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人教版 (2019)Unit 4 Natural disasters同步训练题
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这是一份人教版 (2019)Unit 4 Natural disasters同步训练题，共17页。
Unit 4单元话题阅读理解专项练习
(名校最新真题)
（2022·陕西·延安市安塞区高级中学高一期末）The Chicago Fire of 1871 was the worst disaster of the 19th century.
The fire is said to have started one evening in Mrs. O’Leary’s barn (牲口棚) on the West Side of Chicago. Several hours after she milked her cow, it kicked over an oil lamp, and the cow started the fire. We do not know if the story is true, but we do know that the fire began in a barn on the West Side.
The fire spread quickly because of the wooden buildings, a strong wind, and a dry season. The fire lasted 27 hours and spread to all parts of the city. Other cities sent 25 fire companies to help put out the fire. Federal troops (联邦军队) were also used to help fight the fire and keep order, too. At last rain put out the fire.
There was a lot of damage. 90,000 people were homeless, and 18,000 buildings were destroyed. Property damage (财产损失) was almost 200 million dollars. In addition, about 300 people died.
People from all over the world helped Chicago by sending food and clothing. Within a month, 4,000 cottages (小屋) with two rooms had been built. In a few years, Chicago was completely rebuilt.
1．Which parts of the city were hurt by the fire?
A．The West Side. B．The South Side and the East Side.
C．The North Side. D．All sides.
2．How many people lost their lives in the fire?
A．90,000. B．18,000. C．almost 200. D．about 300.
3．People who stayed in Chicago after the fire showed__________ .
A．courage B．fear C．weakness D．laziness
4．What helped to spread and to end the fire?
A．A cow. B．Firemen. C．The weather. D．Carelessness.
（2022·甘肃·民勤县第一中学高一阶段练习）Every year there are hundreds of earthquakes in different parts of the world. In September, 1923, Tokyo and Yokohama were both destroyed by an earthquake and the fires that followed it. They had to be completely rebuilt. One of the most serious earthquakes was in China’s Shaanxi Province in 1556. It killed almost one million people and caused a lot of damage.
We measure an earthquake’s strength on the Richter Scale. The Richter Scale was introduced in 1935 in Southern California in the USA．It measures earthquakes on a scale of one to ten. Any earthquake measuring five or more is usually serious.
The Earths’ crust(地壳)is made up of layers of rock called plates. As these plates move, they sometimes crash against each other, causing the crust to quake. In cities such a Tokyo, where small quakes happen quite often, many modern buildings are designed to be flexible(可变动的), so when the Earth moves, they move with it.
Earthquakes can also break up gas and oil pipes. This can cause fires to break out, which can do as much damages as the earthquake itself.
Another effect of earthquakes is tsunamis(海啸). These are huge waves created by earthquakes beneath the sea. They can be many metres high and cause great damage to coastal towns and cities. Japan, Russia and the USA have the highest occurrence(发生)of earthquakes in the world.
5．The passage is mainly about ______.
A．scientists who study earthquakes. B．the way of measuring earthquakes.
C．a usual natural disaster—earthquakes. D．what people should do in the earthquake.
6．Which of the following statements about the earthquake in Shaanxi Province is NOT true?
A．It happened in 1556. B．It killed almost one million people.
C．In caused a lot of damage. D．It was followed by fires.
7．Why are modern buildings in Tokyo built to be flexible?
A．To prevent the crust from quaking. B．To stop the plates from moving.
C．To measure earthquakes. D．To move with the Earth.
8．According to the passage we know that tsunamis________.
A．can cause earthquakes. B．are caused by earthquakes.
C．only happen on land. D．are a way of measuring earthquakes.
（2021·湖南·华容县教育科学研究室高一期末）Having lived in California until 1970, my family has felt a number of earthquakes. We have been fortunate, however, to have suffered no bodily harm or property (财产) damage.
There is a website that lists all California earthquakes recorded from 1769 to the present. The site lists the dates and times as well as the magnitude (震级) and the exact location of any quake that measured more than 6.0. There are only a few quakes that stand out in my memory and, luckily, none is shown in the website. So, my personal experience with earthquakes might be considered insignificant (微不足道).
There are three earthquakes that are difficult to forget. The first one was in 1955 and our oldest daughter was walking with me in our backyard in Redwood City in California. As the shaking became stronger I held her to me with one arm as I held on to one of our fruit trees with the other. All three of us (my daughter, I and the tree) shook for two or three minutes that to us felt like hours.
The second one was in 1963. Our entire family was visiting Disneyland in Southern California. The earth started to shake just as we were beginning to walk from our hotel toward the famous landmark.
My third experience with an earthquake was a lonely one in California. It was in my sixties and I was alone in an old church. As the building started to shake, I quickly headed for the door to go outside. I remember I said a little prayer-something like, “Help me get out of here in time, Dear Heavenly Father”．Minutes later, I was safe outside.
9．The author writes the passage mainly to tell us about________.
A．a new film about an earthquake B．how to survive an earthquake
C．his three earthquake experiences D．how to save children in an earthquake
10．The earthquakes the author has experienced________.
A．all caused bodily harm B．are all recorded in a website
C．all measured more than 6.0 D．all happened in California
11．When the first earthquake happened, the author________.
A．was staying with his daughter B．was planting fruit trees
C．was working D．was in a hotel
12．What does the underlined part “the famous landmark” refer to?
A．A church. B．Disneyland.
C．A building destroyed by an earthquake. D．The place where the author was born.
（2022·辽宁·高一期末）Air-crash investigators (空难调查员) Larry Vance and Anthony Brickhouse have details from certain jobs rooted in their memories. They could tell exact dates, locations, and fight numbers effortlessly Vance’s “big one” is Swiss Air Flight 11 in 1998. He was put in the position of dealing with all the families from very early on, many of whom held the hope that their relatives could have survived. All 229 passengers and crew died. Burning fabric; burning flesh. The smell catches in your throat, and stays in your mind long after you’ve left the scene. Investigations can take anywhere from days to years.
What can affect people in these jobs is the ongoing emotional damage, said Vivien Lee, a psychologist. But mental health assistance is often lacking within the industry. Evidence suggests that investigators, like first responders, can suffer from negative emotional effects, including frequent thoughts and PTSD (创伤后应激障碍) .
“One emotion of losing relatives is anger,” Brickhouse reflected. “And they’re looking to you to figure out what happened to their loved ones.” Depending on the size of the crash, that anger can come alongside a lot of international media attention.
But more often, Vance said, the questions he faces are perhaps even tougher to answer than what caused the crash. “How did my loved one die? What were they feeling? What were they seeing?” And tougher still: “Were they suffering?”
Listening to the black box recordings takes an emotional damage. He said it was more unbearable by knowing that he’s listening to the final minutes of someone’s life. Some people in his industry listen to a black box recording once and choose to never do it again, he said.
The knowledge that they’re doing an essential job can make the tougher aspects of the work a little easier. “The end result of your work is that you try to make the world a safer place, so that this doesn’t happen to somebody else,” Vance said.
13．What can be inferred about the air-crash investigators?
A．They often get throat problems. B．They must have good memories.
C．They experienced the same accident. D．They have to deal with many difficulties.
14．What should be done to help the air-crash investigators?
A．Helping them avoid air crashes. B．Sending first respondents with them.
C．Offering qualified psychologists. D．Teaching them how to communicate.
15．What is the most difficult part in Vance’s job?
A．Finding the black box. B．Answering the questions.
C．Smelling the burning things. D．Investigating the cause of the crash.
16．Which word can be used to describe the air-crash investigators?
A．Generous. B．Easy-going. C．Self-giving. D．Independent.
（2022·青海西宁·高一期末）A 6.2-magnitude earthquake hit the Northern California coast on Monday, bringing significant shaking but likely slight damage to the less-populated area.
The earthquake occurred just after noon and was centered off the coast about 337 kilometers northwest of San Francisco, just off a tiny town called Petrolia that’s home to fewer than 1,000 people. The nearest population center, Eureka, is about 72 kilometers north. That left only about 25,000 people in the range of strong or very strong shaking, according to the US Geological Survey (USGS), though residents as far away as Sacramento and the San Francisco Bay Area reported feeling trembling.
The Humboldt County Sheriff’s office of emergency services closed a few roads. The USGs said the earthquake caused losses about less than $ 10 million and no deaths had been reported. The area last suffered an earthquake of a similar magnitude in 1993, when one person died.
“The shaking lasted for about 20 seconds. Glass bottles fell off the shelves at the store, breaking into pieces on the floor, but no one was hurt,” Petrolia General Store manager Jane Dexter said. “It was bigger than anything I’ve felt in my life, ” she added.
California’s Office of Emergency Services (OES) said 2,500 people were told about the earthquake before shaking began through the state’s early warning system called My Shake. “It is a very useful tool to announce warning tips. It saved us indeed. Yet, we still have to remain very careful...as large aftershocks (余震) will occur along the North Coast over the next few days, ” OES Director Mark Ghilarducci said in a statement.
17．What can we learn about the earthquake on Monday?
A．It occurred on the Northern California coast.
B．It brought significant damage to the area.
C．It caused strong shaking in the whole nation.
D．It destroyed a small town completely.
18．What can we infer from Jane Dexter’s words?
A．The store had to be rebuilt.
B．She never felt such a big earthquake.
C．Some workers got badly injured.
D．No one would go shopping at the store.
19．What is Mark Ghilarducci’s advice for people in California?
A．Unloading the warning system.
B．Keeping staying in shelters.
C．Working from home over the next few days.
D．Watching out for the aftershocks.
20．Where is this text most likely from?
A．A weather forecast. B．A lab report.
C．A news report. D．A travel guide.
（2022·四川广安·高一期末）For decades, climate scientists have named hurricanes and ranked them according to the damage. “Naming and categorizing (把……归类) heat waves is also a must,” states a newly formed international union, called the Extreme Heat Resilience Alliance. “Hurricanes get attention because they cause obvious physical damage,” says Jennifer Marlon, a climate scientist at Yale University. Heat waves, however, have less evident effects, since the primary damage is to human health.
Heat waves kill more people in the United States than any other weather-related disaster. Data from the National Weather Service show that from 1986 to 2019, there were 4,257 deaths as a result of heat. By comparison, there were fewer deaths by floods (2,907), tornadoes (2,203) or hurricanes (1,405) over the same period. What’s more, climate change is increasing the possibility of high temperature events worldwide, getting tens of thousands of people dying each year because of heat.
Some populations are particularly easily harmed by high heat, including people over 65 and those with potential medical conditions. Historical racial discrimination also puts minority communities at higher risk. Due to housing policies, they are more likely to live in urban areas, heat islands which lack green spaces that help cool down neighborhoods.
Part of the naming and ranking process will include defining exactly what a heat wave is. No single definition currently exists. Without a universally accepted definition of a heat wave, “We don’t have a common understanding of the danger we face,” says Aaron Bernstein, an expert of the new group. “Defined categories for heat waves could help local officials better prepare to deal with potential health problems in the face of rising temperatures. And naming and categorizing heat waves could increase public awareness of the health risks caused by these silent killers.”
The union is having conversations with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the World Meteorological Organization and other institutions to develop a standard naming and ranking practice.
21．What do we know about the heat wave in America?
A．It causes most serious physical damage.
B．It has got more attention in recent years.
C．It kills more people than other natural disasters.
D．It is the biggest killer among weather-related disasters.
22．Why are minority populations easily harmed by heat waves?
A．They live in poorly-built houses. B．They lack good medical resources.
C．They have less access to green spaces. D．They are limited in their movements.
23．What is the author’s attitude towards the expert mentioned in Paragraph 4?
A．Supportive. B．Negative.
C．Conservative (保守的) D．Objective.
24．What does the text intend to tell us about heat waves?
A．They also kill lives like hurricanes. B．They should have names like hurricanes.
C．Climate change is affecting them greatly. D．Measures should be taken to prevent them.
（2022·四川遂宁·高一期末）Do you know how to prepare for and survive a major earthquake? According to Department of Conservation scientists, it is important to have the right answer to that question.
How to Be Prepared
Electricity, water, gas (煤气) and telephones may not be working after an earthquake. The police and fire departments are likely to be tied up. You should be prepared to fend for yourself for at least three days, preferably for a week. You’ll need food, water and so on. It’s also a good idea to decide ahead of time how and where your family will reunite if separated during a quake. You might choose an outofthearea friend or relative that family members can call to check on you.
If you’re indoors, stay there. Get under a desk or table. The kitchen is a particularly dangerous spot. If you’re in an office building, stay away from windows and outside walls and do not use the elevator. If you’re outside, get into the open. Stay clear of buildings, power lines or anything else that could fall on you. If you’re driving, move the car out of traffic and stop. Avoid parking under or on bridges or overpasses.
After an Earthquake
Check for fire. If you smell gas, shut off the main gas valve(阀). If there’s sign of damage to electrical wiring, shut off the power at the control box. If the phone is working, only use it in case of emergency (紧急情况). Avoid driving if possible to keep the streets clear for emergency vehicles. Be careful that things may fall out of cupboards when the door is opened, and also that chimneys can be weakened and fall with just a touch. Listen to the radio for important information and instructions. Remember that aftershocks, sometimes large enough to cause damage in their own right, generally follow large quakes. If you leave home, leave a message telling your friends and family your location.
25．The underlined phrase “fend for” in the second paragraph probably means “_______”．
A．look for B．take care of
C．be proud of D．think of
26．What should you do when an earthquake happens?
A．You should stay away from the kitchen.
B．You should drive on a bridge.
C．You should turn off the power.
D．You should listen to the radio frequently.
27．According to the passage, why doesn’t the author advise driving after an earthquake?
A．Because it is dangerous to drive as there will be aftershocks.
B．Because your car will be easily damaged in the streets full of blocks.
C．Because you should make way for emergency vehicles.
D．Because you can’t find a place to park your car.
28．What will probably happen after a big earthquake?
A．The local people’s life will return to normal in a week.
B．There will be more earthquakes occurring.
C．There won’t be any earthquakes in a short time.
D．The local people will stay at home waiting for help.
（2022·安徽宣城·高一期末）Rivers are very important. Humans rely on them for food and water. But rivers can destroy things, too. They can flood, or rise over their banks, making the water run into the nearby land. Floods can also kill humans and wildlife. However, floods are not always bad. Some ecosystems need them every once in a while.
Flooding can not only drown animals but also destroy habitats. For example, a flood in India in 2012 killed many one－horned rhinos. Flood waters can pick up dirt from riverbanks, which makes the water dirty. Too much dirt will clog rivers and streams, preventing the river from flowing. Sometimes flood waters can carry pollution to the sea and harm marine life. In addition, flood waters can carry disease, including hepatitis A and cholera.
However, not everything about floods is bad. Sometimes they bring new life to ecosystems. Flood waters carry nutrients to the nearby land. Over time, the water dries up and leaves behind particles (微粒) of dirt and mud. The particles are called sediment(沉淀物) which can be good due to its ability to improve the dirt and helps plants grow. Floods are important to some animals as well. For instance, some animals see floods as a sign that it is time to mate or migrate. Floods leave sediment on river beds where baby fish can grow and carry nutrients for small animals in the water to eat. Moreover, in dry seasons, water might dry up, but floods help refill the wetlands, keeping the ecosystem going.
Floods are a part of nature. They can destroy living things and the environment. But some ecosystems need floods to survive.
29．What’s the possible meaning of the underlined word “clog” in paragraph 2?
A．become B．pollute C．block D．develop
30．How do floods help ecosystems?
A．Nutrients carried by floods can make soil richer.
B．Floods make all the animals migrate more easily.
C．Tiny fish going with floods feed some animals.
D．Floods can improve the dirt and help plants grow.
31．What’s the main idea of paragraph 3?
A．The way in which floods feed animals. B．The benefits of floods to ecosystems.
C．An effective means of improving soil. D．The reason for people’s appreciating floods.
32．What’s the best title of this article?
A．The Many Effects of Flooding. B．The Secret of Flooding.
C．Floods－Not Everything Is So Bad. D．Floods－a Part of Nature.
参考答案：
1．D2．D3．A4．C
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了1871年的芝加哥大火是19世纪最严重的灾难。
1．细节理解题。根据第三段中“The fire lasted 27 hours and spread to all parts of the city.”（大火持续了27个小时，蔓延到城市的所有地方。）可知，城市的各个地方都被大火烧毁了。故选D项。
2．细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句“In addition, about 300 people died.”（此外，大约300人死亡。）可知，大约300人在火灾中丧生。故选D项。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“People from all over the world helped Chicago by sending food and clothing. Within a month, 4,000 cottages with two rooms had been built. In a few years, Chicago was completely rebuilt.”（来自世界各地的人们给芝加哥送去食物和衣服。不到一个月，就建成了4000间两室的小屋。几年后，芝加哥完全重建了。）故可推知，火灾发生后留在芝加哥的人们表现出了勇气。故选A项。
4．细节理解题。根据第三段中“The fire spread quickly because of the wooden buildings, a strong wind, and a dry season.”（由于木制建筑、强风和干燥的季节，火势迅速蔓延。）以及“At last rain put out the fire.”（最后雨把火扑灭了。）可知，是天气帮助火势蔓延并结束了火势。故选C项。
5．C6．D7．D8．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了每年世界都会发生数百次的地震，有些造成了严重的破坏和损失。地震不仅会破坏天然气和石油管道，带来火灾，而且还可能引发海啸，造成巨大的破坏。而人们是通过里氏震级来衡量地震强度的。
5．主旨大意题。根据第一段的“Every year there are hundreds of earthquakes in different parts of the world.(每年在世界不同的地方都会发生数百次地震。)”以及第二段的“We measure an earthquake’s strength on the Richter Scale.(我们用里氏震级来测量地震的强度。)”以及第三段的“The Earths’ crust(地壳)is made up of layers of rock called plates. As these plates move, they sometimes crash against each other, causing the crust to quake.(地壳由称为板块的岩石层组成。当这些板块移动时，它们有时会相互碰撞，导致地壳震动。)”以及第四段“Earthquakes can also break up gas and oil pipes. This can cause fires to break out, which can do as much damages as the earthquake itself.(地震也会破坏天然气和石油管道。这可能导致火灾的发生，其破坏力不亚于地震本身。)”以及第五段的“Another effect of earthquakes is tsunamis(海啸).(地震的另一个影响是海啸。)”可知，文章介绍了世界每年常发生的地震以及其形成过程、带来的破坏和影响等等，因此可知本文主要介绍地震这种常见的自然灾害。故选C项。
6．细节理解题。根据第一段的“One of the most serious earthquakes was in China’s Shaanxi Province in 1556. It killed almost one million people and caused a lot of damage.(最严重的地震之一发生在1556年的中国陕西省。它夺去了近一百万人的生命，造成了巨大的损失。)”可知，1556年发生在中国陕西省的地震是最严重的地震之一，使近一百万人丧命，带来了巨大的损失，但是文中并没有提到说带来火灾，因此D项“It was followed by fires.(随之而来的是火灾。)”不符合原文语意。故选D项。
7．细节理解题。根据第三段的“In cities such a Tokyo, where small quakes happen quite often, many modern buildings are designed to be flexible(可变动的), so when the Earth moves, they move with it.(在像东京这样经常发生小地震的城市，许多现代建筑被设计成可变动的，所以当地球移动时，它们也会跟着移动。)”可知，因为东京经常发生地震，所以其许多建筑物被建成很可变动的，这样如果发生地震，它们可以随着地球震动而移动，就可以减轻地震带来的破坏，因此可知，其建筑物设计的目的就是随地球而动。故选D项。
8．细节理解题。根据最后一段的“Another effect of earthquakes is tsunamis(海啸). These are huge waves created by earthquakes beneath the sea.(地震的另一个影响是海啸。这些是海底地震产生的巨浪。)”可知，地震也会造成海啸，尤其当海底爆发地震时，就会产生巨浪，而这些巨浪就是我们所了解的海啸。故选B项。
9．C10．D11．A12．B
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。作者讲述了自己在加州所经历的三次地震的情况。
9．主旨大意题。根据第三段第一句“There are three earthquakes that are difficult to forget. The first one was in 1955 and our oldest daughter was walking with me in our backyard in Redwood City in California.”（有三次地震让人难以忘怀。第一次是在1955年，我们的大女儿和我一起在加州雷德伍德市我们家的后院散步。）；根据第四段第一句“The second one was in 1963.”（第二次是在1963年。）；根据第五段第一句“My third experience with an earthquake was a lonely one in California.”（我的第三次地震经历是独自一人在加利福尼亚的一次地震。）可知，作者主要向读者介绍了自己所经历的三次地震的情况。故选C项。
10．细节理解题。根据第三段第一句和第二句“There are three earthquakes that are difficult to forget. The first one was in 1955 and our oldest daughter was walking with me in our backyard in Redwood City in California.”（有三次地震让人难以忘怀。第一次是在1955年，我们的大女儿和我一起在加州雷德伍德市我们家的后院散步。）；根据第四段第一句和第二句“The second one was in 1963. Our entire family was visiting Disneyland in Southern California.”（第二次是在1963年。我们全家去了南加州的迪士尼乐园。）；根据第五段第一句“My third experience with an earthquake was a lonely one in California.”（我的第三次地震经历是独自一人在加利福尼亚的一次地震。）可知，三次地震都发生在加利福尼亚。故选D项。
11．细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“ The first one was in 1955 and our oldest daughter was walking with me in our backyard in Redwood City in California.”（第一次是在1955年，我们的大女儿和我一起在加州雷德伍德市我们家的后院散步。）由此可知，第一次地震发生时，作者和女儿待在一起。故选A项。
12．词句猜测题。根据第四段第二句“Our entire family was visiting Disneyland in Southern California. Our entire family was visiting Disneyland in Southern California. The earth started to shake just as we were beginning to walk from our hotel toward the famous landmark.” （我们全家都去了南加州的迪士尼乐园。就在我们正要从旅馆走向the famous landmark的时候，大地开始摇晃起来）可知，作者和家人去的是迪士尼乐园。因此“the famous landmark”是指Disneyland。故选B项。
13．D14．C15．B16．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了空难调查人员的工作内容和他们所面临的困境。
【详解】1.推理判断题。根据文章第一段第三句“He was put in the position of dealing with all the families from very early on, many of whom held the hope that their relatives could have survived.(他从一开始就被置于与所有家庭打交道的境地，这些家庭中的许多人都希望自己的亲人能够活下来)”及第六句“The smell catches in your throat, and stays in your mind long after you've left the scene.(这种气味会哽在你的喉咙里，在你离开现场很久之后还会留在你的脑海里)”可知，空难调查员从一开始就被置于与所有家庭打交道的位置上，这些家庭中的许多人都抱着亲人生还的希望；空难现场的气味在你的喉咙里卡住，即使你离开现场，也会在你的脑海里停留很长时间。由此推知，空难调查员的工作要承受生理和心理的压力。故选D项。
2.细节理解题。根据文章第二段第二句“But mental health assistance is often lacking within the industry.(但该行业往往缺乏心理健康援助)”可知，空难调查员行业往往缺乏心理健康援助，他们要承受持续的情感伤害，即他们需要的是专业的心理医生。故选C项。
3.细节理解题。根据文章第四段的句子“...the questions he faces are perhaps even tougher to answer than what caused the crash.(他面临的问题可能比坠机原因更难回答)”和这些问题“How did my loved one die? What were they felling? What were they seeing?(我的爱人是怎么死的?他们的感觉是什么?他们看到了什么?)”，“Were they suffering?(他们受苦了吗?)”可知，更多的时候，Vance面临的问题可能比引发危机的原因更难以回答。故选B项。
4.推理判断题。根据文章第五段第二句“Some people in his industry listen to a black box recording once and choose to never do it again, he said.(他说，在他的行业里，有些人只听过一次黑匣子录音，就选择再也不听了)”及最后一段最后一句“The end result of your work is that you try to make the world a safer place, so that this doesn't happen to somebody else.(你工作的最终结果是让世界变得更安全，这样这种事就不会发生在其他人身上)”可知，当空难调查员知道自己在聆听某人生命的最后几分钟时，这项事业变得更加难以忍受，但是他们试图让世界变得更安全，这样空难就不会发生在其他人身上，因此他们依然坚持这项困难的工作。由此推知，他们是无私的。故选C项。
17．A
18．B
19．D
20．C
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。主要报道了周一在北加州海岸发生了一场6.2级地震，造成了严重的震动，可能对这个人口较少的地区造成轻微损害。
17．细节理解题。根据第一段“A 6.2-magnitude earthquake hit the Northern California coast on Monday, bringing significant shaking but likely slight damage to the less-populated area. (周一，一场6.2级地震袭击了北加州海岸，造成了严重的震动，但可能对这个人口较少的地区造成轻微损害。)”可知，这场地震发生在北加州海岸。故选A。
18．推理判断题。根据文章第四段““The shaking lasted for about 20 seconds. Glass bottles fell off the shelves at the store, breaking into pieces on the floor, but no one was hurt,” Petrolia General Store manager Jane Dexter said. “It was bigger than anything I’ve felt in my life, ” she added.(地震持续了大约20秒。Petrolia百货商店经理Jane Dexter说：“玻璃瓶从商店的货架上掉下来，在地板上摔成了碎片，但没有人受伤。”她补充说：“这是我一生中从未有过的感觉。”)”可在，Jane Dexter从未经历过这么严重的地震。故选B。
19．细节理解题。根据最后一段““It is a very useful tool to announce warning tips. It saved us indeed. Yet, we still have to remain very careful… as large aftershocks (余震) will occur along the North Coast over the next few days, ” OES Director Mark Ghilarducci said in a statement.(“这是一个非常有用的系统来宣布警告提示。它确实拯救了我们。然而，我们仍然必须非常小心……因为未来几天北海岸沿线将发生大余震。”OES主任Mark Ghilarducci在一份声明中说。)”可知，Mark Ghilarducci建议人们小心余震。故选D。
20．推理判断题。根据第一段“A 6.2-magnitude earthquake hit the Northern California coast on Monday, bringing significant shaking but likely slight damage to the less-populated area. (周一，一场6.2级地震袭击了北加州海岸，造成了严重的震动，但可能对这个人口较少的地区造成轻微损害。)”可知，文章在第一段就言简意赅地说明了文章主要内容；第二段详细介绍了地震发生的地区，第四段还有人物采访。这是很典型的新闻报道。故选C。
21．D
22．C
23．A
24．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了有关组织和科学家表示，高温应该像飓风一样进行命名，也介绍了高温所带来的危害和对高温进行命名和分类会带来的好处。
21．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Heat waves kill more people in the United States than any other weather-related disaster.(在美国，热浪造成的死亡人数比其他任何与天气有关的灾难都要多)”可知，在美国，热浪是与天气有关的灾害中最大的杀手。故选D。
22．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Historical racial discrimination also puts minority communities at higher risk. Due to housing policies, they are more likely to live in urban areas, heat islands which lack green spaces that help cool down neighborhoods.(历史上的种族歧视也使少数族裔社区面临更高的风险。由于住房政策的原因，他们更有可能生活在城市地区，这些热岛地区缺乏有助于冷却社区的绿地。)”可知，少数民族容易受到高温的伤害因为他们很少接触绿色空间。故选C。
23．推理判断题。根据第四段“Part of the naming and ranking process will include defining exactly what a heat wave is. No single definition currently exists. Without a universally accepted definition of a heat wave, “We don’t have a common understanding of the danger we face,” says Aaron Bernstein, an expert of the new group. “Defined categories for heat waves could help local officials better prepare to deal with potential health problems in the face of rising temperatures. And naming and categorizing heat waves could increase public awareness of the health risks caused by these silent killers.””(命名和排名过程的一部分将包括准确定义什么是热浪。目前还不存在单一的定义。没有一个普遍接受的热浪的定义，“我们对我们面临的危险没有一个共同的理解，”新小组的专家Aaron Bernstein说。“确定热浪类别可以帮助当地官员在气温上升的情况下更好地准备应对潜在的健康问题。对热浪进行命名和分类可以提高公众对这些无声杀手造成的健康风险的意识。”)”可知，作者认为高温应该进行命名和排名，所以对第四段中提到的专家的态度是支持的。故选A。
24．推理判断题。根据第一段“For decades, climate scientists have named hurricanes and ranked them according to the damage. “Naming and categorizing（把……归类）heat waves is also a must,” states a newly formed international union, called the Extreme Heat Resilience Alliance. “Hurricanes get attention because they cause obvious physical damage,” says Jennifer Marlon, a climate scientist at Yale University. Heat waves, however, have less evident effects, since the primary damage is to human health.(几十年来，气候科学家们一直根据破坏程度给飓风命名并排序。“对热浪进行命名和分类也是必须的，”一个新成立的国际联盟极端抗热能力联盟（Extreme heat Resilience Alliance）表示。耶鲁大学气候科学家詹妮弗·马龙说:“飓风之所以受到关注，是因为它们造成了明显的物理损害。”然而，热浪的影响不太明显，因为它的主要损害是人体健康。)”并结合文章主要说明了有组织和科学家表示，高温应该像飓风一样进行命名，高温所带来的危害和对高温进行命名和分类会带来的好处可知，这篇文章想告诉我们高温应该像飓风一样有名字。故选B。
25．B
26．A
27．C
28．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲了在地震发生前如何做准备；地震发生时以及地震发生后应该采取什么措施。
25．词义猜测题。根据第二自然段“You’ll need food, water and so on.(你需要食物、水等等。)”可知，你需要食物和水等来照顾好自己，由此可知，划线短语所在句子的意思是“照顾” A. look for寻找；B. take care of照顾；C. be proud of以……为自豪；D. think of考虑。故选B。
26．细节理解题。根据第三自然段“If you’re indoors, stay there. Get under a desk or table. The kitchen is a particularly dangerous spot.(如果你在室内，就呆在那里。躲到桌子下面。厨房是一个特别危险的地方。)”可知，地震发生时，要远离厨房。故选A。
27．细节理解题。根据第四自然段“Avoid driving if possible to keep the streets clear for emergency vehicles.(尽可能避免驾驶，以保持街道畅通，以便紧急救援车辆通行。)”可知，作者不建议在地震发生后开车是因为你应该给应急车辆让路。故选C。
28．细节理解题。根据第四自然段“Remember that aftershocks, sometimes large enough to cause damage in their own right, generally follow large quakes.(请记住，余震通常是在大地震之后发生的，有时余震本身就足以造成损害。)”可知，在大地震后将会有更多的地震发生。故选B。
29．C
30．A
31．B
32．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了作为大自然的一部分，洪水对于生态系统既有好处也有坏处。
29．词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“Flood waters can pick up dirt from riverbanks, which makes the water dirty.(洪水会从河岸上吸收泥土，从而使水变脏。)”以及“Too much dirt will clog rivers and streams, preventing the river from flowing.(太多的泥土会clog河流和溪流，阻止河水流淌。)”可知，洪水会沿途吸收泥土，而太多的泥土会堵塞河道，以至于河水流淌出现困难。由此可推测此处的clog的意思应该是“堵塞”。故选C项。
30．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“However, not everything about floods is bad. Sometimes they bring new life to ecosystems. Flood waters carry nutrients to the nearby land. Over time, the water dries up and leaves behind particles (微粒) of dirt and mud. The particles are called sediment(沉淀物) which can be good due to its ability to improve the dirt and helps plants grow.(然而，洪水并非一无是处。有时它们会给生态系统带来新的生命。洪水把营养物质带到附近的土地上。随着时间的推移，水会干涸，留下灰尘和泥土的颗粒。这些颗粒被称为沉积物，它可以很好地改善土壤，帮助植物生长。)”可知，洪水沿途所携带的营养物质可以使土壤更丰富，从而更好地帮助生态系统。故选A项。
31．主旨大意题。根据文章第三段“However, not everything about floods is bad. Sometimes they bring new life to ecosystems.(然而，洪水并非一无是处。有时它们会给生态系统带来新的生命。)”以及“Floods are important to some animals as well.(洪水对一些动物也很重要。)”以及“Moreover, in dry seasons, water might dry up, but floods help refill the wetlands, keeping the ecosystem going.(此外，在旱季，水可能会干涸，但洪水有助于为湿地补充水分，保持生态系统继续运转。)”可知文章第三段主要讲的是洪水对于生态系统的好处。故选B项。
32．主旨大意题。通读全文可以看到文章前两段主要讲洪水对于生态系统的不利的方面，第三段主要讲洪水对于生态系统的益处，文章最后一段“Floods are a part of nature. They can destroy living things and the environment. But some ecosystems need floods to survive.(洪水是自然的一部分。它们可以破坏生物和环境。但一些生态系统需要洪水才能生存下来。)”总结全文，点明主题——洪水是大自然的一部分。所以“洪水是大自然的一部分”作为标题最合适。故选D项。
Unit 4单元话题阅读理解专项练习
(名校最新真题)
（2022·陕西·延安市安塞区高级中学高一期末）The Chicago Fire of 1871 was the worst disaster of the 19th century.
The fire is said to have started one evening in Mrs. O’Leary’s barn (牲口棚) on the West Side of Chicago. Several hours after she milked her cow, it kicked over an oil lamp, and the cow started the fire. We do not know if the story is true, but we do know that the fire began in a barn on the West Side.
The fire spread quickly because of the wooden buildings, a strong wind, and a dry season. The fire lasted 27 hours and spread to all parts of the city. Other cities sent 25 fire companies to help put out the fire. Federal troops (联邦军队) were also used to help fight the fire and keep order, too. At last rain put out the fire.
There was a lot of damage. 90,000 people were homeless, and 18,000 buildings were destroyed. Property damage (财产损失) was almost 200 million dollars. In addition, about 300 people died.
People from all over the world helped Chicago by sending food and clothing. Within a month, 4,000 cottages (小屋) with two rooms had been built. In a few years, Chicago was completely rebuilt.
1．Which parts of the city were hurt by the fire?
A．The West Side. B．The South Side and the East Side.
C．The North Side. D．All sides.
2．How many people lost their lives in the fire?
A．90,000. B．18,000. C．almost 200. D．about 300.
3．People who stayed in Chicago after the fire showed__________ .
A．courage B．fear C．weakness D．laziness
4．What helped to spread and to end the fire?
A．A cow. B．Firemen. C．The weather. D．Carelessness.
（2022·甘肃·民勤县第一中学高一阶段练习）Every year there are hundreds of earthquakes in different parts of the world. In September, 1923, Tokyo and Yokohama were both destroyed by an earthquake and the fires that followed it. They had to be completely rebuilt. One of the most serious earthquakes was in China’s Shaanxi Province in 1556. It killed almost one million people and caused a lot of damage.
We measure an earthquake’s strength on the Richter Scale. The Richter Scale was introduced in 1935 in Southern California in the USA．It measures earthquakes on a scale of one to ten. Any earthquake measuring five or more is usually serious.
The Earths’ crust(地壳)is made up of layers of rock called plates. As these plates move, they sometimes crash against each other, causing the crust to quake. In cities such a Tokyo, where small quakes happen quite often, many modern buildings are designed to be flexible(可变动的), so when the Earth moves, they move with it.
Earthquakes can also break up gas and oil pipes. This can cause fires to break out, which can do as much damages as the earthquake itself.
Another effect of earthquakes is tsunamis(海啸). These are huge waves created by earthquakes beneath the sea. They can be many metres high and cause great damage to coastal towns and cities. Japan, Russia and the USA have the highest occurrence(发生)of earthquakes in the world.
5．The passage is mainly about ______.
A．scientists who study earthquakes. B．the way of measuring earthquakes.
C．a usual natural disaster—earthquakes. D．what people should do in the earthquake.
6．Which of the following statements about the earthquake in Shaanxi Province is NOT true?
A．It happened in 1556. B．It killed almost one million people.
C．In caused a lot of damage. D．It was followed by fires.
7．Why are modern buildings in Tokyo built to be flexible?
A．To prevent the crust from quaking. B．To stop the plates from moving.
C．To measure earthquakes. D．To move with the Earth.
8．According to the passage we know that tsunamis________.
A．can cause earthquakes. B．are caused by earthquakes.
C．only happen on land. D．are a way of measuring earthquakes.
（2021·湖南·华容县教育科学研究室高一期末）Having lived in California until 1970, my family has felt a number of earthquakes. We have been fortunate, however, to have suffered no bodily harm or property (财产) damage.
There is a website that lists all California earthquakes recorded from 1769 to the present. The site lists the dates and times as well as the magnitude (震级) and the exact location of any quake that measured more than 6.0. There are only a few quakes that stand out in my memory and, luckily, none is shown in the website. So, my personal experience with earthquakes might be considered insignificant (微不足道).
There are three earthquakes that are difficult to forget. The first one was in 1955 and our oldest daughter was walking with me in our backyard in Redwood City in California. As the shaking became stronger I held her to me with one arm as I held on to one of our fruit trees with the other. All three of us (my daughter, I and the tree) shook for two or three minutes that to us felt like hours.
The second one was in 1963. Our entire family was visiting Disneyland in Southern California. The earth started to shake just as we were beginning to walk from our hotel toward the famous landmark.
My third experience with an earthquake was a lonely one in California. It was in my sixties and I was alone in an old church. As the building started to shake, I quickly headed for the door to go outside. I remember I said a little prayer-something like, “Help me get out of here in time, Dear Heavenly Father”．Minutes later, I was safe outside.
9．The author writes the passage mainly to tell us about________.
A．a new film about an earthquake B．how to survive an earthquake
C．his three earthquake experiences D．how to save children in an earthquake
10．The earthquakes the author has experienced________.
A．all caused bodily harm B．are all recorded in a website
C．all measured more than 6.0 D．all happened in California
11．When the first earthquake happened, the author________.
A．was staying with his daughter B．was planting fruit trees
C．was working D．was in a hotel
12．What does the underlined part “the famous landmark” refer to?
A．A church. B．Disneyland.
C．A building destroyed by an earthquake. D．The place where the author was born.
（2022·辽宁·高一期末）Air-crash investigators (空难调查员) Larry Vance and Anthony Brickhouse have details from certain jobs rooted in their memories. They could tell exact dates, locations, and fight numbers effortlessly Vance’s “big one” is Swiss Air Flight 11 in 1998. He was put in the position of dealing with all the families from very early on, many of whom held the hope that their relatives could have survived. All 229 passengers and crew died. Burning fabric; burning flesh. The smell catches in your throat, and stays in your mind long after you’ve left the scene. Investigations can take anywhere from days to years.
What can affect people in these jobs is the ongoing emotional damage, said Vivien Lee, a psychologist. But mental health assistance is often lacking within the industry. Evidence suggests that investigators, like first responders, can suffer from negative emotional effects, including frequent thoughts and PTSD (创伤后应激障碍) .
“One emotion of losing relatives is anger,” Brickhouse reflected. “And they’re looking to you to figure out what happened to their loved ones.” Depending on the size of the crash, that anger can come alongside a lot of international media attention.
But more often, Vance said, the questions he faces are perhaps even tougher to answer than what caused the crash. “How did my loved one die? What were they feeling? What were they seeing?” And tougher still: “Were they suffering?”
Listening to the black box recordings takes an emotional damage. He said it was more unbearable by knowing that he’s listening to the final minutes of someone’s life. Some people in his industry listen to a black box recording once and choose to never do it again, he said.
The knowledge that they’re doing an essential job can make the tougher aspects of the work a little easier. “The end result of your work is that you try to make the world a safer place, so that this doesn’t happen to somebody else,” Vance said.
13．What can be inferred about the air-crash investigators?
A．They often get throat problems. B．They must have good memories.
C．They experienced the same accident. D．They have to deal with many difficulties.
14．What should be done to help the air-crash investigators?
A．Helping them avoid air crashes. B．Sending first respondents with them.
C．Offering qualified psychologists. D．Teaching them how to communicate.
15．What is the most difficult part in Vance’s job?
A．Finding the black box. B．Answering the questions.
C．Smelling the burning things. D．Investigating the cause of the crash.
16．Which word can be used to describe the air-crash investigators?
A．Generous. B．Easy-going. C．Self-giving. D．Independent.
（2022·青海西宁·高一期末）A 6.2-magnitude earthquake hit the Northern California coast on Monday, bringing significant shaking but likely slight damage to the less-populated area.
The earthquake occurred just after noon and was centered off the coast about 337 kilometers northwest of San Francisco, just off a tiny town called Petrolia that’s home to fewer than 1,000 people. The nearest population center, Eureka, is about 72 kilometers north. That left only about 25,000 people in the range of strong or very strong shaking, according to the US Geological Survey (USGS), though residents as far away as Sacramento and the San Francisco Bay Area reported feeling trembling.
The Humboldt County Sheriff’s office of emergency services closed a few roads. The USGs said the earthquake caused losses about less than $ 10 million and no deaths had been reported. The area last suffered an earthquake of a similar magnitude in 1993, when one person died.
“The shaking lasted for about 20 seconds. Glass bottles fell off the shelves at the store, breaking into pieces on the floor, but no one was hurt,” Petrolia General Store manager Jane Dexter said. “It was bigger than anything I’ve felt in my life, ” she added.
California’s Office of Emergency Services (OES) said 2,500 people were told about the earthquake before shaking began through the state’s early warning system called My Shake. “It is a very useful tool to announce warning tips. It saved us indeed. Yet, we still have to remain very careful...as large aftershocks (余震) will occur along the North Coast over the next few days, ” OES Director Mark Ghilarducci said in a statement.
17．What can we learn about the earthquake on Monday?
A．It occurred on the Northern California coast.
B．It brought significant damage to the area.
C．It caused strong shaking in the whole nation.
D．It destroyed a small town completely.
18．What can we infer from Jane Dexter’s words?
A．The store had to be rebuilt.
B．She never felt such a big earthquake.
C．Some workers got badly injured.
D．No one would go shopping at the store.
19．What is Mark Ghilarducci’s advice for people in California?
A．Unloading the warning system.
B．Keeping staying in shelters.
C．Working from home over the next few days.
D．Watching out for the aftershocks.
20．Where is this text most likely from?
A．A weather forecast. B．A lab report.
C．A news report. D．A travel guide.
（2022·四川广安·高一期末）For decades, climate scientists have named hurricanes and ranked them according to the damage. “Naming and categorizing (把……归类) heat waves is also a must,” states a newly formed international union, called the Extreme Heat Resilience Alliance. “Hurricanes get attention because they cause obvious physical damage,” says Jennifer Marlon, a climate scientist at Yale University. Heat waves, however, have less evident effects, since the primary damage is to human health.
Heat waves kill more people in the United States than any other weather-related disaster. Data from the National Weather Service show that from 1986 to 2019, there were 4,257 deaths as a result of heat. By comparison, there were fewer deaths by floods (2,907), tornadoes (2,203) or hurricanes (1,405) over the same period. What’s more, climate change is increasing the possibility of high temperature events worldwide, getting tens of thousands of people dying each year because of heat.
Some populations are particularly easily harmed by high heat, including people over 65 and those with potential medical conditions. Historical racial discrimination also puts minority communities at higher risk. Due to housing policies, they are more likely to live in urban areas, heat islands which lack green spaces that help cool down neighborhoods.
Part of the naming and ranking process will include defining exactly what a heat wave is. No single definition currently exists. Without a universally accepted definition of a heat wave, “We don’t have a common understanding of the danger we face,” says Aaron Bernstein, an expert of the new group. “Defined categories for heat waves could help local officials better prepare to deal with potential health problems in the face of rising temperatures. And naming and categorizing heat waves could increase public awareness of the health risks caused by these silent killers.”
The union is having conversations with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the World Meteorological Organization and other institutions to develop a standard naming and ranking practice.
21．What do we know about the heat wave in America?
A．It causes most serious physical damage.
B．It has got more attention in recent years.
C．It kills more people than other natural disasters.
D．It is the biggest killer among weather-related disasters.
22．Why are minority populations easily harmed by heat waves?
A．They live in poorly-built houses. B．They lack good medical resources.
C．They have less access to green spaces. D．They are limited in their movements.
23．What is the author’s attitude towards the expert mentioned in Paragraph 4?
A．Supportive. B．Negative.
C．Conservative (保守的) D．Objective.
24．What does the text intend to tell us about heat waves?
A．They also kill lives like hurricanes. B．They should have names like hurricanes.
C．Climate change is affecting them greatly. D．Measures should be taken to prevent them.
（2022·四川遂宁·高一期末）Do you know how to prepare for and survive a major earthquake? According to Department of Conservation scientists, it is important to have the right answer to that question.
How to Be Prepared
Electricity, water, gas (煤气) and telephones may not be working after an earthquake. The police and fire departments are likely to be tied up. You should be prepared to fend for yourself for at least three days, preferably for a week. You’ll need food, water and so on. It’s also a good idea to decide ahead of time how and where your family will reunite if separated during a quake. You might choose an outofthearea friend or relative that family members can call to check on you.
If you’re indoors, stay there. Get under a desk or table. The kitchen is a particularly dangerous spot. If you’re in an office building, stay away from windows and outside walls and do not use the elevator. If you’re outside, get into the open. Stay clear of buildings, power lines or anything else that could fall on you. If you’re driving, move the car out of traffic and stop. Avoid parking under or on bridges or overpasses.
After an Earthquake
Check for fire. If you smell gas, shut off the main gas valve(阀). If there’s sign of damage to electrical wiring, shut off the power at the control box. If the phone is working, only use it in case of emergency (紧急情况). Avoid driving if possible to keep the streets clear for emergency vehicles. Be careful that things may fall out of cupboards when the door is opened, and also that chimneys can be weakened and fall with just a touch. Listen to the radio for important information and instructions. Remember that aftershocks, sometimes large enough to cause damage in their own right, generally follow large quakes. If you leave home, leave a message telling your friends and family your location.
25．The underlined phrase “fend for” in the second paragraph probably means “_______”．
A．look for B．take care of
C．be proud of D．think of
26．What should you do when an earthquake happens?
A．You should stay away from the kitchen.
B．You should drive on a bridge.
C．You should turn off the power.
D．You should listen to the radio frequently.
27．According to the passage, why doesn’t the author advise driving after an earthquake?
A．Because it is dangerous to drive as there will be aftershocks.
B．Because your car will be easily damaged in the streets full of blocks.
C．Because you should make way for emergency vehicles.
D．Because you can’t find a place to park your car.
28．What will probably happen after a big earthquake?
A．The local people’s life will return to normal in a week.
B．There will be more earthquakes occurring.
C．There won’t be any earthquakes in a short time.
D．The local people will stay at home waiting for help.
（2022·安徽宣城·高一期末）Rivers are very important. Humans rely on them for food and water. But rivers can destroy things, too. They can flood, or rise over their banks, making the water run into the nearby land. Floods can also kill humans and wildlife. However, floods are not always bad. Some ecosystems need them every once in a while.
Flooding can not only drown animals but also destroy habitats. For example, a flood in India in 2012 killed many one－horned rhinos. Flood waters can pick up dirt from riverbanks, which makes the water dirty. Too much dirt will clog rivers and streams, preventing the river from flowing. Sometimes flood waters can carry pollution to the sea and harm marine life. In addition, flood waters can carry disease, including hepatitis A and cholera.
However, not everything about floods is bad. Sometimes they bring new life to ecosystems. Flood waters carry nutrients to the nearby land. Over time, the water dries up and leaves behind particles (微粒) of dirt and mud. The particles are called sediment(沉淀物) which can be good due to its ability to improve the dirt and helps plants grow. Floods are important to some animals as well. For instance, some animals see floods as a sign that it is time to mate or migrate. Floods leave sediment on river beds where baby fish can grow and carry nutrients for small animals in the water to eat. Moreover, in dry seasons, water might dry up, but floods help refill the wetlands, keeping the ecosystem going.
Floods are a part of nature. They can destroy living things and the environment. But some ecosystems need floods to survive.
29．What’s the possible meaning of the underlined word “clog” in paragraph 2?
A．become B．pollute C．block D．develop
30．How do floods help ecosystems?
A．Nutrients carried by floods can make soil richer.
B．Floods make all the animals migrate more easily.
C．Tiny fish going with floods feed some animals.
D．Floods can improve the dirt and help plants grow.
31．What’s the main idea of paragraph 3?
A．The way in which floods feed animals. B．The benefits of floods to ecosystems.
C．An effective means of improving soil. D．The reason for people’s appreciating floods.
32．What’s the best title of this article?
A．The Many Effects of Flooding. B．The Secret of Flooding.
C．Floods－Not Everything Is So Bad. D．Floods－a Part of Nature.
参考答案：
1．D2．D3．A4．C
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了1871年的芝加哥大火是19世纪最严重的灾难。
1．细节理解题。根据第三段中“The fire lasted 27 hours and spread to all parts of the city.”（大火持续了27个小时，蔓延到城市的所有地方。）可知，城市的各个地方都被大火烧毁了。故选D项。
2．细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句“In addition, about 300 people died.”（此外，大约300人死亡。）可知，大约300人在火灾中丧生。故选D项。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“People from all over the world helped Chicago by sending food and clothing. Within a month, 4,000 cottages with two rooms had been built. In a few years, Chicago was completely rebuilt.”（来自世界各地的人们给芝加哥送去食物和衣服。不到一个月，就建成了4000间两室的小屋。几年后，芝加哥完全重建了。）故可推知，火灾发生后留在芝加哥的人们表现出了勇气。故选A项。
4．细节理解题。根据第三段中“The fire spread quickly because of the wooden buildings, a strong wind, and a dry season.”（由于木制建筑、强风和干燥的季节，火势迅速蔓延。）以及“At last rain put out the fire.”（最后雨把火扑灭了。）可知，是天气帮助火势蔓延并结束了火势。故选C项。
5．C6．D7．D8．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了每年世界都会发生数百次的地震，有些造成了严重的破坏和损失。地震不仅会破坏天然气和石油管道，带来火灾，而且还可能引发海啸，造成巨大的破坏。而人们是通过里氏震级来衡量地震强度的。
5．主旨大意题。根据第一段的“Every year there are hundreds of earthquakes in different parts of the world.(每年在世界不同的地方都会发生数百次地震。)”以及第二段的“We measure an earthquake’s strength on the Richter Scale.(我们用里氏震级来测量地震的强度。)”以及第三段的“The Earths’ crust(地壳)is made up of layers of rock called plates. As these plates move, they sometimes crash against each other, causing the crust to quake.(地壳由称为板块的岩石层组成。当这些板块移动时，它们有时会相互碰撞，导致地壳震动。)”以及第四段“Earthquakes can also break up gas and oil pipes. This can cause fires to break out, which can do as much damages as the earthquake itself.(地震也会破坏天然气和石油管道。这可能导致火灾的发生，其破坏力不亚于地震本身。)”以及第五段的“Another effect of earthquakes is tsunamis(海啸).(地震的另一个影响是海啸。)”可知，文章介绍了世界每年常发生的地震以及其形成过程、带来的破坏和影响等等，因此可知本文主要介绍地震这种常见的自然灾害。故选C项。
6．细节理解题。根据第一段的“One of the most serious earthquakes was in China’s Shaanxi Province in 1556. It killed almost one million people and caused a lot of damage.(最严重的地震之一发生在1556年的中国陕西省。它夺去了近一百万人的生命，造成了巨大的损失。)”可知，1556年发生在中国陕西省的地震是最严重的地震之一，使近一百万人丧命，带来了巨大的损失，但是文中并没有提到说带来火灾，因此D项“It was followed by fires.(随之而来的是火灾。)”不符合原文语意。故选D项。
7．细节理解题。根据第三段的“In cities such a Tokyo, where small quakes happen quite often, many modern buildings are designed to be flexible(可变动的), so when the Earth moves, they move with it.(在像东京这样经常发生小地震的城市，许多现代建筑被设计成可变动的，所以当地球移动时，它们也会跟着移动。)”可知，因为东京经常发生地震，所以其许多建筑物被建成很可变动的，这样如果发生地震，它们可以随着地球震动而移动，就可以减轻地震带来的破坏，因此可知，其建筑物设计的目的就是随地球而动。故选D项。
8．细节理解题。根据最后一段的“Another effect of earthquakes is tsunamis(海啸). These are huge waves created by earthquakes beneath the sea.(地震的另一个影响是海啸。这些是海底地震产生的巨浪。)”可知，地震也会造成海啸，尤其当海底爆发地震时，就会产生巨浪，而这些巨浪就是我们所了解的海啸。故选B项。
9．C10．D11．A12．B
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。作者讲述了自己在加州所经历的三次地震的情况。
9．主旨大意题。根据第三段第一句“There are three earthquakes that are difficult to forget. The first one was in 1955 and our oldest daughter was walking with me in our backyard in Redwood City in California.”（有三次地震让人难以忘怀。第一次是在1955年，我们的大女儿和我一起在加州雷德伍德市我们家的后院散步。）；根据第四段第一句“The second one was in 1963.”（第二次是在1963年。）；根据第五段第一句“My third experience with an earthquake was a lonely one in California.”（我的第三次地震经历是独自一人在加利福尼亚的一次地震。）可知，作者主要向读者介绍了自己所经历的三次地震的情况。故选C项。
10．细节理解题。根据第三段第一句和第二句“There are three earthquakes that are difficult to forget. The first one was in 1955 and our oldest daughter was walking with me in our backyard in Redwood City in California.”（有三次地震让人难以忘怀。第一次是在1955年，我们的大女儿和我一起在加州雷德伍德市我们家的后院散步。）；根据第四段第一句和第二句“The second one was in 1963. Our entire family was visiting Disneyland in Southern California.”（第二次是在1963年。我们全家去了南加州的迪士尼乐园。）；根据第五段第一句“My third experience with an earthquake was a lonely one in California.”（我的第三次地震经历是独自一人在加利福尼亚的一次地震。）可知，三次地震都发生在加利福尼亚。故选D项。
11．细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“ The first one was in 1955 and our oldest daughter was walking with me in our backyard in Redwood City in California.”（第一次是在1955年，我们的大女儿和我一起在加州雷德伍德市我们家的后院散步。）由此可知，第一次地震发生时，作者和女儿待在一起。故选A项。
12．词句猜测题。根据第四段第二句“Our entire family was visiting Disneyland in Southern California. Our entire family was visiting Disneyland in Southern California. The earth started to shake just as we were beginning to walk from our hotel toward the famous landmark.” （我们全家都去了南加州的迪士尼乐园。就在我们正要从旅馆走向the famous landmark的时候，大地开始摇晃起来）可知，作者和家人去的是迪士尼乐园。因此“the famous landmark”是指Disneyland。故选B项。
13．D14．C15．B16．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了空难调查人员的工作内容和他们所面临的困境。
【详解】1.推理判断题。根据文章第一段第三句“He was put in the position of dealing with all the families from very early on, many of whom held the hope that their relatives could have survived.(他从一开始就被置于与所有家庭打交道的境地，这些家庭中的许多人都希望自己的亲人能够活下来)”及第六句“The smell catches in your throat, and stays in your mind long after you've left the scene.(这种气味会哽在你的喉咙里，在你离开现场很久之后还会留在你的脑海里)”可知，空难调查员从一开始就被置于与所有家庭打交道的位置上，这些家庭中的许多人都抱着亲人生还的希望；空难现场的气味在你的喉咙里卡住，即使你离开现场，也会在你的脑海里停留很长时间。由此推知，空难调查员的工作要承受生理和心理的压力。故选D项。
2.细节理解题。根据文章第二段第二句“But mental health assistance is often lacking within the industry.(但该行业往往缺乏心理健康援助)”可知，空难调查员行业往往缺乏心理健康援助，他们要承受持续的情感伤害，即他们需要的是专业的心理医生。故选C项。
3.细节理解题。根据文章第四段的句子“...the questions he faces are perhaps even tougher to answer than what caused the crash.(他面临的问题可能比坠机原因更难回答)”和这些问题“How did my loved one die? What were they felling? What were they seeing?(我的爱人是怎么死的?他们的感觉是什么?他们看到了什么?)”，“Were they suffering?(他们受苦了吗?)”可知，更多的时候，Vance面临的问题可能比引发危机的原因更难以回答。故选B项。
4.推理判断题。根据文章第五段第二句“Some people in his industry listen to a black box recording once and choose to never do it again, he said.(他说，在他的行业里，有些人只听过一次黑匣子录音，就选择再也不听了)”及最后一段最后一句“The end result of your work is that you try to make the world a safer place, so that this doesn't happen to somebody else.(你工作的最终结果是让世界变得更安全，这样这种事就不会发生在其他人身上)”可知，当空难调查员知道自己在聆听某人生命的最后几分钟时，这项事业变得更加难以忍受，但是他们试图让世界变得更安全，这样空难就不会发生在其他人身上，因此他们依然坚持这项困难的工作。由此推知，他们是无私的。故选C项。
17．A
18．B
19．D
20．C
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。主要报道了周一在北加州海岸发生了一场6.2级地震，造成了严重的震动，可能对这个人口较少的地区造成轻微损害。
17．细节理解题。根据第一段“A 6.2-magnitude earthquake hit the Northern California coast on Monday, bringing significant shaking but likely slight damage to the less-populated area. (周一，一场6.2级地震袭击了北加州海岸，造成了严重的震动，但可能对这个人口较少的地区造成轻微损害。)”可知，这场地震发生在北加州海岸。故选A。
18．推理判断题。根据文章第四段““The shaking lasted for about 20 seconds. Glass bottles fell off the shelves at the store, breaking into pieces on the floor, but no one was hurt,” Petrolia General Store manager Jane Dexter said. “It was bigger than anything I’ve felt in my life, ” she added.(地震持续了大约20秒。Petrolia百货商店经理Jane Dexter说：“玻璃瓶从商店的货架上掉下来，在地板上摔成了碎片，但没有人受伤。”她补充说：“这是我一生中从未有过的感觉。”)”可在，Jane Dexter从未经历过这么严重的地震。故选B。
19．细节理解题。根据最后一段““It is a very useful tool to announce warning tips. It saved us indeed. Yet, we still have to remain very careful… as large aftershocks (余震) will occur along the North Coast over the next few days, ” OES Director Mark Ghilarducci said in a statement.(“这是一个非常有用的系统来宣布警告提示。它确实拯救了我们。然而，我们仍然必须非常小心……因为未来几天北海岸沿线将发生大余震。”OES主任Mark Ghilarducci在一份声明中说。)”可知，Mark Ghilarducci建议人们小心余震。故选D。
20．推理判断题。根据第一段“A 6.2-magnitude earthquake hit the Northern California coast on Monday, bringing significant shaking but likely slight damage to the less-populated area. (周一，一场6.2级地震袭击了北加州海岸，造成了严重的震动，但可能对这个人口较少的地区造成轻微损害。)”可知，文章在第一段就言简意赅地说明了文章主要内容；第二段详细介绍了地震发生的地区，第四段还有人物采访。这是很典型的新闻报道。故选C。
21．D
22．C
23．A
24．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了有关组织和科学家表示，高温应该像飓风一样进行命名，也介绍了高温所带来的危害和对高温进行命名和分类会带来的好处。
21．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Heat waves kill more people in the United States than any other weather-related disaster.(在美国，热浪造成的死亡人数比其他任何与天气有关的灾难都要多)”可知，在美国，热浪是与天气有关的灾害中最大的杀手。故选D。
22．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Historical racial discrimination also puts minority communities at higher risk. Due to housing policies, they are more likely to live in urban areas, heat islands which lack green spaces that help cool down neighborhoods.(历史上的种族歧视也使少数族裔社区面临更高的风险。由于住房政策的原因，他们更有可能生活在城市地区，这些热岛地区缺乏有助于冷却社区的绿地。)”可知，少数民族容易受到高温的伤害因为他们很少接触绿色空间。故选C。
23．推理判断题。根据第四段“Part of the naming and ranking process will include defining exactly what a heat wave is. No single definition currently exists. Without a universally accepted definition of a heat wave, “We don’t have a common understanding of the danger we face,” says Aaron Bernstein, an expert of the new group. “Defined categories for heat waves could help local officials better prepare to deal with potential health problems in the face of rising temperatures. And naming and categorizing heat waves could increase public awareness of the health risks caused by these silent killers.””(命名和排名过程的一部分将包括准确定义什么是热浪。目前还不存在单一的定义。没有一个普遍接受的热浪的定义，“我们对我们面临的危险没有一个共同的理解，”新小组的专家Aaron Bernstein说。“确定热浪类别可以帮助当地官员在气温上升的情况下更好地准备应对潜在的健康问题。对热浪进行命名和分类可以提高公众对这些无声杀手造成的健康风险的意识。”)”可知，作者认为高温应该进行命名和排名，所以对第四段中提到的专家的态度是支持的。故选A。
24．推理判断题。根据第一段“For decades, climate scientists have named hurricanes and ranked them according to the damage. “Naming and categorizing（把……归类）heat waves is also a must,” states a newly formed international union, called the Extreme Heat Resilience Alliance. “Hurricanes get attention because they cause obvious physical damage,” says Jennifer Marlon, a climate scientist at Yale University. Heat waves, however, have less evident effects, since the primary damage is to human health.(几十年来，气候科学家们一直根据破坏程度给飓风命名并排序。“对热浪进行命名和分类也是必须的，”一个新成立的国际联盟极端抗热能力联盟（Extreme heat Resilience Alliance）表示。耶鲁大学气候科学家詹妮弗·马龙说:“飓风之所以受到关注，是因为它们造成了明显的物理损害。”然而，热浪的影响不太明显，因为它的主要损害是人体健康。)”并结合文章主要说明了有组织和科学家表示，高温应该像飓风一样进行命名，高温所带来的危害和对高温进行命名和分类会带来的好处可知，这篇文章想告诉我们高温应该像飓风一样有名字。故选B。
25．B
26．A
27．C
28．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲了在地震发生前如何做准备；地震发生时以及地震发生后应该采取什么措施。
25．词义猜测题。根据第二自然段“You’ll need food, water and so on.(你需要食物、水等等。)”可知，你需要食物和水等来照顾好自己，由此可知，划线短语所在句子的意思是“照顾” A. look for寻找；B. take care of照顾；C. be proud of以……为自豪；D. think of考虑。故选B。
26．细节理解题。根据第三自然段“If you’re indoors, stay there. Get under a desk or table. The kitchen is a particularly dangerous spot.(如果你在室内，就呆在那里。躲到桌子下面。厨房是一个特别危险的地方。)”可知，地震发生时，要远离厨房。故选A。
27．细节理解题。根据第四自然段“Avoid driving if possible to keep the streets clear for emergency vehicles.(尽可能避免驾驶，以保持街道畅通，以便紧急救援车辆通行。)”可知，作者不建议在地震发生后开车是因为你应该给应急车辆让路。故选C。
28．细节理解题。根据第四自然段“Remember that aftershocks, sometimes large enough to cause damage in their own right, generally follow large quakes.(请记住，余震通常是在大地震之后发生的，有时余震本身就足以造成损害。)”可知，在大地震后将会有更多的地震发生。故选B。
29．C
30．A
31．B
32．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了作为大自然的一部分，洪水对于生态系统既有好处也有坏处。
29．词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“Flood waters can pick up dirt from riverbanks, which makes the water dirty.(洪水会从河岸上吸收泥土，从而使水变脏。)”以及“Too much dirt will clog rivers and streams, preventing the river from flowing.(太多的泥土会clog河流和溪流，阻止河水流淌。)”可知，洪水会沿途吸收泥土，而太多的泥土会堵塞河道，以至于河水流淌出现困难。由此可推测此处的clog的意思应该是“堵塞”。故选C项。
30．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“However, not everything about floods is bad. Sometimes they bring new life to ecosystems. Flood waters carry nutrients to the nearby land. Over time, the water dries up and leaves behind particles (微粒) of dirt and mud. The particles are called sediment(沉淀物) which can be good due to its ability to improve the dirt and helps plants grow.(然而，洪水并非一无是处。有时它们会给生态系统带来新的生命。洪水把营养物质带到附近的土地上。随着时间的推移，水会干涸，留下灰尘和泥土的颗粒。这些颗粒被称为沉积物，它可以很好地改善土壤，帮助植物生长。)”可知，洪水沿途所携带的营养物质可以使土壤更丰富，从而更好地帮助生态系统。故选A项。
31．主旨大意题。根据文章第三段“However, not everything about floods is bad. Sometimes they bring new life to ecosystems.(然而，洪水并非一无是处。有时它们会给生态系统带来新的生命。)”以及“Floods are important to some animals as well.(洪水对一些动物也很重要。)”以及“Moreover, in dry seasons, water might dry up, but floods help refill the wetlands, keeping the ecosystem going.(此外，在旱季，水可能会干涸，但洪水有助于为湿地补充水分，保持生态系统继续运转。)”可知文章第三段主要讲的是洪水对于生态系统的好处。故选B项。
32．主旨大意题。通读全文可以看到文章前两段主要讲洪水对于生态系统的不利的方面，第三段主要讲洪水对于生态系统的益处，文章最后一段“Floods are a part of nature. They can destroy living things and the environment. But some ecosystems need floods to survive.(洪水是自然的一部分。它们可以破坏生物和环境。但一些生态系统需要洪水才能生存下来。)”总结全文，点明主题——洪水是大自然的一部分。所以“洪水是大自然的一部分”作为标题最合适。故选D项。
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