2022-2023学年北京市东城区高三（上）期末英语试卷(含答案解析)

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2022-2023学年北京市东城区高三（上）期末英语试卷

    Jennifer finds Cecelia reading a newspaper alone in the room. "Hi Cecelia, do you   (1)   me? Jennifer." The 91-year-old resident at Newburgh elder care center says a friendly hello, but doesn't seem to recognize Jennifer today.
    It's one nice spring afternoon. Jennifer invites Cecelia to go down to the   (2)  . She helps Cecelia head to the elevator. Cecelia wheels herself forward, as Jennifer   (3)   guides her from behind.
    The two have been getting to know each other over the past few months since Jennifer, the recent Boston University graduate, began to volunteer in the center,   (4)   residents with Alzheimer's disease (阿尔茨海默症).
    Down in the courtyard, Cecelia begins reading a poem, slowly and lyrically (抒情地). Jennifer listens attentively, and then asks if Cecelia knows who wrote the poem, to help her with a "  (5)   stretch". Together, they reflect on the poem's meaning. Cecelia's deep understanding of the poem suggests that she is such a   (6)   lady. Jennifer tells Cecelia, "You're the one who makes me   (7)   coming here every week. I love learning from you. You're like my teacher."
    "You give the old people a   (8)   to think and to know they get good care," Cecelia replies.
    Jennifer's relationship with Cecelia has played an important role in   (9)   her passion for looking after older generations. "We should take time to listen to them. Just listening is an act of   (10)  ," Jennifer says.
1.  A. hear B. understand C. trust D. remember
2.  A. courtyard B. center C. elevator D. room
3.  A. bravely B. lightly C. gratefully D. immediately
4.  A. relying on B. looking into C. appealing to D. caring for
5.  A. hand B. leg C. brain D. back
6.  A. frank B. wise C. modest D. humorous
7.  A. look forward to B. pay attention to
C. give in to D. object to
8.  A. dream B. method C. chance D. plan
9.  A. rediscovering B. exchanging C. consuming D. shaping
10.  A. friendship B. kindness C. loyalty D. courage
11.     A    Sharon Brown   (1)   (win) a Women in Innovation award in 2021 for her work in developing a blood test that can help to identify cancer quicker and more accurately. The award was given by an organisation   (2)   (call) Innovate UK for International Women's Day celebrations. Sharon is one of 38 women from the UK to have received the award. The award aims to support brilliant women to   (3)   (full) achieve their visions and change the world in future.
    B
    Language Days at the United Nations seek   (4)   (celebrate) cultural diversity and promote equal usage of the official languages. There are six days for each of the six official languages.
    The Chinese language is one of the six official languages chosen by the United Nations, and UN Chinese Language Day   (5)   (hold) on April 20 every year. The date was selected from Guyu,   (6)   is the 6th of 24 solar terms in the traditional Chinese calendar.
    C
    Self-discipline is essential for every person, regardless of   (7)   (he) age, class or profession. It shows a person's character and helps him build relationships with those around him. It also helps in making good use of the available time, and this   (8)   (result) in increased productivity and enhanced efficiency. People who practice self-discipline are always respected   (9)   society.
    It is proved   (10)   small changes in routine life such as sleeping and waking up at the same time each day, eating healthy food, exercising and setting goals can help in achieving self-discipline.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
C
    THE A RCHAEOLOGY (考古学) OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE
    Spring 2023
    Instructor: Dr. Jean Smith
    Office: No, 280
    Tel: 170-735-6511
    E-mail: jean-smith@ un.edu
    Office Hours: Tuesday 9-11 am. If you prefer, I am happy to set up a meeting online. If you have questions, please email me. I check my emails at least once a day, 5 days per week and will respond to all questions within 24 hours, except on weekends and holidays.
    "Environmental change" has become one of the most debated topics of our time. But is environmental change a new phenomenon? Or have humans been faced with climate change and been active agents of environmental change over longer periods of time? You will find answers in this course.
    Learning Outcomes
    In this course, students will analyze a range of issues related to human-environment interactions. For example, students will analyze how different human economic motivations have affected their environments through time.
    Students will examine how human actions can affect the environment, and how global environmental change can affect human societies and cultural heritage resources locally in different ways.
    Students will compare and contrast modern responses to climate change with those of past societies.
    By the end of the term, students should be able to demonstrate a basic understanding of the approaches to environmental reconstruction and archaeological analysis.
    Course Plan
    This is a Web Course delivered completely online, which means you work on the materials and turn assignments in on or before the due date. You will access online video lectures, readings, films, assignments, quizzes, and resources. Accordingly, you must have access to a functional computer and a reliable Internet connection.
    Required Readings
    Because of the vastness of the topic matter for this class, there is no required textbook. Instead, reading assignments will come from research articles. You may purchase or borrow books from the library after you get the book list.
    Note: This document is a course plan, not a legal contract. If you have questions, talk to me during my office hour.
12. What do we know about Dr.Smith's work schedule?
A. She replies to students' emails every day.
B. She arranges online meetings on weekends.
C. She is available in her office two hours a week.
D. She meets students face to face five days a week.
13. One of the learning focuses of the course is ______.
A. how cultural heritage has affected local society
B. how humans have adjusted to historical changes
C. how human actions have influenced the environment
D. how present climate is different from that in the past
14. What should students do before the course?
A. Prepare devices. B. Buy textbooks.
C. Pick a book list. D. Do some research.
D
    Ever since I was a young boy, I've had a taste for adventure, but I never imagined this would lead to my chosen career.
    My work as an expedition doctor has taken me all over the world, from mosquito-infested wet land in Africa to the untouched wilderness of Antarctica. However, my favourite trips, and the ones in which I now specialize, are those involving mountains. Never do I feel more inspired by nature than when I look up at their towering peaks and begin to prepare myself mentally for the challenges ahead.
    I trained as a doctor in the UK, but there was little in that training to prepare me to deal with a broken leg during a storm on the side of a mountain! In fact, I'd say that medical skills come some way down the list of job requirements, after stamina (耐力), problem-solving and communication.
    This kind of medicine million miles away from the controlled, clean environment of a hospital, and your medical kit basically consists of whatever you can carry, so you sometimes have to use whatever is available. For example, I've learned that some drugs can be used for several conditions, and I've even had to cut branches off a small tree to make a piece of wood to support a broken arm.
    Now I do most of my work for adventure holiday companies, travelling to remote places. When I started out, these holidays were quite rare, but they have become much more mainstream now that we've all seen celebrities climbing Kilimanjaro or watched reality shows about people exploring jungles.
    I do have mixed feelings about all these people with large amounts of income coming to poor areas just for their own enjoyment, so I try to make sure that the companies I work for have high moral standards and bring advantages to the local communities. And of course, tourism provides employment, and also opens the eyes of visitors to the hardship that many people are forced to go through.
15. What made the author choose his career?
A. His love of nature. B. His desire for adventure.
C. His talent for medicine. D. His sense of responsibility.
16. What is the biggest challenge for the author during the trips?
A. Reducing potential risks. B. Surviving in the wild.
C. Adapting to local customs. D. Dealing with emergencies.
17. According to the author, the companies he now works for should ______.
A. satisfy tourists and make profits
B. offer tourists challenges and security
C. benefit local people as well as tourists
D. build tourists' mental and physical well-being
E
    Every robot is trained in some way to do a task. By seeing what to do, robots can copy the way of doing the task. But they do so unthinkingly, perhaps relying on sensors to try to reduce collision (碰撞) risks, rather than having any understanding of why they are performing the task or where they are within physical space. It means they will often make mistakes—hitting the object in their way, for instance.
    Hod Lipson and his colleagues are trying to face the challenge. They placed a robot arm in a laboratory where it was surrounded by four cameras at ground level and one camera above it. These fed video images back to a deep neural (神经的) network, a form of AI, connected to the robot that monitored its movement within the space. For 3 hours, the robot arm moved randomly and the neural network was fed information about the arm's mechanical inputs and watched how it responded by seeing where it moved to in the space. This generated nearly 8,000 data points—and the team generated an additional 10,000 through a simulation (模拟) of the robot in a virtual version of its environment.
    To test how well the AI had worked, a cloud-like diagram was generated to show where the neural network "thought" the arm should be found as it moved. It was accurate to within 1 percent, meaning if the workspace was 1 metre wide, the system correctly estimated its position to within 1 centimetre. If the neural network is considered to be part of the robot itself, this suggests the robot has the ability to visualise where it physically is at any given moment.
    "To me, this is the first time in the history of robotics that a robot has been able to create a mental model of itself," says Lipson. "It's a small step, but it's a sign of things to come."
    Learning about the research, Andrew Hundt at the Georgia Institute of Technology says, "There is potential for further research to lead to useful applications based on this method, but not self-perception. The computer simply matches shape and motion patterns that happen to be in the shape of a robot arm that moves." David Cameron at the University of Sheffield, UK, also says that following a specified path to complete a goal is easily achieved by existing robots.
18. Hod Lipson's work focuses on robots ______.
A. flexibility B. self-awareness
C. deep-learning ability D. error correction
19. What is the function of the neural network in the experiment?
A. To process and transform neural information.
B. To study and simulate AI's virtual environment.
C. To analyse and predict the arm's position changes.
D. To record and output the video images of the robot.
20. As for the result of the experiment, Andrew Hundt is ______.
A. sympathetic B. content C. uncertain D. disapproving
21. What is the main purpose of the passage？
A. To discuss a scientific concept.
B. To assess a scientific finding.
C. To introduce a science application.
D. To present a science research.
F
    Hardly a day goes by without a company telling us in its beautifully crafted advertising how much it contributes to the environment on our behalf. Flowers grow out of power-station chimneys; SUVs are presented in natural habitats; oil companies use sunny, friendly logos and promise cleaner technologies—although, in fact, they fail to make enough investment in renewable or alternative energy sources. Statistics are made up, and the tiniest ecological improvements are overstated in multi-million-dollar advertising campaigns, while in the meantime the greedy side of the business continues.
    This is known as greenwashing, which means "making things that are not green look green". The phenomenon has long existed since the first Earth Day in 1970, when companies spent $300 million advertising themselves as green companies—many times more than the money they actually spent on research into pollution reduction itself. And the trend continued over the following decades when some of the planet's worst polluters tried to pass themselves off as eco-friendly. As the public's environmental awareness grew, so too did the experience of corporate public relations strategies, and advertisers found ever-more-creative ways to use a green curtain to hide dark motives.
    Of course, some businesses are genuinely committed to making the world a better, greener place. But when a company spends more time and money claiming to be "green" than actually adopting business practices that minimize environmental impact, it is clear that, for them, environmentalism is little more than a convenient slogan (口号). Their message is "buy our products and you will end global warming, improve air quality and save the oceans". At best, such greenwashing pushes the fact to its limits; at worst, it helps conceal deception.
    And what about today s consumers? Few of them are truly well-equipped to make informed decisions about what is true. Greenwashing is only possible because consumers often believe what they are being told—why else would companies do it? More information and greater awareness are essential. Analysing the tricks used by advertisers should be part of every school curriculum. Non-governmental organisations can spread the word. Consumer groups can punish the greenwashing companies. But it is not enough. Legally enforceable systems must be put in place.
    So what is already being done about planned attempts to pull the wool over consumers' eyes? In the United States, the Federal Trade Commission is taking action against misleading advertising claims. France has published Green Claims Guidance, stressing that "an advertisement must avoid conveying a message contrary to the accepted principles of sustainable development". All of these surely are the heart of the matter: the true impact of advertising is the promotion of unsustainable lifestyles. And therein lies the real danger to our planet, a danger which cannot be ignored any longer.
22. What can we learn about greenwashing?
A. It is an ecological concept. B. It is a marketing technique.
C. It is an awareness campaign. D. It is an advertising innovation.
23. What does the underlined phrase "conceal deception" in Paragraph 3 mean？  
A. Hide the truth. B. Raise the risk.
C. Expose the weakness. D. Break the limit.
24. What can be inferred about most consumers?
A. They are lacking in knowledge.
B. They have encouraged greenwashing.
C. They may question consumer groups.
D. They tend to make sensible decisions.
25. What is the last paragraph mainly about？
A. Actions to fight false advertising.
B. Ways to protect customers' interest.
C. Attempts to solve environmental problems.
D. Proposals to ensure sustainable development.
    Is fashion important to you?   (1)   From those who wear trendy ripped jeans and loose-fitting T-shirts to those who wear smart tailored suits and expensive designer outfits, each individual can have their own style.
      (2)   And what impact can this have on their self-expression?
    Arguably, one factor that influences what people wear is the need to impress others. People who dress well and keep up with the latest styles seem to be more noticed than those who are not concerned about their appearance.   (3)   In this way they assume an identity which makes them feel they impress. Yet, by copying general looks, people actually can't show their individuality.
    At the same time, fashion is perceived by some as a tool for success and one that represents wealth or respectable social position. For instance, people intentionally try to raise their status by wearing famous brands or expensive clothes which are admired by others.   (4)   They are just the means to promote a specific image of power and control. In this case, fashion does not express personal individuality but could perhaps be said to give a false impression of appearance for a specific purpose.
    That being said, following fashion may not have anything to do with copying current trends but with using them as an inspiration to create outfits expressing individuality.   (5)   Adding glam here and there, rolling up a pair of trousers or even wearing two different shoes can be considered a form of self-expression demonstrating originality.
    Having considered all this, to my way of thinking, fashion can be used as a means of communication and a way to communicate your self-image to people around you. As a famous designer once said, "Fashion is instant language."
A. Is it a trend we must follow?
B. But why are people following fashion?
C. For most people it is, at least to some extent.
D. For this reason, people wear fashionable clothing.
E. These clothes are not actually giving a personal statement of the wearer.
F. There are always fashion followers, even though fashion is constantly changing.
G. An example of this is reforming fashionable pieces and making small personalized changes.
26.  A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G
27.  A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G
28.  A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G
29.  A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G
30.  A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G
31.     Crystal breathed in the sweet January air. It was a cold, sunny day. Sunlight shone between the branches and fell onto the street.
     It was so quiet, this neighborhood. Wandering down the road at a leisurely pace, Crystal noticed an open curtain in the window of one neighbor. They were busily typing on their home network. Remote workers, obviously.
    Crystal's glance shifted to a kid who had just come home from school. He looked down to the cell phone in his hand.
    "Hey, kid!" Crystal waved.
    The boy didn't raise head, some game keeping his attention.
    Crystal sighed and closed her eyes. It took her back to when she was a little girl back in the late 1980s. Neighbors knew each other by name then. Crystal's best friend Anne was the next door neighbor. They often played for hours using imaginary names for far-off places, pretending to be or do something they hoped someday they could be or do.
    Nowadays, to pretend to be somewhere else, you could just click on some random program for a virtual reality video of Italy or Australia, and your wish was instantly satisfied. You could do that alone. And if you needed a person to chat with, you could pick a random person in your interest group online.
    "You don't need neighbors anymore," Crystal commented to herself.
    And yet, there is so much that can be missed for the simpler times. Those who grow up not knowing the invisible person-to-person simplicity of being a good neighbor, have missed an entire piece in their maturity. It's not about personal space. It's about being there for another person. How could a metal chip replace a life? Crystal could never understand.
    As she turned onto her home sidewalk, she noticed a little girl about 5 years old looking confused and afraid. There was no coat on her thin arms. Must be some neighbor's girl. Crystal was very concerned. W here were her parents?
    "Are you alright, honey?" Crystal asked.
(1) Why did the boy give no response to Crystal？
_________________________________________________
(2) What did Crystal do with her next door neighbor in her childhood？
_________________________________________________________________________
(3) Decide which part of the following statement is wrong. Underline it and explain why.
▶Crystal believed that technology advanced and the relationship with neighbors mattered less than before.
______________________________________________________________________________________________ 
(4) What do you think the relationship between neighbors should be like nowadays? (In about 40 words)
​​​​​​​_______________________________________________________________________________________________
32. 假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。市青年联合会面向全球发起“青春之歌”主题原创诗歌征集活动。请你用英文给英国好友Jim写一封电子邮件，内容包括：
1.介绍活动；
2.邀请参与。
注意：
1.词数100左右；
2.开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
​​​​​​​参考词汇：青年联合会Youth Federation
Dear Jim,
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Yours，
Li Hua
答案和解析

1~10.【答案】D、A、B、D、C、B、A、C、D、B
【解析】【文章大意】这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了义工詹妮弗照顾养老院91老人塞西莉亚的故事。

1. 句意：嗨，塞西莉亚，你还记得我吗？我是詹妮弗。A.hear听；B.understand理解；C.trust相信；D.remember记得。根据下文Jennifer以及but doesn't seem to recognize Jennifer today.可知，詹妮弗问塞西莉亚是否记得她。故选D。

2. 句意：詹妮弗邀请塞西莉亚到院子里去。A.courtyard庭院；B.center中心；C.elevator电梯；D.room房间。根据下文Down in the courtyard可知，詹妮弗邀请塞西莉亚到院子里去。故选A。

3. 句意：塞西莉亚向前推进，詹妮弗轻轻地从后面引导她。A.bravely勇敢地；B.lightly 轻轻地；C.gratefully感激地；D.immediately立即。根据常识可知，塞西莉亚是个91岁的老人且坐着轮椅，所以要轻轻地引导她。故选B。

4. 句意：最近几个月，波士顿大学毕业生詹妮弗开始在该中心做志愿者，照顾患有阿尔茨海默病的居民，这两人就开始相互了解。A.relying on依靠；B.looking into调查；C.appealing to呼吁；D.caring for照顾，关心。根据下文they get good care可知，波士顿大学毕业生詹妮弗开始在该中心做志愿者，照顾患有阿尔茨海默病的居民。故选D。

5. 句意：詹妮弗全神贯注地听着，然后问塞西莉亚是否知道这首诗是谁写的，以帮助她“脑洞大开”。A.hand手；B.leg腿；C.brain大脑；D.back后背。根据上文asks if Cecelia knows who wrote the poem以及下文Together, they reflect on the poem's meaning.可知，然后问塞西莉亚是否知道这首诗是谁写的，以帮助她“脑洞大开”（恢复记忆）。故选C。

6. 句意：塞西莉亚对这首诗的深刻理解表明她是一位如此聪明的女士。A.frank坦率的；B.wise聪明的；C.modest谦虚的；D.humorous幽默的。根据上文Cecelia's deep understanding of the poem可知，塞西莉亚对这首诗的深刻理解表明她是一位如此聪明的女士。故选B。

7. 句意：詹妮弗告诉塞西莉亚：你是那个让我期待每周来到这里的人。A.look forward to期望；B.pay attention to注意；C.give in to屈服；D.object to反对。根据下文I love learning from you. You're like my teacher.可知，詹妮弗告诉塞西莉亚：你是那个让我期待每周来到这里的人。故选A。

8. 句意：“你给老人们一个思考的机会，让他们知道自己得到了很好的照顾，”塞西莉亚回答。A.dream梦想；B.method方法；C.chance机会；D.plan计划。根据下文to think and to know they get good care可知，你给老人们一个思考的机会，让他们知道自己得到了很好的照顾。故选C。

9. 句意：詹妮弗与塞西莉亚的关系在塑造她照顾老年人的热情方面发挥了重要作用。A.rediscovering重新发现；B.exchanging交流；C.consuming消费；D.shaping形成，塑造。根据上文You're the one who makes me   (7)   coming here every week. I love learning from you. You're like my teacher.以及下文her passion for looking after older generations可知，詹妮弗与塞西莉亚的关系在塑造她照顾老年人的热情方面发挥了重要作用。故选D。

10. 句意：倾听是一种善意的行为。A.friendship友谊；B.kindness善意；C.loyalty忠诚；D.courage勇气。根据上文began to volunteer in the center以及listening可知，倾听是一种善意的行为。故选B。

11.【答案】【小题1】
won
【小题2】
called
【小题3】
fully
【小题4】
to celebrate
【小题5】
is held
【小题6】
which
【小题7】
his
【小题8】
results
【小题9】
in
【小题10】
​​​​​​​that
【解析】1. 句意：莎伦•布朗于2021年获得了女性创新奖，因为她开发了一种血液测试，可以帮助更快、更准确地识别癌症。本句缺少谓语动词，所以win做本句谓语，和主语Sharon Brown之间是主动关系，根据时间状语in 2021可知应该用一般过去时。故填won。
2. 句意：该奖项是由一个名为Innovate UK的组织为庆祝国际妇女节而颁发的。本句已有谓语was given，所以call应该用非谓语形式，它的逻辑主语是organisation，两者间是被动关系，应该用动词的-ed形式表被动，作后置定语。故填called。
3. 句意：该奖项旨在支持杰出女性充分实现自己的愿景，并在未来改变世界。空处修饰空后的动词achieve，所以应该用副词作状语，full的副词形式是fully。故填fully。
4. 句意：联合国的语言日旨在庆祝文化多样性，促进官方语言的平等使用。此处考查固定搭配：seek to do sth意为“企图、试图干某事”。故填to celebrate。
5.句意：汉语是联合国选定的六种官方语言之一，每年的4月20日为“联合国汉语日”。本句是and连接的并列句，后句缺少谓语动词，所以hold做本句谓语，和主语UN Chinese Language Day之间是被动关系，应该用被动语态，根据标志词every year可知，应该用一般现在时，主语为第三人称单数。故填is held。
6.句意：这一天选自谷雨，是24节气中的第6个节气。空处引导非限制性定语从句，从句缺少主语，先行词是Guyu，指物，应该用which引导。故填which。
7.句意：自律对每个人来说都是必要的，无论他的年龄、阶级或职业。修饰名词age, class or profession用形容词性物主代词作定语，故填his。
8.句意：这导致提高生产力和增长效率。result in作谓语，文章讲述事实用一般现在时，主语this是单数，谓语动词用单数，故填results。
9.句意：自律的人总是受到社会的尊重。in society在社会上，是固定短语，根据句意，故填in。
10.句意：据证明，日常生活中的小改变，比如每天在同一时间睡觉和起床，吃健康的食物，锻炼和设定目标，都有助于实现自律。空处引导主语从句，it是形式主语，从句句意完整，成分齐全，用连接词that引导主语从句，故填that。

12~14.【答案】C、C、A
【解析】【文章大意】本文是一篇通知。文章主要介绍了一个大学课程“环境变化的考古学”的课程信息以及上这门课的注意事项。

1. 根据文章Office Hours（坐班时间）段落中第一句Office Hours: Tuesday 9-11 am.（办公时间是每星期二上午九点至十一点。）可知，我们对史密斯医生的工作日程的了解是：她每周有两个小时在办公室。故选C。

2. 根据文章Learning Outcomes (学习成果) 部分第一段中的In this course, students will analyze a range of issues related to human-environment interactions.（在本课程中，学生将分析一系列与人与环境相互作用有关的问题。）和第二段中的Students will examine how human actions can affect the environment（学生将研究人类行为如何影响环境）可知，本课程的学习重点之一是人类行为如何影响环境的。故选C。

3. 根据文章Course Plan (课程计划) 部分中的Accordingly, you must have access to a functional computer and a reliable Internet connection.（因此，你必须有一台功能正常的电脑和可靠的互联网连接。）可知，学生在上课前应该准备设备。故选A。

15~17.【答案】B、D、C
【解析】【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。短文叙述了作者的职业经历。

1. 根据第一段内容（从我还是个小男孩开始，我就喜欢冒险，但我从未想过这会导致我选择的职业。）可知，让作者选择了自己的职业的是他渴望冒险。故选B。

2. 根据第三段内容（我曾在英国接受过医生培训，但在那次培训中，我几乎没有做什么准备，以应对在山边暴风雨中折断的腿！事实上，我想说的是，医疗技能在工作要求列表中排在了耐力、解决问题和沟通之后。）可知，作者在旅行中面临的最大挑战是处理紧急情况。故选D。

3. 根据最后一段中的so I try to make sure that...that many people are forced to go through.（所以我努力确保我工作的公司具有高道德标准，并为当地社区带来优势。当然，旅游业提供了就业机会，也让游客看到了许多人被迫经历的艰难。）可知，根据作者的说法，他现在供职的公司应该是造福当地人民和游客。故选C。

18~21.【答案】B、C、D、D
【解析】【文章大意】本文是说明文。研究人员称，能够感知自己身体的机器人有自我意识。

1. 根据第一段中的But they do so unthinkingly, perhaps relying on sensors to try to reduce collision (碰撞) risks, rather than having any understanding of why they are performing the task or where they are within physical space.（但他们这样做是不假思索的，可能是依靠传感器来降低碰撞风险，而不是完全了解他们为什么要执行任务，也不知道他们在物理空间的哪个位置。）可知，机器人做事情是不假思索的，而不是完全了解为什么要做任务，也不知道他们所处的位置，结合第二段首句Hod Lipson and his colleagues are trying to face the challenge.（Hod Lipson和他的同事们正努力面对这一挑战。）以及倒数第二段内容（利普森说:“对我来说，这是机器人历史上第一次有机器人能够创建自己的心理模型。这是一小步，但它预示着未来的发展。”）可知，Hod Lipson的工作重点是机器人的自我意识。故选B。
2. 根据第二段中的These fed video images back to a deep neural network ...This generated nearly 8,000 data points—and the team generated an additional 10,000 through a simulation (模拟) of the robot in a virtual version of its environment.（这些将视频图像反馈给一个深度神经网络，这是一种人工智能，连接到机器人，监控机器人在空间内的运动。在3个小时的时间里，机器人手臂随机移动，神经网络被输入关于手臂的机械输入的信息，并通过观察它在空间中移动到哪里来观察它的反应。这产生了近8000个数据点，团队通过在虚拟环境中模拟机器人产生了额外的10000个数据点。）以及第三段内容（为了测试人工智能的工作情况，生成了一个类似云的图，以显示神经网络“认为”手臂在移动时应该在哪里。它的精度在1%以内，这意味着如果工作空间是1米宽，系统可以正确地估计其位置，误差在1厘米以内。如果神经网络被认为是机器人本身的一部分，这表明机器人有能力在任何给定的时刻可视化它的物理位置。）可知，神经网络在实验中的作用是分析和预测手臂的位置变化。故选C。

3. 根据最后一段中的Learning about the research...The computer simply matches shape and motion patterns that happen to be in the shape of a robot arm that moves."（了解到这项研究后，乔治亚理工学院的安德鲁•亨特说：“基于这种方法的进一步研究有可能带来有用的应用，但不是自我感知。计算机只是简单地匹配形状和运动模式，恰好是一个移动的机械臂的形状。”）可知，对于实验的结果，安德鲁•亨特表示反对。故选D。

4. 通读全文可知，第一段提出问题，机器人是否有自我意识；第二、三段介绍了一个科学实验的过程，第四、物段是对这项科学实验的评价，因此推断作者写这篇文章的主要目的是介绍科学研究。故选D。

22~25.【答案】B、A、A、D
【解析】【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了现在社会中不光有企业致力于让世界变得更美好、更环保，也有一些公司夸大效果、编造数据，试图用环保理念掩盖其黑暗的动机。
1. 根据文章第一段中的Hardly a day goes by...although, in fact, they fail to make enough investment in renewable or alternative energy sources.（几乎每天都有公司在精心制作的广告中告诉我们，他们为我们的环境做出了多大的贡献。发电厂的烟囱里会长出花朵；SUV出现在自然栖息地；石油公司使用阳光、友好的标志，并承诺使用更清洁的技术——尽管事实上，他们没有在可再生能源或替代能源上投入足够的资金。）可知，我们可以从环保方面学了解到这是一种营销技巧。故选B。

2. 根据文章第三段中的At best, such greenwashing pushes the fact to its limits; at worst, it helps conceal deception.（充其量，这种“洗绿”将事实推到了极限；在最坏的情况下，它有助于掩盖欺骗。）及分析句子成分可知，it指的是上文提到的greenwashing这个现象；上文Their message is "buy our products and you will end global warming, improve air quality and save the oceans".（他们传递的信息是“购买我们的产品，你就能结束全球变暖，改善空气质量，拯救海洋”。）中，作者再次举例说明一些公司“声称”自己是环保企业，宣传虚假信息，欺骗消费者，而购买这些产品并不能结束全球变暖、改善空气质量，这些企业只不过是想利益最大化，吸引更多的顾客以谋取更多的利益；所以“洗绿”这件事情能够帮助这些企业隐藏他们的真实想法，即隐瞒真相。故选A。

3. 根据文章第四段中的Few of them are truly well-equipped to make informed decisions about what is true.（他们中很少有人能真正有准备地对真相做出明智的判断和决定。）可知，我们可以推断出大多数消费者对事实并没有足够的了解。故选A。

4. 根据文章最后一段中的All of these surely are the heart of the matter: the true impact of advertising is the promotion of unsustainable lifestyles. And therein lies the real danger to our planet, a danger which cannot be ignored any longer.（所有这些肯定都是问题的核心：广告的真正影响是推广不可持续的生活方式。这就是我们星球面临的真正危险，一种不能再被忽视的危险。）可知，最后一段主要讲的是确保可持续发展的建议。故选D。

26~30.【答案】C、A、D、E、G
【解析】【文章大意】本文是议论文。文章讨论了有关时尚的话题。作者认为时尚可以作为一种交流的方式，一种向你周围的人传达你的自我形象的方式。
1. 根据上文Is fashion important to you?（时尚对你重要吗？）提出了一个关于时尚的问题，下文From those who wear trendy ripped jeans and loose-fitting T-shirts to those who wear smart tailored suits and expensive designer outfits, each individual can have their own style.（从穿时髦的破洞牛仔裤和宽松的T恤，到穿时髦的定制西装和昂贵的设计师套装，每个人都有自己的风格。）讲述了每个人有每个人的风格和时尚，因此推断空处回答上文并引出下文，故C项（对大多数人来说，至少在某种程度上是这样的。）符合语境，回答上文提出的问题，接下来进一步解释这个回答。故选C。
2. 根据下文And what impact can this have on their self-expression？（这对他们的自我表达有什么影响？）再次提出问题，时尚对表达我们自己有什么影响呢，因此推断空处也是提出有关遵循时尚的问题，故A项（它是我们必须遵循的一种趋势吗？）符合语境，下文对两个问题做出了具体的解释。故选A。
3. 根据上文Arguably, one factor that influences what people wear is the need to impress others. People who dress well and keep up with the latest styles seem to be more noticed than those who are not concerned about their appearance.（可以说，影响人们着装的一个因素是为了给别人留下深刻印象。穿着得体并紧跟最新时尚的人似乎比那些不注重外表的人更受关注。）讲述穿着得体时尚会给人留下更深刻的印象，更受关注。及下文 In this way they assume an identity which makes them feel they impress. Yet, by copying general looks, people actually can't show their individuality.（通过这种方式，他们假设了一种身份，让他们觉得自己给人留下了深刻的印象。然而，通过模仿一般的外表，人们实际上无法展示自己的个性。）讲述人们用这种方式想要给人留下深刻印象。因此空处应是说明一种方式，且与上文一致，故D项（因此，人们穿时髦的衣服。）符合语境，与上文是因果关系，下文的this way指代的wear fashionable clothing。故选D。
4. 根据上文At the same time...expensive clothes which are admired by others.（与此同时，时尚被一些人视为成功的工具，代表着财富或受人尊敬的社会地位。例如，人们故意通过穿名牌或昂贵的衣服来提高自己的地位。）通过举例说明人们通过穿时尚的，昂贵的名牌来提高自己的地位，E项中的these clothes呼应上文的famous brands or expensive clothes，故E项（这些衣服实际上并不是对穿着者的个人陈述。）符合语境，承接上文，与下文They are just the means to promote a specific image of power and control. （它们只是宣传权力和控制的特定形象的手段。）是顺承关系。解释说明上文内容。故选E。
5. 根据上文That being said, following fashion may not have anything to do with copying current trends but with using them as an inspiration to create outfits expressing individuality.（话虽如此，追随时尚可能与复制当前的趋势无关，而是将其作为一种灵感来设计表达个性的服装。）可知，讲述有的人追随时尚与当前的形势无关，只是一种表达个性的灵感设计，G项（这方面的一个例子是改造时尚的服装，做出小的个性化的改变。）符合语境，举例说明有些人只是进行个性化的改变，从而引出下文Adding glam here and there, rolling up a pair of trousers or even wearing two different shoes can be considered a form of self-expression demonstrating originality.（在这里或那里增加魅力，卷起一条裤子，甚至穿两只不同的鞋子都可以被认为是一种展示创意的自我表达形式。）举例说明这种个性化的时尚表现。故选G。

31.【答案】【小题1】Because he was playing games.
【小题2】They often played together.
【小题3】Crystal believed that technology advanced and the relationship with neighbors mattered less than before.
Crystal believed that technology advanced and the relationship with neighbors as important as before.​​​​​
【小题4】In my opinion, despite technological advances, neighborhoods should be closer, they should help each other, and they should get together more often.
【解析】1. 【文章大意】这是一篇记叙文。短文叙述了Crystal所看到的邻里关系变得冷漠了，科技的进步使得人们都在忙于自己的网络世界。Crystal认为，随着科技的进步，与邻居的关系也一如既往地重要。
根据第六段中的The boy didn't raise head，some game keeping his attention.（男孩没有抬起头，游戏让他保持注意力。）可知，男孩对Crystal没有反应的原因是他在玩游戏。故答案为Because he was playing games.。
2. 根据第六段中的They often played for hours using imaginary names for far-off places, pretending to be or do something they hoped someday they could be or do.（他们经常玩上几个小时，用想象中的名字描述遥远的地方，假装自己是或做一些希望有一天能成为或做的事情。）可知，小时候，Crystal和隔壁邻居经常一起玩。故答案为They often played together.。
3. 根据倒数第三段中的Those who grow up not knowing...How could a metal chip replace a life? Crystal could never understand.（那些在成长过程中不知道做一个好邻居这种看不见的人与人之间的简单关系的人，已经错过了他们成熟的整个过程。这不是私人空间的问题。而是陪在另一个人身边。金属芯片怎么能取代生活呢？Crystal 永远不明白。）可知，Crystal认为，随着科技的进步，与邻居的关系也一如既往地重要。所以mattered less than before是错误的，Crystal认为，随着科技的进步，与邻居的关系也一如既往地重要。故答案为Crystal believed that technology advanced and the relationship with neighbors mattered less than before.
Crystal believed that technology advanced and the relationship with neighbors as important as before.
4.开放性试题。你认为现在的邻里关系应该是怎样的？这是一个开放式题目，只要回答的合情合理即可。故答案为In my opinion, despite technological advances, neighborhoods should be closer, they should help each other, and they should get together more often.。

32.【答案】Dear Jim
    I am writing to invite you to participate in an original English poetry contest, the theme of which is "Song of Youth".
    This event was initiated by the Youth Federation to solicit poems from students all over the world. Poems can be about youthful friendship, love or confusion and must be written in English. ①Not only can you describe your life in the poems, but also you can express your opinions on these topics. The content of the poems must be healthy and positive. The works should be submitted as a document and sent to literature@163.com. ②Every student is welcome to take part in this activity as long as you are interested in English poetry.
    Look forward to your participation.
Yours,
Li Hua
【解析】【思路点拨】
本篇是一篇应用文写作，话题为市青年联合会面向全球发起“青春之歌”主题原创诗歌征集活动。请你用英文给英国好友Jim写一封电子邮件。除涵盖所给出要点外，还可以充分发挥想象力，适当增加细节。使文章内容连贯有层次，语言自然流畅。
【亮点词汇】
①participate in参加
②​​​​​​​submit提交

【高分句型】
①Not only can you describe your life in the poems, but also you can express your opinions on these topics.（not only引导的倒装句）
②Every student is welcome to take part in this activity as long as you are interested in English poetry.（as long as引导的状语从句）

【结构布局】
引言：介绍活动
中心：邀请参与
结尾：期待回复

【拓展词汇】
①for sure/certain一定地
②contribute to有助于
③confirm one's participation确认参加

【拓展句型】
①Not only does the activity arouse students' interest in reading, but it also cultivates students' love for knowledge.（活动不仅激发了学生的阅读兴趣，而且培养了学生对知识的热爱。）
②Not only does the activity broaden my horizons, but also inspires me to work harder.（这次活动不仅让我大开眼界而且激励我更努力的学习。）