高中英语高考2 第二讲　定语从句

这是一份高中英语高考2 第二讲　定语从句，共7页。
第二讲　定语从句


【典题试做】　
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, which she opened with her late husband Les.
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)They were well trained by their masters who had great experience with caring for these animals.
3．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that/which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.
4．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government started a soil­testing program that/which gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers—and 2011，fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
5．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both，which is not good for the health.
6．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.

定语从句是近几年高考的考查热点，主要考查：
1．关系代词that, which, who, as以及关系副词when, where的正确使用；
2．“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句时介词或关系代词的选用等。　

【典题试做】　
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)One afternoon where I was in primary school, I was walking by the school playground. where→when
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)In the cafe, customers will enjoy themselves in the historical environment what is created for them. what→that/which
3．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)They also had a small pond which they raised fish. 在which前加介词in或which→where
4．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house. that→which
5．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments. they→that/which

1．关系代词与关系副词的错用；
2．that与which的错用；
3．关系代词或关系副词的缺失或误用。　


关系代词引导的定语从句
1．关系代词及其用法
关系代词
用法
who
用于指人，在从句中作主语或宾语
whom
用于指人，在从句中作宾语，可用who代替；若从句中的介词提到关系代词前，只能用whom直接跟在介词后作宾语，不可用who代替
which
用于指物，在从句中作主语或宾语
that
既可指人又可指物，指人时通常可与who, whom互换，指物时通常可与which互换。在从句中作主语、宾语或表语
whose
表示所属关系，既可指人又可指物，在从句中作定语。指物时相当于of which；指人时相当于of whom
as
引导限制性定语从句，作关系代词，既可指人又可指物，在从句中作主语、宾语、表语。引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为整个主句，意为“正如；像”
2.关系代词的用法区别
关系代词that和which的用法区别
只用that的情况
先行词是all, few, little, much, something, anything,
nothing等不定代词时
先行词被the only, the very, the same, all等修饰时
先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时
先行词既有人又有物时
只用which的情况
引导非限制性定语从句时
关系代词指物，且前有介词时
关系代词as和which的用法区别　
as引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句前、中、后，as常译为“正如……，正像……”。从句的谓语动词多为see, know, expect, say, mention, report等
which引导非限制性定语从句修饰前面整个句子时，只能置于主句后，常译为“这一点，这件事”等，which引导的从句与主句之间常含有并列或因果关系
(2018·北京卷)She and her family bicycle to work, which helps them keep fit.
她和她的家人骑自行车上班，这有助于他们保持健康。
(2017·北京卷)The little problems that we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.　在日常生活中我们遇到的小问题可能是伟大发明的灵感来源。
(2017·天津卷)My eldest son, whose work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.
我的大儿子的工作需要他奔波于世界各地，他现在在纽约。
(重庆卷)We’ll reach the sales targets in a month which/that we set at the beginning of the year.
我们将在一个月内达到年初所定的销售目标。
(江苏卷)The number of smokers, as is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.　正如报道的那样，烟民的数量仅在一年内就已经下降了17%。
■名师点津
(1)whom, which, that在从句中作宾语时可省略；但介词提前时不能省略，也不能用that；
(2)as用在限制性定语从句中时，常用于下列句式：such＋名词＋as(像……一样的，像……之类的)；the same＋名词＋as(和……同样的)。
Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.　像在我们车间使用的机器是中国制造的。

关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词
用法
when
指时间，在从句中作时间状语，相当于“表时间的介词(in，at，on，during等)＋which”
where
指地点，在从句中作地点状语，相当于“表地点的介词(in, at, on, under等)＋which”
why
指原因，在从句中作原因状语，相当于“for＋which”
(天津卷)The days are gone when physical strength was all you needed to make a living.
完全靠体力谋生的时代已经一去不复返了。
(福建卷)Students should involve themselves in community activities where they can gain experience for growth.　学生们应该参与社团活动，在这些活动中他们可以获得成长的经验。
Do you know the reason why he didn’t attend the meeting yesterday? 　你知道他昨天没参加会议的原因吗？
■名师点津
当先行词为situation, case, stage, point等，且关系词在定语从句中作状语时，也要用关系副词where引导。
(2019·天津卷)Their child is at the stage where she can say individual words but not full sentences.　他们的孩子处于能说一些个别的单词但不能说完整句子的阶段。

“介词＋关系代词”结构引导的定语从句
1．“介词＋关系代词”结构引导的定语从句。其中关系代词只能用which和whom，且不能省略。
(安徽卷)Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon which school education depends.
一些专家认为阅读是学校教育所依赖的基本技能。
2．“the＋名词＋of which/whom”结构引导的定语从句。这类定语从句一般为非限制性定语从句，且该结构中的名词和后面的关系代词为所属关系。
(江苏卷)The newly­built café，the walls of which
(＝whose walls) are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, especially after hard work.
这家新建成的咖啡馆的墙被刷成了浅绿色，对我们来说，这真是一个安静的地方，特别是在辛苦工作后。
3．“表示全部或部分的词语＋of which/whom”结构引导的定语从句。常见的表示部分的词或结构有：不定代词(all, both, none, some, most等)；数词(基数词、序数词、百分数、分数、several等)；the＋形容词的比较级/最高级。
(浙江卷)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of which has been proved.　科学家们提出了很多关于人类为什么哭泣时流泪的理论，这些理论尚未得到证实。
(江苏卷)Many young people, most of whom were well­educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.　很多年轻人都去了偏远地区追求自己的梦想，他们中大部分都受过良好的教育。
4．“介词＋which＋名词”结构引导的定语从句。常见的类似结构：
during which time 　　　　 在此期间
at which time 在这时
at which point 在这一时刻
for which reason 由于这个原因
in which case 在这一情况下
(辽宁卷)He may win the competition, in which case he is likely to get into the national team.　他可能会赢得这场比赛，如果这样的话他就可能进入国家队。
■名师点津
“复合介词短语＋which”结构引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开，定语从句常用倒装语序。
He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree.
他住在一所大房子里，房子前面有一棵又大又高的树。

“缺什么，补什么”，准确选用关系词
1．如果先行词指人，且定语从句中缺少主语，限制性定语从句中用who/that，非限制性定语从句中用who。
2．如果先行词指人，且定语从句中缺少宾语，限制性定语从句中用who/that/whom，非限制性定语从句中用whom。
3．如果先行词指物，且定语从句中缺少主语或宾语，限制性定语从句中用which/that，非限制性定语从句中用which。
4．如果先行词指时间或地点，且定语从句中缺少时间状语或地点状语，定语从句中用when/where；如果从句中缺少的是主语或宾语，则用that/which。
5．不论先行词指人还是物，只要关系词在定语从句中作定语就用whose。
6．如果先行词指人，“介词＋关系代词”结构引导的定语从句中的关系词用whom；如果先行词指物，“介词＋关系代词”结构引导的定语从句中的关系词用which。

Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2020·太原期中)In the past few years, more than half of the bookstores in China have closed down, which is the result of the competition with online bookstores.
2．(2020·保定摸底)For instance, in Lima, the capital of Peru, there are more than 50 Chinese medicine clinics, about 70 percent of which were set up by local doctors.
3．(2020·天津河西质量调研)This was returned because the person to whom this letter was addressed had died three years ago.
4．(2020·大连双基测试)The 55­km Hong Kong­Zhuhai­Macao Bridge, which was opened on Oct.24, 2018, connects Guangdong Province with China’s two special administrative regions, Hong Kong and Macao.
5．(2020·陕西汉中一模)Our office wasn’t far from Chinatown, where I found some very good Chinese restaurants.
6．(2020·大庆一中二模)As more and more people own private cars, parking has become a big headache for many car owners, especially for those who live in downtown areas without enough parking spaces.
7．(2020·齐齐哈尔一模)The video, whose length was just 7 seconds, has been viewed more than 19 million times in just two days.
8．(2020·衢州模拟)He decided to go to Stanford because there were many opportunities for people who/that wanted to work in Silicon Valley.
9．(2020·烟台期末)His interest started a few years ago, when he was in college and studying wildlife science.
10．(2020·河北一模)He wrote a letter where he explained what had happened in the accident.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．(2020·福建龙岩质检)This is such a place that all the people across the world are dreaming of visiting. that→as或在visiting后加it
2．(2020·吉林省重点中学联考)One day, I picked up a book, that was about seven habits of highly successful teenagers. that→which
3．(2020·包头二模)It has also been a social center that we can connect with other children and find out activities that are going on. 第一个that→where
4．(2020·咸阳模拟)Later we reached our city’s special education school, which we saw deaf and blind students taught in different methods. which→where或在which前加in
5．(2020·辽南协作体二模)We need to feel all the feelings what make us human. what→that
6．(2020·武汉2月调考)At noon, we play Room Escape, an interesting game what challenged our IQ and teamwork.what→that/which
7．(2020·福州八县一中联考)Besides, we should actively participate in some activities that are related to reading, what we can not only get our knowledge enriched but also gain a lot of pleasure. what→where
8．(2020·西北狼教育联盟联考)There are many people think that wealth is better than health. 在think前加who或think→thinking
9．It is known to all, the Internet is playing an important part in our daily life. It→As
10．Above all, they hosted an American student last year, through that they gained lots of experience. that→which