语从句。
1. 根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系 Is that the newspaper ___ which yu ften write articles?2. 根据从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配 Can yu explain t me hw t use these idims _____ which I'm nt sure?3. 根据先行词与介词的搭配习惯 1949 was the year ___ which the was funded.
关系代词前介词(介词＋which)的确定
Applying the rules
Fill in the blanks with prper prnuns, relative adverbs r “prepsitin + relative prnun” structure.
1. In the UK, __________ punctuality is very imprtant, yu shuld try nt t arrive late. 2. In Thailand, the ft, __________ is cnsidered an unclean part f the bdy, shuld nt be pinted twards anther persn.3. In Eurpe, there are many different types f greetings, ________ cheek kissing is just ne example, and it is imprtant t knw which ne t use.
4. When we travel, we shuld pay attentin t situatins ________/ ___________ there might be unwritten rules, such as gift giving. 5. My sister, ________ wrks in Japan, finds it dd that she has t d exercise at the start f her wrking day.
The passage belw is abut tabs. Cmplete it with the crrect relative clauses in the bx belw. There are tw clause yu d NOT need t use. Write the letters in the blanks. .
A tab is scial behaviur that is nt allwed. There are many different tabs arund the wrld, (1) ______. They ften vary frm sciety t sciety. Tabs are usually related t certain items r peple. Thse (2) ______ are likely t feel upset r embarrassed even if they have n intentin f hurting thers, and the situatin will als be awkward fr the peple arund them.
When yu meet peple frm different cultures. It is imprtant t understand what yu cannt d. If yu are nt aware f the differences, (3) ______, sme strange things might happen. Fr example, in China, giving an umbrella as a gift t yur friend r a married cuple, except when it is actually raining, shuld be avided. This is because the wrd that crrespnds t “umbrella” in Chinese sunds like anther Chinese wrd (4) ______
Befre yu travel t a new cuntry, it is a gd idea t find ut abut the lcal tabs. If yu knw what t avid and hw t behave, yu will spare yurself embarrassment. Mind that tabs change with the times. Sme behavir (5) ______ might be accepted nw.
a few f which are universalb that was nt tlerated befrec wh see smene breaking a tabd which may seem unimprtant t use wh breaks tabsf which means “t separate”g that make up part f a cuntry’s cultural identity
Read the passage again and summarize each paragraph by filling in the mind map.
Para. 2 __________________________________
Para. 1 __________________________________
Para. 3 __________________________________
Para. 4 __________________________________
Pssible answers1. A tab is scial behavir that is nt allwed.2. Tabs are usually related t certain items r peple.3. It is imprtant t understand what yu cannt d when meeting peple frm different cultures.4. It is gd t find ut the lcal tabs befre travelling t a new cuntry.
What ther tabs d yu knw abut? Give examples using relative clauses. Use the examples belw t help yu.
Pssible answer
In Japan, bathrm slippers, which are cnsidered dirty, shuld always remain in the bathrm nly and nt be wrn in any ther rm f the huse.In Vietnam, peple wh tuch smene’s head r shulders r pass items ver smene’s head are prbably nt familiar with Vietnamese custms.In Brazil, where purple is usually wrn t a funeral r t murn the lss f a lved ne, mst peple avid wearing purple because it is believed t be disrespectful and unlucky.
4. When the explrers first set ft upn the cntinent f Nrth America, the skies and lands were alive with an astnishing variety f wildlife…. Unfrtunately, it tk the explrers and the settlers _____ fllwed nly a few decades t decimate a large part f these resurces.
解析：空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the explrers and the settlers，并在定语从句中作主语，故填wh。
1. Many lessns are nw available nline, frm ___ students can chse fr free. A. whseB. which C. when D. whm2. Dr. Rwan, ____ secretary resigned tw weeks ag, has had t d all his wn typing. A. whse B. f whm C. f which D. which3. We have entered int an age ____ dreams have the best chance f cming true. A. which B. what C. when D. that
1. The naughty by tld the headmaster everything _____ was cnnected with the theft. 2. Thrugh my stay in Mntreal, I met lts f Chinese peple ________ are struggling t succeed and then lead a better life in Canada.3. I didn't buy the cellphne, ______ price was t high fr me. 4. Mre imprtantly, there are teachers nline ________ yu can turn fr help when yu have prblems.
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