【暑假初升高】人教版2019英语初三（升高一）暑假预习-第07讲 构词法 (知识讲解+高考必考题型练习）

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第07讲 构词法(知识讲解+名高考必考题型练习)目标 1了解常见前缀和后缀。目标 2掌握各个词形之间的转换。 构词法的分类：英语中的构词法通常包括六种方法: 合成法、派生法、转化法、混合法、截短法和首尾字母结合法。一、合成法将两个或两个以上的单词合成在一起而构成的新词，叫做合成词。方式:1)直接写在一起。 2)用连字符(-)连接。 3)由两个分开的词构成。1.合成形容词(1)名词+现在分词 如:English-speaking讲英语的，south-facing朝南的 (2)名词+过去分词 如:man-made人造的，water-covered被水覆盖的 (3)名+形容词 如:snow-white雪白的，day-long整天的 (4)形容词+名词+-ed如:warm-hearted热情的，kind-hearted 好心肠的(5)形容词/副词+现在分词 如:good-looking好看的，funny-looking滑稽的(6)副词+过去分词 如:well-known 出名的，deep-set(眼睛)深陷的 (7)副词/形容词+名词如:right-hand 右手的，full-time 专职的(8)数词+名词 如:100-meter100米的，million-pound 百万英镑的 (9)数词+名词+形容词 如:180-foot-high180英寸高的，10-year-old10岁的(10)数词+名词+-ed 如:four-footed/legged 四脚的，one-eyed 独眼龙的 2.合成名词(1)名词+名词 如:weekend 周末，classroom教室，bookshop书店 (2)形容词/介+名词如:gentleman绅士，loudspeaker扬声器(3)动词+名词 如:typewriter 打字机，cookbook 烹调书 (4)名词+动词 如:daybreak 破晓，toothpick 牙签 (5)动词-ing形式+名词 如:reading-room阅览室，sleeping-car卧车车厢(6)副词+动词 如:outbreak 爆发，downpour倾盆大雨 (7)名词+动名词 如:handwriting 笔迹，sun-bathing日光浴 (8)名词+in/to0+名词 如:mother-in-law岳母，brother-in-law姐夫 3. 合成动词(1)副词+动词 如:overthrow推翻，understand 理解 (2)形容词+动词 如:broadcast 广播，whitewash 粉刷 (3)名词+动词 如:typewrite 打字，sleepwalk 梦游 4. 合成副词介词+名词 如:underfoot 脚下，beforehand事先 形容词+名词 如:hotfoot 匆忙地，someday有朝一日 形容词+副词 如:anywhere任何地方，outwards向外 5. 合成介词:within 在……之内，without 没有，inside 在……里边，into 进入6. 合成代词:myself我自己，ourselves我们自己，anyone任何人， nobody 没有人，nothing没东西，somebody有人二、派生法所谓派生，即在词根上加前缀或后缀构成另一个与原意略有变化或截然相反的词。前缀前缀通常只改变词义，不改变词性。1.表示否定的前缀:(1)un-构成反义词，表示“不”，如:unfit不合适的，unhappy不高兴的(2)dis-构成反义词，表示“不”，如:discover发现，disagree不同意的(3)in-/im-构成反义词，表示“不"，用于以c，b，m，p等开头的词如:impossible 不可能的，incorrect不正确的(4)  ir-构成反义词，表示“不”，用于以r开头的单词如:irregular不规则的(5)il-构成反义词，表示“不”，用于以1开头的单词如:illegal不合法的(6)mis-构成反义词，表示“错误”，如:mistake错误，misuse错用(7)non- 构成反义词，表示“不”，如:non-stop不停的，non-smoker非吸烟者2.表示其他意义的前级。(1)re-表示“再;又:重”，re-多重读，构成双重读词，如:rewrite 重写(2)-表示“的"，多构成表语形容词，如:alone 单独的，alike 相像的(3) tele-表示“远程的”，如:telephone电话，television电视(4)en-表示“使”，构成动词，如:enlarge 扩大，enable使能够(5)inter-表示“关系”，如:Internet因特网，international国际的3. 另外一些常用英语前缀:a- 使，离，向; awake 摇醒，apart使分离 ac-,ad-, af-,ag-,al- 一再,加强 accord 依照，affect 影响anti- 反，防止; anti-tank反坦克，anti-Japanese抗日，anti-clockwise逆时针 auto- 自，自动: automation自动化，autobiography自传 be- 在; beside 在旁，befall 降临 bi- 双; bicycle 自行车，bisexual 两性的 co- 共同，互相: co-exist 共存com-,con- 共同，加强; combine 联合，confirm 使加强 de- 离，加强，降; detrain 下火车dif- 分开，否定; differ 区分，difficult困难 dis- 否定，离，完全; disallow 不准，disarrange 搞乱 e- 出，向外; export 出口，expand 扩展 en-,em- 在内，用于，使; encage 装入笼子， in-,im-,il- 无，向内，加强; incorrect不正确，impulse冲动inter- 在 …… 之间; international 国际，internet 互联网。 interview 采访，interact 互动kilo- 千; kilometres，kilowatt，kilograms micro- 微: microbe 微生物 mini- 微小; minibus 小巴，miskirt 超短裙，minister大臣部长 neg- 不，非; neglect 忽视，negate 否定 non- 不，非; non-party 无党派的，non-stop 不间断 ob-,oc-,op- 包围，逆反; object，oppose 反对，opposite 对面，occur出现 out- 在外，除去; outlaw 逃亡者，outroot 根除 over- 超出，反转; overweight 超重，overthrow推翻 per- 贯通，遍及; perform 完成，perfect完美 post- 在后; postwar 战后，postern后门 pre- 在前; preface 前言， pro- 向前，拥护: prologue 序言，pro-American 亲美的 re- 重复，相反; recall 回忆，react 反应 se- 分离; separate 使分离，select 选出 sub-,suc-,sug- 在下，次于: subway 地铁，succeed 继承 sur- 超，外加; surface 表面，surtax附加税 tele- 远; television 电视 trans- 超过，透过 translate 翻译，transport 运输 un- 否定; unfair 不公平的 up- 向上; upset 推翻，upstairs 在楼上 uni- 单一; united 联合的，unit 单位 后缀后缀通常改变词性，构成意思相近的其它词性的词:少数后缀同时会改变词义。1. 形容词性后缀:(1)-al 如:nation→national民族的，国家的;nature→natural自然的(2)-able 表示“有能力的”，如:eat→eatable 能吃的(3)-anian 表示“国家的，国家人的”，如:America→American美国(人)的(4)-ern表示“方向的”，如:east→eastern东方的，south→southern南方的(5)-ful 如:beauty→beautiful美丽的，care→careful小心的(6)-less 表示否定，如:care→careless粗心的，use→useless无用的(7)-ic/ical 如:electricity→electric/electrical电的(8)-ese表示“人的”，如:China一Chinese中国(人)的(9)-ly 如:friend→friendly 友好的，year→yearly 每年的(10)-y表示“天气”等，如:cloud→cloudy多云的，dust→dusty多尘的(11)-ous 如:famous著名的，continuous连续不断的(12)-ish 如:childish 孩子气的，selfish自私的(13)-en 如:golden金色的，wooden木制的，woolen羊毛的(14)-ive 如:active 积极的，collective 集体的2.动词后缀:(1)-fy 如:beauty→beautify 美化(2)-en 如:wide-widen加宽，sharp→sharpen削，loose→loosen 使松散3. 副词后缀:(1)-ly 如:bad→badly 坏地，easy→easily容易地(2)-ward 表示“方向”，如: backward 向后，eastward 向东4. 名词后缀:(1) -ment 如:agree→agreement协议，move→movement运动(2) -ness如:happy→happiness幸福，busy→business事务(3) -tion 如:explain→explanation 解释，dictate→dictation听写(4)-er表示“人”，如:work→worker工人，buy→buyer买主(5)-or表示“人”，如:act→actor 演员，sail→sailor 海员(6)-ist表示“人”，如:piano→pianist钢琴家，science→scientist科学家(7)-ess表示“人或动物”，指阴性，如:actress 女演员，lioness 母狮子(8)-ful 表示“量”，如:mouthful一口，handful一把(9)-th如:true→truth 真理，long→length长度 5. 数词后缀:(1)-teen 构成“十几”，如:five→fifteen十五(2)-ty 构成“几十”， 如:nine→ninety九十，five→fifty 五十 (3)-th 构成序数词，如:five→fifth第五，six→sixth第六 6. 英语常用后缀:-ability,-ibility……能力，……性:stability 稳定，sensibility敏感性 -able,-ible 能……的:unable 无能力，terrible可怕的acy……性质、状态:illiteracy文盲，intricacy错综复杂 -age 动作状态，总称: flowage 泛滥，postage 邮费-al 动作，行为，……的:manual手册，central中心的 -an 人，籍贯，…… 的:African，publican旅店主-ance,-ancy 行为，性质，状态:distance距离，currency流通 -ant,ent 人，……的，助手:assistant助手，excellent优秀的 -ary 地点，人，事物:library 图书馆，military军事-ate 做，职位，……的:doctorate博士学位，adequate足够的 -ation,-ition 动作，性质，状态:visitation 访问，addition 附加物 -craft 技巧，工艺:aircraft 飞机，handicraft手艺 cy 形状，状态，职位:secrecy秘密，fancy幻想 -dom 形态，领域:freedom，kingdom -ed 有……的:cultured，puzzled-ence,ency 行为，性质，状态:difference 差别，frequency频率 -er,eer.or 人:killer 杀手，engineer工程师，doctor医生 -ern 地点，方位:eastern 东方的，cavern 洞穴 -ese 人，语言，国籍:Chinese，Japanese -ess 女子，雌性:actress 女演员-hood 状态，身份:childhood 童年，livelihood 生计 -ic 学术，职业，……的:music 音乐，atomic 原子的 -ice 人，抽象名词:service 服务，novice 新手 -ics 学术:physics 物理学-ing 总称:clothing 衣服，building建筑，feeling感觉 -ion 物品:cushion 坐垫，expression表达-ism 主义，宗教: Socialism，Islamism伊斯兰教-ist……者:communist共产主义者，dentist牙医，pianist钢琴家 -ive 人，物，……的:native本地人，attractive有吸引力的-less 无……的:careless 粗心，homeless 无家可归的，fearless 无畏的。 -logy 学:zoology 动物学，biology 生物学 -ly……的，……地:daily，friendly，quickly-ment 状况，物，组织:treatment治疗，development 开发展，department部门 -ness 抽象名词:darkness，kindness，happiness -ous 有……的:famous，dangerous 危险-ship 状况，事物:friendship，leadership，professorship，horsemanship 马术师资格 -sion,-tion 动作，性质，状态:expansion扩展，description描述-th 状况，第……:youth，health，fifth-ty……:specialty 专业，safety安全，fifty -ure 状况，物:pleasure 快乐，picture,-y状况，学术，小……的: harmony 和谐，botany 植物学，baby婴儿三、转化Conversion指一个词不变化词形，而由一种此类转化为另一种词类或几种词类。1.名词和动词之间的转化telephone电话-打电话，mirror镜子-像镜子一样反映 drink 喝-饮料，record录音--记录2.转化为动词 perfect 完美的--使完善 3.名词转化为形容词(副词) front前面--前面的 4.形容词转化为名词 chief主要的-首领 四、截短法(缩略法)截短法，即将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变，主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。1.截头telephone→phone aeroplane→plane omnibus→bus 2.去尾mathematics-maths co-operate-co-op examination→exam kilogram→kilo laboratory→lab taxicab→taxi 3.截头去尾influenza→flu refrigerator→fridge prescription-script 五、混合法(混成法)混合法，即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体;前半部分表示属性。如:news broadcast→newscast 新闻广播 television broadcast→telecast电视播送 smoke and fog→smog 烟雾 helicopter airport→heliport 直升飞机场 六、首尾字母缩略法首尾字母缩略法，即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。读音主要有两种形式，即各字母分别读音:作为一个单词读音。very important person→VIP(读字母音)要人;大人物 television→TV(读字母音)电视Testing of English as a Foreign L.anguage→TOEFL 托福考点一：名词转变为动词变换1. This development was only possible with the_________(introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts2. When they were free from work, they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting_________(compete) to watch, together with the story behind it.3. Then, handle the most important tasks first so you1 feel a real sense of_________(achieve).考点二：名词和形容词互相变换1.English is a very__________(use) tool while you're traveling abroad2. I'm very __________(please) with my own cooking. It looks nice and smells delicious.3. Tom sounds very much __________(interest) in the job, but I'm not sure whether he can manage it.4. He is constantly complaining. I have never met a              (noise) person.考点二：形容词和副词互相变换_________ (gradual), little Tom got used to being the only child at a table full of adults.Work gets done ____________(easy) when people do it together.3.Look at you! You’re breathing so _______(heavy). We’re not even halfway there yet.  （2022年全国甲卷语法填空）...Inspired by the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation held in Beijing, Cao decided to cover the route by hiking as a tribute (致敬) to the ancient Silk Road. ___A 64___ friend of his, Wu Fan, volunteered to be his companion during the trip. Cao and Wu also collected garbage along the road, in order to promote environmental ___65___ (protect). Cao believes this will make the hiking trip even more ___66___ (meaning). The two of them collected more than 1,000 plastic bottles along the 40-day journey.   （2022年全国甲卷短文改错）I felt so closely to him.   （2022年全国乙卷语法填空）...As a main promoter of the International Tea Day, the birthplace of tea and the   largest   tea-producing country, China has a   65   （responsible）to work with other countries to promote the healthy development of the tea industry. 4. （2022年全国乙卷短文改错）We all know that cycling is a greatly exercise....5. (2022年全国高考新高考I卷语法填空)The GPNP’s main goal is to improve connectivity between separate ___62___ (population)and homes of giant pandas, and ___63___ (eventual)achieve a desired level of population in the wild. 基础过关检测1.She has the ___________(able) to run her father's business.2. Please take care of my mother during my___________(absent).3. No one knows that he graduated from a police ___________(academic).4.The remote desert area is ___________（access） only by helicopter.5. They were proud of their children's ___________(achieve).6. You can take part in ___________(act) from canoeing to bird watching.7.To a new environment, there will be a process of ___________(adapt). 8.She went through a period of emotional ___________(adjust) after her marriage broke up.9.Madonna, in particular, has played an ___________(admire) role. 10. Miss Parrish recently placed an ___________(advertise) in the local newspaper.11.An ___________(agree) was finally reached between management and employees.12.I was ___________(amaze) at her knowledge of French literature.13. I fail to see why you find the joke so ___________(amuse).14. The book is an  ___________( analyze) of poverty and its causes.15. He was filled with ___________(angry) at the way he had been treated.16.If you're worried about your health, share your___________(anxiety) with your doctor.17. You owe him an ___________( apologize ) for what you said.18. She had never been greatly concerned about her ___________(appear).19. Further information is available on ___________(apply) to the principal.20. She made an ___________(appoint) for her son to see the doctor.21. I had no  ___________( appreciate) of the problems they faced.22. We had an ___________（argue） with the waiter about the bill.23. They had an ___________(arrange) that the children would spend two weeks with each parent.24. On his___________(arrive), Elaine met him at the bus station 25. What's your ___________(assess)of her chances of winning? 高考必考题型练习阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Text 1（广东省深圳市高级中学2022-2023学年高一上学期11月期中）One's attitude towards life    1   (have) a great impact on his or her life quality. Therefore, if you want to live a better life, a positive attitude is    2   must. It is the single biggest thing    3   can make a difference in many aspects. It brings optimism into your life, and makes it easier to avoid worries and negative thinking. If you adopt it as a way of life, it would bring constructive    4   (change) into your life, and make you happier, brighter and more successful. With a positive attitude you see the bright side of life,become optimistic, and expect the best    5   (happen). It is     6    (certain) a state of mind that is well worth developing. A positive mind can help you in many ways. It leads to    7    (happy) and success and can change your whole life. If you look at the bright side of life, your whole life becomes   8   (fill) with light. This light affects not only you and the way you look at the world,    9    affects your environment and the people around you. So, always keep this       10      mind:Life is very much like a mirror, if you smile upon it, it smiles back upon to you, if you frown and look doubtful on it, you will get a similar look in return.Text 2（广东省揭阳市惠来县第一中学2022-2023学年高一上学期期中考试）As you grow older, there     11    (be) certain events that will mark (纪念) your growth.     12    (graduate) from high school and getting your first job are just two of these. What are some other ways in which we mark our journey toward adulthood?In the US, getting your driver’s license at the age of 16 is viewed     13    a major coming-of-age ritual (仪式). You may have seen kids celebrating their first car in movies and TV shows. It is the first true taste of     14    (independent) for most teenagers.     15    not every teenager gets a new car right away.     16    (usual), their parents will buy a second-hand car     17    them as their first car.Another big coming-of-age event is the prom (毕业舞会). Held at the end of the year, the prom is a graduation celebration for senior high school students. Teenagers wear fancy clothing, ask each other to dance and vote for a prom “king” and “queen”. For many teenagers, prom is the     18    (big) social event of the year. It’s time for them     19    (dress) like     20    adult.Text 3（广东省深圳市6校联盟2022-2023学年高一上学期11月期中）It was my first day at my new school.I was half-excited and half-frightened.On my way to school I was quite concerned about     21     (variety) of questions      22     some boys would ask me and practiced all the answers.I was afraid to be in trouble. I also considered if it was a rule for boys to fight strangers like me, but I was tall for my age. My strength and height might stop them from risking it.Everybody liked good     23      (behave) so I must pay attention. There were fifty boys in the class, so I didn’t stand out (突出) there until the first lesson of the afternoon. Mr. Jones, my teacher, first said to several boys, “Who knows Dickens’ birthplace?” But no one guessed right. A boy whose name was Brian said, “Timbuktu”, and Mr. Jones went red in the face. Then he asked me.I said, “Portsmouth”, and everyone looked at me because Mr. Jones said I was right.This didn’t make me very popular, of course. Brian’s quick response was his words, “How did you get     24     answer? You think you are clever.”After that, we went out to the playground where they often played football, I was on Brian’s team, and he     25      (obvious) had Dickens on his mind because he told me to go in goal (守门). No one ever wanted to be a goalkeeper.“He’s big enough and useless enough,” Brian said. When the game was nearly over, Brian pushed one of the players on the other team, and they got a penalty (点球). As the boy kicked the ball hard along the ground to my right, I threw myself down and managed     26      (save) it All my team crowded round me and they were all proud     27     me. My knees were bleeding but I was not injured badly. Brian     28      (approach) me, took out a handkerchief and offered it to me. This match was somewhat     29      (significance) to me.“Please join my team again next time.We     30      (play) this Saturday,” he said. At the end of the day, I was no longer a stranger. And I gradually won their trust and respect.