期末复习语法与词法集锦2022-2023学年人教版七年级英语下册

这是一份期末复习语法与词法集锦2022-2023学年人教版七年级英语下册，共9页。试卷主要包含了 can， may，must表示 “必须”等内容，欢迎下载使用。
人教版七年级英语下册期末复习语法与词法集锦一、情态动词（Modal Verb）情态动词（Modal Verbs）情态动词表示说话人对所说动作的观点，如需要、可能、意愿、怀疑等。在形式上，情态动词一般没有人称和数的变化，有的情态动词没有时态的变化，如must。情态动词本身词义不完全，不能单独作谓语动词，必须和不带to的动词原形连用。常见情态动词有can,may,must,have to,should,would等。情态动词一般有多个意义。情态动词的否定式一般是在其后面加not构成，一般疑问句通常将其提到句首。情态动词的肯定式一般不重读。1. can1)表示能力    We can speak a little English.       Her sister can play the violin.I can play badminton, but I can't play volleyball.2）表示许可You can play basketball on weekends./ We can't run in the hallways.3）表示请求Can you help me with my Chinese?could 也可表示请求，但比can的语气更委婉。例如：   Could you tell him to call me back?2. may1）表示许可，意思是“可以”May I borrow your dictionary?/Class is over. You may go now.may和can都可以表示许可，但两者有区别，may的用法比can更正式，语气更委婉。2)表示可能性，意思是“也许，可能”I may be late, so don't wait for me./ That may be true.3.must表示 “必须”Don't arrive late for class. We must be on time.You must read a book before you watch TV4. have to 表示 “不得不；必须”We have to be quiet in the library.She has to do her homework first when she gets home.have to表示“必须”时与must意义很接近，有时可与must互换。例如：We have to/must follow the rules.但在以下方面有所不同：1)must通常表示的是说话人的主观看法，语气比较强烈，have to往往强调客观需要。例如：I must go now.It's a little late and I have to go now.2)它们的否定式含义大不相同。mustn't表示 “不准；禁止”，而don’'t have to表示“不必”。例如：You mustn't talk to your mother like that.You don't have to come if you don't want to.3)must一般只表示现在，没有人称和数的变化。而have to则可以用于不同的时态，有人称和数的变化。例如：I/We/You/They must do something about it.I have to finish my work today.She has to finish her work today.They had to get to the station before 5:00. 二.现在进行时（Present Progressive Tense）1.现在进行时表示现在（说话瞬间）正在进行或发生的动作。例如：The students are listening to the teacher./He is watching TV now.现在进行时也可表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。例如：We are working on a farm these days./I'm reading a history book this month.句型第一人称                第三人称                    复数人称肯定I am working.          He/She is working.       We/You/They are working.否定式I am not working.      He/She is notworking.      We/You/They are not working.一般疑问句Are you working?        Is he/she working?       Are we/you/they working?Yes, I am.              Yes, he/she is.                 Yes,we /they are.No,I am not.           No, he/she is not (isn't).         No, we/they are not (aren't).特殊疑问句特殊疑问句+be+主语+doing？2.现在进行时是由助动词be(am/is/are)加动词-ing形式构成的(以work为例子)              动词-ing形式的构成：类别 构成方法 例词与读音 一般情况 加-ing go—going ask—asking look—looking 以不发音字母e结尾的动词  去掉e，再加-ing write—writing make—making take——taking以重读闭音节结尾的动词，末尾只有一个辅音字母 双写这个辅音字母，再加-ing get—getting sit—sittingput—puttingrun—runningbegin—beginning 三.一般过去时（Simple Past Tense）1.一般过去时表示过去某个时间或某一段时间内发生的动作或存在的状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用,如yesterday,last night,in 1990,two days ago等。例如:He got up at 6:30 yesterday./I visited my grandparents last week.①特殊词  yesterday昨天 the other day前几天 just now刚才  ②ago形式  时间状语+ago   如：two days/years/weeks/hours ago③last形式  last+时间状语  last month/week/Friday/year/night④in+过去时间形式  in 2008. 在2008年  in the past 在过去一般过去时也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，常和often,always等表示频度的时间状语连用。例如：He always went to work by bus last year.      2.英语中动词过去式的构成分为规则与不规则两类。规则动词过去式的构成和发音如下：类别构成方法例词与读音读音规则一般情况 加-ed look—looked play—played 清辅音后面读作/t/；浊辅音和元音后面读/d/；/t/和/d/后面读/id/。  以e结尾的动词 加-d live—lived use-—used 以重读闭音节结尾的动词，末尾只有一个辅音字母双写这个辅音字母，再加-edstop—stopped /stopt/plan—planned /plaend/以辅音字母加y结尾的动词变y为i,再加-edstudy—studiedcarry—carried  不规则动词表略。 四.There be 结构“There is/are +某物/某人+某地/某时”结构表示“某地或某时有某物或某人”。这种结构中的there没有实际意义，常弱读成//。句子中的be(is/are)和后面所跟的名词在数方面必须一致。There be结构的一般现在时和一般过去时基本句型如下： 句式 一般现在时 一般过去时 肯定式 There is (There's) a supermarket on that road.There are many people here on vacation.There is (There's) some ice on the lake. There was a supermarket on that road last year.There were many people here on vacation last summer.There was some ice on the lake last month.否定式 There isn't a supermarket on that road.There aren't many people here on vacation.There isn't any ice on the lake. There wasn't a supermarket on that road last year.There weren't many people here on vacation last summer.There wasn't any ice on the lake lastmonth.疑问句式Is there a supermarket on that road?Yes,there is./No.there isn’t.Was there a supermarket on that road last year?Yes,there was./No.there wasn’t. 在有并列主语的情况下，往往根据第一个主语的单复数来确定动词be的形式。例如：There is a pen and two books on the desk. There are two boys and a girl in the room. 五.介词（Prepositions）介词一般用于名词或代词前，表示该词与句中其他成分的关系。介词后面的名词或代词称为介词宾语（若是人称代词，则要用宾格）。介词和介词宾语合在一起构成介词短语。  表示时间的介词（Prepositions of Time)表示时间的介词主要有at，on和in，它们的常见用法如下：   at on in ①钟点at six o'clock②用餐at lunchtime③节日 at Christmas④年龄at the age of 20⑤时间at this time⑥一天中的某段时间at noon/at night ①某一天的某时段on Saturday morning②星期几 on Sunday③日期 on May 4th④节假日 on New Year's Dayon weekendson vacation   ①一天中某段时间in the morning/afternoon/evening②年份in 1949③月份in April④季节in spring⑥世纪 in the 21st century 其他表示时间的介词还有before,after等，例如：before breakfast/class/school,after breakfast/class/school. 2.表示地点的介词（Prepositions of Place）表示地点的介词和介词短语很多，如at,in,on,near,next to,in front of, before, under, behind, beside, between, in the front of, in the middle of, at the back of等，其中最常用、最灵活的是at，in和on这三个介词。比如，“在学校里；在上学”可以说in school,也可以说at school。 at表示一个点（或小地方）On  表示一个表面。in表示一个范围（或大地方）。at Mr. Cool's Clothes Storeat Central Parkat the House of Dumplingsat No. 3 Middle Schoolat homeat the poolon the beachon the flooron Center Streeton the table/chairon the wallin Class 5in the school magazine/the photoin the schoolbagin Paris/Beijing/Chinain the waterin the park/supermarket 【注意】学习表示地点的介词at，on，in时，关键要把握从什么角度看空间中的位置。比较下列三个句子：They stood at the door and waited.他们站在门口等着。（站在门口那个点上）He's putting up a picture on the door.他正在把一幅画贴到门上。（贴在门那个面上）There's a hole in the door.门上有一个洞。（从立体的角度看门上的洞） 其他地点介词：under 在……的下面The watch is under the bed.before 在....前面David is standing before the mirror.in front of 在……前面Jack is sitting in front of John.in the front of 在……前部There are some chairs in the front of the room.(某物内部的前面）in the middle of 在……中间My home is in the middle of the city.behind 在……的后面The hotel is behind the library.near 靠近；在……附近There is a big supermarket near your housenext to 在……旁边；附近The pay phone is next to the post office.beside 在…….旁边Look! There's a dog beside Lily.inside 在……的里面_I never went inside the building.outside 在………外边We can eat outside the classroom but we can't ea inside.between 在………之间The library is between the restaurant and the supermarket.across from 在……对面Our house is across from the supermarket.along 沿着You pass a bank on your right and then go along Long Street.at the back of 在………的后面At the back of the school is a playground. 其他介词about 关于；对于 1.The American girl wants to learn about Chinese history.2.Could you tell me about your life?from 从………；自从 1.He has a friend from England.2.What did you buy from the store?with 与……一起； 附有 1.Next to the hotel is a small house with an interesting garden.2.She often goes to watch soccer matches with her father.3.Can you help the kids with their swimming?of ……的； 属于………的 1.Here is a photo of my family.2.What kind of movies do you like?to向；到；对 1.Let me tell you the way to my house.2.My English class is from 8:00 to 9:00.as 担任； 当……时 1.We have a job for you as a waiter.2.As a boy, he often went skating in winter.like 像：怎么样 1.What does he look like?2.What's the weather like?at 在；对着；以 1.Call Alan at 495-3539.2.We have sweaters at a very good price - only 25 dollars.3.For breakfast, he likes eggs, bananas and apples.for对于；为了以……为代价；（时间持续）…之久1.For boys, we have socks for only five dollars each.2.After class, I play volleyball for two hours.  固定搭配1)介词短语atat home 在家  at first 起初；开始时 at last最后at school在上学  at the moment此刻 at present现在 at work上班；在工作   at the same time 同时on on duty值  on holiday度假   on time准时on the left/right在左边/右边  on the radio在广播中  on foot步行on sale出售；降价出售   on TV在电视上播放on the phone在电话中   on the way在路上in in all总体in class在课堂上in English用英语in the end最后in bed躺在床上in danger在危险中in time及时地in a minute立刻；马上2）动词和介词的连用arrive at/in到达   get off下车    learn from向……学习    look after照顾look for寻找     think of想到    worry about担心       ask for请求help sb. with sth.帮助某人做某事   listen to听      look at看；注视talk about谈论     shout at对……大声叫喊      thank sb. for为……而感谢某人3）形容词和介词的连用be afraid of害怕     be careful with/about 小心 be interested in对……感兴趣be good at擅长  be good with善于应对   be strict with/about 对……要求严格be late for迟到  be good for对……有利4）其他by +交通工具by bus/train/plane/air/ship/bike       lots of /a lot of许多；大量at least至少         at most至多    at once立即；马上 句子种类（Sentence Types）一、祈使句（Imperative Sentences)①祈使句一般用来表示请求、命令、劝说、号召、警告等。在祈使句中，通常省略第二人称主语you。 肯定式以动词原形开头，否定式在动词原形前加don't。例如：Just go along New Street and turn left.Practice the guitar every day.Don't arrive late for class.Don't fight.②为表示礼貌，祈使句中经常在句前或者句末加please。句末用please时，前面通常加逗号。例如：Please write and tell me about yourself.Please call Karen at 555-8823.Come in, please.③以let开头的句子也是祈使句的一种结构，常用于第一、三人称，表示建议、邀请和劝说等。例如：Let me tell you the way to my house.Let's see the lions.Let him come in. 二、疑问句（Questions）选择疑问句（Alternative Questions）选择疑问句是指说话人提出两种或两种以上情况，问对方选择哪一种，两个选择项用or连接。选择疑问句不能用Yes或No来回答。朗读时or前面部分用升调，后面部分用降调。例如：Is she tall or short? She's tall.Do they have straight hair or curly hair? They have curly hair.Do you usually eat a birthday cake or noodles? I usually eat noodles.What would you like, tea or coffee? I'd like some tea, please.