2023届高考英语二轮复习定语从句（讲） 学案

这是一份2023届高考英语二轮复习定语从句（讲） 学案，文件包含第07讲定语从句讲-2023年高考英语二轮复习全国通用教师版docx、第07讲定语从句讲-2023年高考英语二轮复习全国通用学生版docx等2份学案配套教学资源，其中学案共26页， 欢迎下载使用。
定语从句是高考的必考点之一，高频考点有：
1.关系代词和关系副词的正确运用，特别是它们在非限制性定语从句中的运用。
2.限制性与非限制性定语从句的区别；
3.介词+关系代词的用法；
4.不定代词/数词+f which/whm引导的非限制性定语从句；
5.定语从句与名词从句、状语从句、强调句、并列句、简单句的甄别。
定语从句的考查常出现在高考试题中的语法填空、改错和书面表达中，尤其是非限制性定语从句。
其中语法填空题对定语从句考查的命题切入点是：从句型上看，切入点涉及限制性和非限制性定语从句；从引导词方面来看，切入点涉及对关系代词(that, which, wh, whm, whse, as)和关系副词(where, when, why)的考查。
【考点梳理】
定语从句概述
1．定义：在复合句中，修饰限定某一名词(或代词)的句子，叫定语从句。
2．先行词：被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词。
先行词一般是名词或不定代词，如：sme­， any­， every­， n­与­bdy, ­thing的合成词或all, nne, any, sme, that, thse等代词。数词和人称代词也同样可作先行词。
3．关系词：连接先行词与从句的词叫关系词。
关系代词：wh, whm, which, that, whse, as等。
关系副词：when, where, why等。
4．分类：定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两类。
区别：限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限定作用，而非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明作用，先行词与定语从句往往由逗号隔开。试比较：
eq \b\lc\{\rc\ (\a\vs4\al\c1(He has tw sns， wh wrk in the same cmpany.,他有两个儿子，他们在同一公司上班。（他只有两个, 儿子）,He has tw sns wh wrk in the same cmpany.,他有两个儿子在同一公司上班。/他有两个在同一, 公司上班的儿子。（可能不止有两个儿子）))
5．功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语。
6．位置：定语从句常置于被修饰词之后；as引导的非限制性定语从句可置于主句前、句中，也可置于主句之后。
①Thse wh are fr the plan raise yur hands, please.
请支持这个计划的人举手。
②As is knwn t us all, the earth is spinning arund the sun.
我们都知道，地球围绕太阳旋转。
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
引导定语从句的关系代词有：that, which, wh, whm, whse, as等，关系代词可作主语、宾语、定语等。
1．wh, whm, that这些词代替的先行词是表示人的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。
I've made gd friends with several f the students in my schl wh/whm/that I met in the English speech cntest last year.
我已与去年在英语演讲比赛中遇到的我校的几个学生结交为好朋友。
2．whse既可指人又可指物，在定语从句中作定语。指物时，“whse＋名词”可用“the＋名词＋f which”或“f which＋the＋名词”来代替。
①D yu knw the by whse handwriting is very beautiful?
你认识那个书法非常漂亮的男孩吗？
②I'd like a rm whse windw lks ut ver the sea.
→I'd like a rm, the windw f which lks ut ver the sea.
→I'd like a rm, f which the windw lks ut ver the sea.
我想要一个窗户朝向大海的房间。
3．which, that所代替的先行词是表示事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。
①He was reading a bk which/that was abut war.
他正在读一本关于战争的书。
A：指物时，关系代词that和which一般情况下可换用，但以下几种情况下一般用that，而不用which。
(1)先行词是all, everything, smething, anything, nthing, nne, few, little, much等不定代词，或先行词被all, every, sme, any, n, few, little等修饰时。
②I have read all the bks (that) yu gave me.
你给我的所有书我都已经读过了。
注意：当smething确指某物或某事时，用that或which都可以。
This is smething that/which yu might have frgtten.
这事你可能已经忘记了。
(2)先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词(如：the first，the secnd, ...，the last等)修饰时。
③This is the best film (that) I have ever seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。
(3)先行词被the nly, the very, the right等修饰时。
④The nly thing that matters is t find ur way hme.
唯一要紧的事情是找到我们回家的路。
(4)先行词既有人又有物时。
⑤They talked abut the persns and things (that) they remembered in the schl.
他们谈论起他们记得的学校里的人和事。
B：在以下情况中，只能用which，不能用that。
(1)在非限制性定语从句中，如果从句中缺少主语或宾语，并指物，只能用which。
⑥Our ftball team wn the final, which made us excited.
我们的足球队赢得了决赛，这使我们非常兴奋。
(2)关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时，只能用which。
⑦The huse in which I used t live has becme a she shp.
过去我居住的房子已变成了一家鞋店。
注意：使用关系代词时，注意两点：
(1)先行词是“人”还是“物”；
(2)关系代词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语，且在从句中作宾语时可以省略。(非限制性定语从句中的关系代词不可以省略。)
4．as引导的定语从句
A：as作为关系代词，在定语从句中缺少主语或宾语时使用，通常先行词由the same, as, such, s等修饰时，关系代词用as。
①They culd nly read such stries as had been rewritten in simple English.(as作主语)
他们只能读类似这样的一些用简易英语改写的故事。
②These huses are sld at such a lw price as peple expected.(as作宾语)
这些房子以人们期望的低价出售。
③This is the same knife as I lst.(as作宾语)
这把小刀和我丢的那把很相似。
注意：such ... as ... 与such ... that ... 的区别
such ... as ... 中的as引导的是定语从句，而such ... that ... 中的that引导的是结果状语从句。当as引导定语从句时，as在从句中一般作主语或宾语，而that引导结果状语从句时，that在从句中不作任何成分。
This is such a difficult prblem as mst f us can't wrk ut.
这是一个我们大多数人都不能解决的难题。
(从句中的wrk ut缺少宾语，前面的as是关系代词，用作wrk ut的宾语。)
She is such a kind girl that many students like her.
她是个善良的女孩所以很多学生喜欢她。
(状语从句是完整的句子，前面的that只起引导从句的作用，在从句中不作成分。)
B：关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别
(1)位置不同
as引导的非限制性定语从句可以置于主句之前、之中或之后，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句之后。
④As is ften the case, little bys tend t be very active and ut f cntrl.
小男孩总是很活泼好动，很难控制，这是常见的情况。
⑤Einstein, as is well knwn, is a famus scientist.
众所周知，爱因斯坦是一位著名的科学家。
⑥There was a bank arund here, as I remember.
我记得过去这儿附近有一家银行。
⑦He failed in the exam, which was unexpected.
他考试没及格，这是意料之外的。
(2)意义不同
as常译作“正如，像”，多用于下列习惯用语中：as anybdy can see “正如人人都能看到的那样”；as is well knwn＝as is knwn t all “众所周知”；as we had expected “正如我们所预料的那样”；as ften happens “正如经常发生的那样”；as is ften the case “正如经常发生的那样”；as has been said befre “如上所述”；as is mentined abve “正如上面提到的”；as I remember “正如我所记得的那样”。which常译作“这一点，这件事”，此时指前面主句所提到的那件事。
⑧He ppsed the idea, as culd be expected.
不出所料，他反对这个意见。
⑨Tm has made great prgress, which makes his parents very happy.
汤姆进步很大，这使他父母很高兴。
(3)用法不同
a．当非限制性定语从句是否定句或表示否定意义时，只能用which。
⑩He came here very late, which was unexpected/nt expected.
他来得很晚，这是未预料到的。
b．当as在句中作主语时，后常接动词的被动语态，如：be knwn, be said, be reprted等。如果从句中动词是主动语态，一般用which作主语。
⑪She has been absent again, as is expected.
她又缺席了，正如预料的那样。
关系副词引导的定语从句
当定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语、定语和表语时，要选用关系副词。其中when, where, why是常见的三个关系副词。
when＝表时间的介词(如：in, n, at, during等)＋which；
where＝表地点的介词(如：in, at, n, under等)＋which；
why＝表原因的介词(如：fr)＋which。
1．关系副词when, where, why的先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词，关系副词在从句中作状语。
①Nwadays peple are mre cncerned abut the envirnment where they live.
现在人们更加关心他们居住的环境。
②I'll never frget the day when my sn was brn.
我永远忘不了我儿子出生的那一天。
注意：（1）当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词，如：pint， situatin， case， stage， family等时，如果引导词在从句中作状语，常用关系副词where引导定语从句；如果不作状语，则用关系代词that/which。
Remember that there is still ne pint that/which we must make clear at the cnference tmrrw.
记住在明天的会议上我们还有一点必须弄清楚。
She's in a hpeless situatin， where we will keep a very clse eye n her.
她处于无望的处境中，在这种情况下我们将密切注意她。
（2）先行词ccasin当“时刻”讲时，用关系副词when；当“场合”讲时，用关系副词where。
Please describe an ccasin where yu met real difficulties.
请描述你遇到真正困境的场景。
Occasins are rare when I have the time t spend a day with my kids.
我有时间和孩子们度过一天的时机很少。
2．way和time后接定语从句的情况。
(1)当先行词是way(意为“方式、方法”，且关系词在定语从句中作状语)时，引导定语从句的关系词可以是that, in which或省略。
①I dn't like the way (that/in which) he lks at me.
我不喜欢他看我的方式。
(2)先行词是time时，若time作“次数”讲，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；若time作“一段时间，时代”讲，应用关系副词when或“介词at/during＋which”引导定语从句。
②This is the first time (that) I have talked with a freigner face t face.
这是我第一次和一个外国人面对面交流。
③There was a time when I hated ging t schl.
曾经有一段时间我讨厌上学。
三 、“介词＋which/whm”引导的定语从句
掌握“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，要注意以下几点：
1．关系代词的确定
在介词后作宾语的关系代词只有which和whm。如果先行词是物，引导词用which；如果先行词是人，则引导词用whm。
①This is the train n which I went t Shanghai.
这就是我去上海所乘坐的那列火车。
②This is the student fr whm I bught the dictinary.
这就是我为他买词典的那个学生。
注意：介词一般放在关系代词which和whm之前，如果介词和句中动词组成固定词组时，这个介词一般不前置。
My yungest brther，whm I have t lk after，is demanding.
我得照看我最小的弟弟，他真是让人费神。
2．关系代词前介词的确定
(1)依据定语从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配来确定。
①The fellw t whm I spke made n answer at first.
我与之说话的那个人起初没有回答。(speak t)
②The West Lake, fr which Hangzhu is famus, is a beautiful place.
西湖是一个美丽的地方，杭州因此而闻名。(be famus fr)
(2)根据先行词来确定。
③I'll never frget the time during which I spent my childhd in the cuntry.
我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过的童年时光。(during the time)
④Air, withut which man can't live, is really imprtant.
空气真的很重要，没有它人类就不能生存。(withut air)
3．“名词/代词＋介词＋关系代词”结构
此类结构常见的有“sme/many/mst/all/nne＋f＋which/whm”等。
①Here are the questins, sme f which I think are difficult fr yu.
问题都在这儿，其中一些我认为对你来说很难。
②He has three sns, nne f whm are dctrs.
他有三个儿子，没有一个是当医生的。
4．“复合介词短语＋关系代词which”引导的定语从句，其从句部分常与先行词用逗号隔开，且从句部分常用倒装语序。
He lived in a big huse, in frnt f which std a big tree.
他住在一所大房子里，房子前面有一棵大树。
5．“介词＋which/whm＋不定式”结构
The pr man has n huse in which t live.
→The pr man has n huse t live in.
→The pr man has n huse in which he can live.
那个穷人没房子住。
注意：有时为表达清楚，也可以在关系副词where/when前加介词frm/t等，平时也应掌握，但非高考重点。
China is the birthplace f kites，frm where kite flying spreads t Japan，Thailand，India and s n.
中国是风筝的发源地，从这里，放风筝传到了日本、泰国、印度等国家。
用适当的词填空
1．________is ften the case, peple always want t have a taste f unusual things. That’s why the ARTtic Hall Htel has a place in turism.
2．Then the day came ______ I finally realized I had t make a change.
We’ll talk abut a particular type f cmfrt fd ______ pwer tend t be linked with psitive emtins.
4．There are several reasns ________ we must prtect ur envirnment.
5．This is the best film________ I have seen.
Lang Ping, ________ was brn n December 10, 1960 in Tianjin, brught hnur and glry t ur cuntry.
7．We reached Quebec n the eighth day, _________ mst peple speak French.
8．In this article, we will talk abut a particular type f cmfrt fd ________ pwer mainly lies in the assciatins it calls t mind.
The plan is designed t created an atmsphere, ________ the staff are mtivated t wrk hard.
10．Later, she studied Chinese medicine with experts in the field frm ________ she gained a deep knwledge abut traditinal practices.
11．After greeting her family, Mulan changes back int her female clthing and visits her cmrades, ________ are all amazed and cnfused.
12．I am reading a detective stry, the plts f _________attract me mst.
13．He seems nt t understand what I meant, ________ greatly upsets me.
14．In ur class there were 42 students, nearly 80% f ________ wear glasses.
15．The girl arranged t have pian lessns at the training center with her sister ________ she wuld stay fr an hur.
16．He helped his team win the game________ was behind by 10 pints.
17．Occasins are quite rare________Mary has the time t spend a day with her parents.
18．The famus basketball star, ________ tried t make a cmeback, attracted a lt f attentin.
19．He was in a psitin ________ he had t make a decisin n his wn.