初中英语中考复习 专题21 阅读理解议论文-2020年中考英语母题题源解密（解析版）

这是一份初中英语中考复习 专题21 阅读理解议论文-2020年中考英语母题题源解密（解析版），共25页。
专题21 阅读理解议论文




【母题来源1】 【2020 • 北京中考】
【母题原题】There are millions of recipes(菜谱) hidden in the boxes and hearts of grandmother and parents. These family recipes are a special part of our family history. Some of them have been passed down from generation(一代人) to generation.
“I realized I couldn't go home every weekend for my mom's delicious dishes,” says Shreya, who is about to enter university. Shreya has recently started following her mother around the kitchen, taking notes on how to make her “masala chai” and tasty kachoris.
"Those special tastes can immediately unlock a whole flood of emotions, memories and feelings of family, love, and comfort," says she.
She adds, "I am looking to the day when my kids will come to know of their grandmothers through the dishes they cooked."
But many of us find it difficult to keep the food connection with our busy life. Even if we have time, not many of us take the effort to collect and record the recipes from our grandmothers and parents. We often get a recipe on the phone and take it down quickly on a piece of paper. We just stick it onto the fridge for a week or two and forget about it as soon as the paper disappears from there.
Actually, there are simple ways to keep family recipes, Scrapbooks（剪贴薄）are easily found in the market. You can even add photos to record every detail of your memories about the recipe. With the help of some popular apps like Story Scans, recording family recipes has never been easier. What is needed is to scan（扫描） the recipes and record the story behind each of them. It can become the most meaningful work you have ever done with and for your family.
Keeping family recipes is saving and honoring our tradition so that future generations can continue to make family ties stronger. Every time you remember your loved ones, recreate one of the dishes from your collection and let the memories from the good old days comfort you. So why not gift your kids a family recipe book when they are starting a new life?
27. Why does Shreya follow her mother around the kitchen?
A. To clean up the kitchen. B. To note down recipes.
C. To prepare family dinners. D. To talk about family rules.
28. What can we learn from the passage?
A. Ways to record recipes can be easy.
B. Most people like writing recipe books.
C. Recipes have become popular with kids.
D. People often buy recipe books in the market.
29. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A. Family Recipes: Secrets of Cooking
B. Family Recipes Are at a Crossroads
C. Family Recipes: Connections to Interests
D. Family Recipes Are More than Just Recipes
【文章大意】本文介绍了很多家常菜被代代传承。这些家常菜是我们家族历史中很特别的一部分。我们可以用剪贴簿或者故事扫描等一些应用软件，记录下家庭菜谱。保留家庭菜谱就是保存和尊重我们的传统，这样子孙后代就可以继续加强家庭纽带。
27.B【解析】细节理解题。根据“Shreya has recently started following her mother around the kitchen, taking notes on how to make her “masala chai” and tasty kachoris.”可知，莎莉娅跟着妈妈在厨房转是为了记下菜谱，故选B。
28.A【解析】推理判断题。根据“Actually, there are simple ways to keep family recipes, Scrapbooks（剪贴薄）are easily found in the market. You can even add photos to record every detail of your memories about the recipe. With the help of some popular apps like Story Scans, recording family recipes has never been easier.”可知，记录菜谱的方法很简单。故选A。
29.D【解析】标题归纳题。根据“Keeping family recipes is saving and honoring our tradition so that future generations can continue to make family ties stronger.”可知，保留家庭菜谱就是保存和尊重我们的传统，这样子孙后代就可以继续加强家庭纽带。因此本文主要介绍了家庭菜谱不仅仅是菜谱，还有更深的意义。故选D。
【母题来源2】【2020 •江苏省苏州市中考】
【母题原题】

I think there are several reasons that suggest developing robots is a waste of money.
In San Diego recently $325,000 was spent on inventing a robotic squirrel to do some scientific experiments. The research proved that squirrels are able to scare away snakes by wagging (摇动) their tails. Do you need a robotic squirrel to work this out?
What about AIBO, a robotic pet, developed in Japan? In Japanese aibou means “buddy”. These pets have been developed at huge cost mainly to provide entertainment. They've been used in movies and music videos. Universities have used them for educational purposes. However, in 2006 the company stopped producing these robotic pets in order to save money. Was it worth a lot of money?
Then there’s NAO, a robot which has been developed by a French company. Its main purpose is to make life easier for humans. It speaks 19 languages and has its own personality. It can tell children a story, help in the classroom or the home, or act as a companion to those people who need someone to be with. A fully developed one costs $16,000. Is that value for money? Who can afford it anyway?
There may be good reasons why it is worth developing robots, but so far I haven’t thought of any.
27. What does the underlined word “companion” in Paragraph 4 mean in Chinese?
A. 公司 B. 机构 C. 对手 D. 伙伴
28. What is the true fact about the robots mentioned?
A. The robotic squirrel is needed by every scientist to do some research.
B. AIBO wasn’t made any more because it only provided entertainment.
C. A fully developed NAO may tell kids stories in different languages.
D. All the three types of robots used to be produced at a very low cost.
29. What does the writer think of developing robots?
A. It can help bring people a lot of fun. B. It has advantages in many ways.
C. It may be useful but costs too much. D. It is worth a great deal of money.
【文章大意】本文作者通过举例说明开发机器人是浪费钱，开发机器人可能有很好的理由，但作者目前还没想到。
27.D【解析】词义猜测题。根据画线词所在语境“act as a companion to those people who need someone to be with”讲“作那些需要陪伴的人的一名____”，结合选项可知应是“伙伴”。故选D。
28.C【解析】细节理解题。根据第2段中“In San Diego recently $325,000 was spent on inventing a robotic squirrel to do some scientific experiments. ”讲到发明松鼠机器人来做一些科学实验，并未提到每个科学家都需要，A项错误；根据第2段中“However, in 2006 the company stopped producing these robotic pets in order to save money.”可知停止生产AIBO是为了省钱，B项错误；根据第3段中“It speaks 19 languages and has its own personality. It can tell children a story ...”可知一个完全开发的NAO可以用不同的语言给孩子讲故事，C项正确；根据文中价格信息“$325,000”“at huge cost”“$16,000”可知这些机器人的生产耗资巨大，D项错误。故选C。
29.C【解析】观点态度题。根据第一段中“I think there are several reasons that suggest developing robots is a waste of money.”及文中例子可知作者认为开发机器人可能是有用的，但花费太多，是在浪费钱。故选C。
【母题来源3】【2020 •山东省泰安市中考】
【母题原题】

To many people, art is a human expression of creativity. But in recent years, you may have read news about artificial intelligence（AI）creating its own art, such as painting or writing poems. Some people worry that AI might someday replace（替代）artists.
But this worry seems to be unnecessary, at least for now. Many artists today are turning AI into a useful tool. Instead of replacing artists, AI is bringing artists more possibilities.
A piece of music created by AI recently attracted attention. AI was used to create the music based on the protein（蛋白质）structure of COVID-19. The music lasted nearly two hours. The project was led by Markus Buehler, an American musician and MIT professor（教授）of engineering. He assigned (指定) a unique note (独特的音符) to each amino acid (氨基酸) is the protein. The AI then translated these notes into music.
Listeners found the project “mind-blowing”. “It allows me to see the virus in a new way,” said one listener. This surprising combination (结合) between science and art could not be achieved without AI. As The Verge wrote, “AI helps artists play around in unpredictable ways, creating things beyond (超过) what they have ever thought was possible before.”
Apart from creating imaginative works, AI can also take care of repetitive (重复乏味的) tasks for artists. For example, in the comic and cartoon industries, there are now AI tools that can automatically (自动) color in black-and-white line drawings. Although the results can be unpredictable and require a little cleanup. it can give artists room to experiment (实验) by cutting down the time it takes to color each picture.
As Peter Ward wrote for The Culture Trip. “Art of every kind has always been influenced by technological developments.” AI can become a useful tool to bring change to the art world if it’s welcomed and not unfairly feared.
22. According to the passage, AI can’t ________ now.
A. write poems B. paint C. replace artists D. create music
23. Which of the following is NOT true according to the third and fourth paragraphs?
A. AI created a piece of music about COVID-19.
B. Many of AI’s art creations are beyond artists’ imagination.
C. Science and art can be combined with the help of AI.
D. Markus Buehler was not a professor of engineering, but a musician.
24. The underlined phrase “Apart from” in the fifth paragraph can be replaced by “________”.
A. Besides B. Instead of C. Because of D. According to
25. What’s the main idea of the passage?
A. Technological developments have greatly influenced people’s daily life.
B. AI has been widely used in science research.
C. AI is bringing more help to the art world as a useful tool.
D. AI’s creativity has caused more and mare worries.
【文章大意】本文讲述了近年来人工智能开始创造自己的艺术，但人工智能并没有取代艺术家，反而给艺术家带来了更多的可能性，人们认为人工智能可以成为一种给艺术世界带来变革的有用工具
22.C【解析】细节理解题。根据文中“Some people worry that AI might someday replace artists. But this worry seems to be unnecessary, at least for now. Many artists today are turning AI into a useful tool. 有些人担心人工智能有一天会取代艺术家。但这种担心似乎没有必要，至少目前是这样。今天许多艺术家正在把人工智能变成一种有用的工具。”，可知现在人工智能不会取代艺术家，故选C。
23.D【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段中“AI was used to create the music based on the protein（蛋白质）structure of COVID-19. 人工智能被用来创造基于COVID-19蛋白结构的音乐。”，可知选项A是正确的；根据第四段中“AI helps artists play around in unpredictable ways, creating things beyond (超过) what they have ever thought was possible before. 人工智能帮助艺术家们以不可预知的方式发挥作用，创造出超出他们以前认为可能的东西。”，可知选项B是正确的；根据第四段中“This surprising combination (结合) between science and art could not be achieved without AI. 没有人工智能，科学和艺术之间的这种令人惊讶的结合是不可能实现的。”，可知选项C是正确的；根据第三段中“The project was led by Markus Buehler, an American musician and MIT professor（教授）of engineering. 该项目由美国音乐家、麻省理工学院工程学教授Markus Buehler领导。”，可知选项D是错误的。故选D。
24.A【解析】词义猜测题。Besides除了；Instead of代替；Because of因为；According to通过。根据下一句“AI can also take care of repetitive (重复乏味的) tasks for artists人工智能还可以处理艺术家的重复性任务”，可知前一句是指“除了创作富有想象力的作品”，所以apart from意为“除了”，故选A。
25.C【解析】主旨大意题。根据文中第二段“Many artists today are turning AI into a useful tool. Instead of replacing artists, AI is bringing artists more possibilities.”，可知这篇文章主要是讲许多艺术家正在把人工智能变成一个有用的工具，人工智能并没有取代艺术家，反而给艺术家带来了更多的可能性，故选C。
【母题来源4】【2020 •四川省达州市中考】
【母题原题】

Traditional Chinese culture is catching the world’s eyes. The good traditional Chinese culture is our great treasure. President Xi Jinping says we should have a high of culture confidence. There are so many great works in the course of Chinese history such as Di Zi Gui,Lun Yu,Meng Zi and so on. Xi Jinping and other leaders often borrow some wonderful sentences from them. Dao De Jing is also one of them.
It is widely believed that Lao zi, a famous Chinese philosopher and the founder of Taoism, was the writer of Dao De Jing. There are only 5000 characters in the book, but it is considered as one of the oldest and most important philosophy books of ancient China .It includes two parts, Dao and De.
Dao means "the Way". It doesn’t tell us how to choose the right way, but it really shows that one should act through naturalness and non-action.
Naturalness refers to a natural state of being, an attitude of following the way of nature. Lao Zi thought that everything in the world has its own way of being and developing. Birds fly in the sky; Tigers live in the forest; Fish swim in the water; Flowers bloom and flowers fall. He gave advice to the people who have strong feelings to control the world. He said they should give up the desires （欲望）.
Non-action （无为） does not mean that one should do nothing but passively wait for something to be achieved. What he meant is that human should follow the way of nature and try not to break the rule of nature.
De means“Virtue（德行）”. Lao zi thought the great virtue is like water. And he thinks nothing in the world is weaker than water, yet nothing is stronger than water when it comes. It can nearly destroy everything strong. In ancient China, there is also a saying, water can hold the boat, it can also make the boat turn upside down. Water is a typical （典型的） example of the weak beating the strong.
Of course, there are many other wonderful things we can learn from the book. Today, Dao de Jing still plays a role in the development of Chinese thoughts. It is becoming more and more popular with people around the world.
31. According to Dao De Jing, which picture shows an attitude of breaking the way of nature?
A. B. C. D.
32. Why did Lao zi think the great virtue is like water?
A. Because water is a typical example of the strong beating the weak.
B. Because Lao zi thought nothing in the world is weaker than water.
C. Because water is a typical example of the weak beating the strong.
D. Because water can hold the boat.
33. What does Dao De Jing tell us?
A. We should act by following the way of nature and have the great virtue.
B. We should choose the right way to success.
C. We should do nothing but passively wait for something to be achieved.
D. We should become strong and try our best to satisfy our desires.
34. What is the feeling that the writer wants to express in the passage?
A. Serious. B. Proud. C. Upset. D. Sad.
【文章大意】本文主要讲了中国传统文化正吸引着世界的目光，良好的中国传统文化是我们的伟大财富，作者以《道德经》为例，并简要阐述了其伟大思想。
31.B【解析】推理判断题。根据上文Naturalness refers to a natural state of being, an attitude of following the way of nature. …Flowers bloom and flowers fall.自然是指一种自然的存在状态，一种遵循自然方式的态度。老子认为世界上的一切都有自己的存在和发展方式。鸟儿在天空中飞翔；老虎在森林里生活；鱼在水里游泳；花开花落。结合图片，可知图片B“杀害斑马”属于人为打破了自然生存方式，故选B。
32.C【解析】细节理解题。根据上文Water is a typical example of the weak beating the strong. 水是弱者打强者的典型例子，可知这是老子认为上善若水的原因，故选C。
33.A【解析】推理判断题。根据上文Dao means "the Way". …it really shows that one should act through naturalness and non-action. Naturalness refers to a natural state of being, an attitude of following the way of nature. De means “Virtue（德行）”. Lao zi thought the great virtue is like water. 道是“方式”的意思。它确实表明一个人应该通过自然和不行动来保持自然的存在状态，拥有一种遵循自然方式的态度。德的意思是“德行”。老子认为上善若水。综上所述，可知我们应该遵循自然之道，拥有伟大的美德。故选A。
34.B【解析】推理判断题。Serious严肃的；Proud自豪的；Upset不安的；Sad伤心的。根据上文Of course, there are many other wonderful things we can learn from the book. Today, Dao de Jing still plays a role in the development of Chinese thoughts. It is becoming more and more popular with people around the world. 当然，还有许多其他精彩的东西我们可以从这本书中学到。今天，《道德经》仍然在中国思想的发展中发挥着作用。它越来越受到世界各地人们的欢迎。不难看出，字里行间流露出作者对中国传统文化的自豪感，故选B。
【母题来源5】【2020 •山东滨州市】
【母题原题】
Animals are our friends. Sometimes they make trouble, but sometimes they can help us. And they hope to live a happy life, too. Here are two real stories from our readers.
The first story is from Ray. "My cat, Tiger, hates it when I use my iPad because it takes my attention away from him. One year, I had a fall at home and was on the floor for 16 hours. During this time, I was unable to move and couldn't get to the phone to call for help. Tiger stayed by my side until he disappeared under my bed. 'What's he up to?' I wondered. To my surprise, he started to push something towards me. It was my iPad, which I didn't realize had fallen off the bed and onto the floor. He probably didn't know what it was, but he knew that it made me happy. Thanks to Tiger, I was able to communicate with my friend, Becky, who then told my doctor."
The second story is from Colin. "Years ago, my friend Julius saved a bird-a wild 'Mom' cockatoo（鹦鹉）from the side of the road and kept it as a pet in a big cage(笼子). It lost one of her wings, so she was unable to return to the wild. Soon, two wild cockatoos came visiting and one 'Dad' bird wanted to find his way into the cage. The 'Mom' cockatoo in the cage was soon expecting. But as she couldn't fly, 'Dad' cockatoo built a home in the tree, keeping off everyone who got close to 'Mom' cockatoo. 'Baby' cockatoo would spend his days flying off with his dad, leaving his mom behind. She would sit and wait until they returned home each afternoon. The family stayed together happily."
After reading the stories, don’t you think we should get along well with animals? No matter they are our pets or live in the wild, they have their feelings. We should respect every life in the world.
26. ________ is the owner of the cat.
A. Becky B. Julius C. Colin D. Ray
27. The underlined word "it" in Paragraph 2 refers to the________.
A. phone B. cat C. iPad D. bed
28. "Mom" cockatoo didn't return to the wild because ________.
A. Julius caught it as a pet B. she was badly hurt and couldn't fly
C. she preferred the life in the cage D. "Dad" cockatoo built a home in the tree
29. The main idea of the passage is that ________.
A. Ray, Becky and Colin are animal lovers B. we shouldn't use iPad too much
C. friends should help each other D. we should respect every life in the world
30. In which part of a newspaper would you probably read the passage?
A. Sports news. B. People and animals. C. Health. D. Travel.
【文章大意】动物是人类的朋友，本文讲述了两个有关动物的故事，告诉我们要和动物和平相处，尊重每一个生命。
26.D【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中“The first story is from Ray. ‘My cat, Tiger, hates it when I use my iPad because it takes my attention away from him…’”可知，Ray是猫的主人。故选D。
27.C【解析】词句猜测题。A：电话；B：猫；C：平板电脑；D：床。分析“It was my iPad, which I didn't realize had fallen off the bed and onto the floor. He probably didn't know what it was, but he knew that it made me happy.”可知，是我的平板电脑，我没有意识到它从床上掉到了地板上，他可能不知道那是什么，但他知道那让我很开心。所以推测此处it指的是平板电脑。故选C。
28.B【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中“It lost one of her wings, so she was unable to return to the wild.”可知，因失去了一只翅膀，受伤而不能飞，所以她无法回到野外。结合选项，故选B。
29.D【解析】主旨大意题。A：雷、贝基和科林都是动物爱好者；B：我们不应该过多地使用平板电脑；C：朋友应该互相帮助；D：我们应该尊重世界上的每一个生命。分析全文内容可知，动物是人类的朋友，本文讲述了两个有关动物的故事，告诉我们要和动物和平相处，尊重每一个生命。故选D。
30.B【解析】推理判断题。A：体育新闻；B：人与动物；C：健康；D：旅行。根据文章内容可知，本文讲述了两个有关动物的故事，告诉我们要和动物和平相处，尊重每一个生命，所以内容和人与动物相关。故选B。
【母题来源6】【2020 •浙江省湖州市中考】
【母题原题】
Dear Sir/Madam,
①It is now common to go online in the home, yet a recent survey showed that ninety-five percent of parents do not know what websites their children visit. I strongly believe that a training project should be started to help parents to improve their Internet and computer skills so that they can better monitor and guide their children.
②One advantage of providing training is that it would get parents to pay more attention to their children's online activities. If they had a better understanding of the Internet, they would see the need to make sure that their children use it properly and responsibly.
③Another argument for providing training to parents is that it would allow parents to help their children with their schoolwork. These days, a lot of homework needs to be done on computers. If parents have poor computer skills, they will be of little or no help with homework, which can make them upset. Some people argue that it is good that students can work independently on computers. However, it is clear that students, especially young students, often need this kind of home support.
④Improving parents' Internet and computer skills might also be a good way or parents to improve their relationships with their children. These days, children spend a lot of their free time on computers. If parents want to be part of that free time, they need to see that playing on computers can be a fun family activity. Joining their children can help parents bridge the generation gap(代沟) between them and their children.
⑤I strongly believe that children need to be helped and guided to use the Internet in a proper and responsible way, and so training is extremely important.
Yours faithfully.
Pat Chan
19. In the letter, the writer ________.
A. thinks parents should improve their Internet and computer skills
B. advises children not to spend a lot of their free time on computers
C. tries to make children less worried about their online schoolwork
D. explains why parents should pay more attention to their children
20. Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?
A. B.
C. D.
21. The letter is probably from the part of ________ in a newspaper.
A. culture B. sports C. health D. education
【文章大意】本文主要叙述开始一个培训项目来帮助父母提高他们的网络和电脑技能的好处和原因。
19.A【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中“I strongly believe that a training project should be started to help parents to improve their Internet and computer skills so that they can better monitor and guide their children.”可知，作者坚信应该开始一个培训项目来帮助父母提高他们的网络和电脑技能，这样他们就可以更好地监督和指导他们的孩子。故选A。
20.C【解析】篇章结构题。分析文章内容可知，第一段总述作者认为应该开始一个培训项目来帮助父母提高他们的网络和电脑技能；第二、三、四段分别说明这样做的原因和好处；第五段总结培训的重要性。故选C。
21.D【解析】推理判断题。A：文化；B：运动；C：健康；D：教育。分析文章内容可知，本文主要叙述开始一个培训项目来帮助父母提高他们的网络和电脑技能的好处和原因。内容与教育孩子相关。故选D。

【命题方向】
议论文往往有观点，有事实，逻辑性强，命题往往从事实的有关细节及文章的主旨或作者的表达意图等方面着手，考查我们的思维能力和判断能力。所以考生要培养根据上下文猜词的能力，或者说根据情境能揣测作者的意图。议论文的阅读同其他体裁文章的阅读理解一样，可以有主旨大意、细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测等几种出题方式。
【得分要点】
一、重视文章标题，找准全文主题句，把握文章主旨
标题往往是全文的主题，审视标题，有利于理解全文，提高解题效率。主题句对全文起提示、启迪、概括、归纳之作用。根据主题句既可以知道文章议论的是什么，也可以知道作者希望读者了解主题方面的哪些内容。议论文题材偏难，但其框架一般都很清晰，多采用总—分—总的结构，交替使用正面和反面的论证方式。通常，先总说现象或观点；其次，正面陈述、反面论证；最后作者表明自己的态度，再次总结文章。通常主题句会出现在文章的首句或句末，在这些地方要多留意表示归纳的词汇，也可以在具体事例之后或之前的表示观点的陈述句中寻找。
二、细读文章，注意文章细节理解
除主旨题外，细节理解题也是阅读理解题中的基础题，它主要考查学生对文中的具体事例、数字、时间、地点等的理解。经常出现排序题(按事情发展顺序排序)，图表题(按文章内容找出正确图形)，正误题(依据文章内容对所列的陈述进行正误判断) 。对这种题型，无论细节题如何变化形式，立足点都应是从文章中找出相应词句作为依据。虽然答案中有的细节在文中很清楚，但可能与问题无关。细节题的破解一般用寻读法，即先看试题，再读文章。对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、分析、对比，有根据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。假如问题采用的是反向思维，题中含有not或except等表示否定意义的词，则需要更加留意。此法可以加强阅读的针对性，提高做题的准确率。做此类题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。
三、理解整体语篇，掌握作者意图
做推理判断题要求考生在阅读理解整体语篇的同时，对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断，站在作者的视角，而不是主观臆断、凭空想象，从而走入误区。英语文章讲究使用主题段与主题句，段与段之间通常有过渡性词语连接，承上启下，使文章行文连贯。有时文章还会在时间顺序、空间顺序或逻辑推理上运用较高级的手段进行组编。要想准确、深刻地理解文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握全篇的文脉，即句内、句间和段落间的修辞手段或逻辑关系。作者往往在构思语篇前会进行预先设定：读者知道什么，不知道什么，读者可能与自己共同拥有什么样的生活经验、思想见地和需求欲望等，然后设计一些隐藏在语篇深层的＂潜台词＂。因此，这类试题要求考生利用主题句进行推测，揣摩文字背后作者的意图，运用背景知识去挖掘文章的深层含义，从而正确理解作者的言外之意，同时认真体会文章的语气与感情基调。
四、多读多背，扩大词汇量，掌握猜词技巧
由于当今的阅读文章题材广泛，体裁多样，经常出现一词多义，甚至出现没学过的词汇。许多学生感到困扰很大，有的甚至烦躁得难以坚持阅读下去。要解决阅读中的生词问题，一是要扩大英语词汇量，二是要学习并掌握一些猜测生词词义的方法，如：利用同义、反义、上义、下义、词的集合、词的搭配等关系；利用照应、替代、省略、定义、举例等情境关系；利用词缀、转化、合成等构词法；利用后置定语或同位语等语法结构；利用前后对比或因果推理法等。
总之，想要提高阅读能力，尤其是对考生来说难度较大的议论文阅读，学生应能从篇章和试题双方面入手。通过观察、体验、探究等积极主动的学习方法，优化阅读理解中议论文的解题思路和方法策略，提高学生自主学习的能力。

【母题1】【来源】【2020 • 北京市昌平区初三年级二模】


Ryan Hrejac is a kid who is 15 and lives in Canada. Without his help, hundreds of wells that now provide fresh water for people in Africa, Central America, and India might never have been built. He travels the world to tell people how they can help solve a big problem: the need of safe drinking water in many developing countries.
“Everybody can do something,” Ryan says.
Ryan's efforts didn't begin in a far-off place, though, but right at home in Kemptvlle, Ontario. In 1998, when he was 6 years old, Ryan learned from his teacher that children in Africa often must walk miles each day to find water. His teacher said that some of the children even died from drinking bad water.
So Ryan decided to take action. He did housework for his parents and for neighbors to make some money. He spoke to schools, churches, clubs about his idea. The word spread, and donations（捐献）began coming in. After several months of hard work, Ryan had raised $2, 000, enough to dig one well.
An organization called Canadian Physicians for Aid and Relief（CPAR）chose a place for the well in the village of Agweo, in Uganda, eastern Africa.
After the first well was built, “the ripple effect took over,” Ryan said, “and one goal led to another.”
He founded Ryan's Well Foundation（基金会）four years ago to educate people about the importance of water and help more people get clean water with others' help. Now the foundation has raised more than $1.5 million and built 255 wells that could serve more than 427,000 people in 12 countries.
Its website lists some of the famous people Ryan has met and the honors he has received.
Ryan isn't bragging（吹噓）. “The best people I've met are the other kids who want to help, too.” he said. “The only reason I accept honors is that each word I say when I get one might help one more person.”
24. What problem does Ryan want to solve?
A. The poor condition of schools.
B. The influence of war on children.
C. The illness caused by pollution.
D. The need of safe drinking water.
25. Ryan himself raised money by ________.
A. starting a website to get donations
B. creating an educational organization
C. doing housework and introducing his idea
D. travelling to a village across the world
26. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A. An Organization of Saving Water
B. A Goal to Help African People
C. A Boy Who Makes a Difference
D. A Well That Brought People Together
【答案】24. D 25. C 26. C
【解析】这篇短文讲述的是15岁的男孩Ryan在了解到很多非洲的孩子没有饮用水，或因为饮用劣质水而死亡这一事实后，开始筹集资金，在很多国家挖井。他还建立了基金会，教育人们水的重要性，帮助更多的人得到干净的水。
【24题详解】
细节理解题。根据短文第一段“He travels the world to tell people how they can help solve a big problem: the need of safe drinking water in many developing countries.”可知，Ryan想要解决的大问题就是很多发展中国家里安全饮水的问题。故选D。
【25题详解】
细节理解题。根据短文第四段“He did housework for his parents and for neighbors to make some money. He spoke to schools, churches, clubs about his idea. The word spread, and donations（捐献）began coming in.”可知，Ryan给父母和邻居做家务赚钱，并且把他的想法告诉学校、教堂以及俱乐部，这样人们就开始捐钱。故选C。
【26题详解】
最佳标题题。A“一个节约用水的组织”；B“帮助非洲人的目标”；C“一个改变世界的男孩”；D“把人们团结在一起的一口井”。根据文意可知，这篇短文讲述了15岁的男孩Ryan筹集资金，帮助很多非洲国家挖井，以获得干净的饮用水，并创立基金会，帮助更多的人得到干净的水。C选项“一个改变世界的男孩”符合文意，故选C。
【母题2】【来源】【2020 • 安徽省合肥市九年级模拟考试（二）】
When learning English, reading can help you a lot. When you read, you can not only learn some new words, but also learn how to use them. When you read, you can find a good example for your writing.
Good reading tips:
Try to read at the right level. Read something that you can more or less understand. If you need to stop every three words to use a dictionary, it is not interesting.
Try to increase the number of your new words. If there are four or five new words on a page, write them in your notebook. But you don’t have to write them while you read. Instead, try to guess their meanings as you read, and mark them with a pen. Then come back when you have finished reading to look them up in a dictionary and write them in your own vocabulary book. Then try to remember them.
Try to read regularly. For example, read for a short time once a day. Fifteen minutes every day is better than two hours every Sunday. Fix a time to read and keep doing that. For example, you could read for fifteen minutes before you go to bed, or in the morning or at lunchtime.
Read what interests you. Choose a book or a magazine about a subject that you like. Because you are going to spend time and money to read it, choose an interesting one. You can also read newspapers. There are many English newspapers for teenagers in China. You can always find something interesting in them.
69. How many reading tips does the writer give us?
A. Six. B. Three. C. Five. D. Four.
70. Which of the following is true?
A. When you read, you can only learn some new words.
B. It is interesting for you to stop every three words to use a dictionary.
C. Reading a lot can help you write better.
D. Try to read something that you can’t understand to make your English better.
71. If you meet a few words on a page while reading, _________.
A. write them down at once B. guess the meaning at first
C. give up reading D. copy them in a notebook
72. The best title is_________.
A. Reading is Very Helpful B. When and Where to Read
C. What to Choose to Read D. How to Make Reading Better
【答案】69. D 70. C 71. B 72. D
【解析】本文介绍了阅读在学习英语中很重要，告诉了我们四种好的阅读技巧。
【69题详解】
细节理解题。根据文中Try to read at the right level，Try to increase the number of your new words，Try to read regularly，Read what interests you可知，一共有四个阅读的小技巧，故选D。
【70题详解】
细节理解题。根据文中If there are four or five new words on a page, write them in your notebook. But you don’t have to write them while you read. Instead, try to guess their meanings as you read, and mark them with a pen.可知，A选项错误；根据文中If you need to stop every three words to use a dictionary, it is not interesting.可知，B选项错误；根据文中When you read, you can find a good example for your writing.可知，C选项正确；根据文中Read something that you can more or less understand.可知，D选项错误，故选C。
【71题详解】
细节理解题。根据文中If there are four or five new words on a page, write them in your notebook. But you don’t have to write them while you read. Instead, try to guess their meanings as you read, and mark them with a pen.可知，在阅读的过程中遇到生词要先学会猜测词义，故选B。
【72题详解】
最佳标题题。根据整个文章的理解以及文中Good reading tips可知，主要是介绍如何让阅读变得更好，故选D。
【母题3】【来源】【2020 • 山东省德州市德城区二模】


When everyone in China is wearing masks (口罩) to stop the COVID-19 (新冠肺炎) many people in Western countries don’t seem to want to do the same. For example, an Italian lawmaker was criticized (批评) by his coworkers when he went to work with a mask. They said he made them nervous. But why do the East and West have different ideas about wearing masks? Let’s take a look.
Western ideas about masks
In the West, people should wear masks only when they get sick, for example. People see masks as a tool (工具) to protect sick people and stop disease from spreading (传播), so healthy people don’t need to wear them. But as the number of COVID-19 cases is growing around the world, people in the West are changing their ideas.
Mask culture in the East
In Asian countries like China and Japan, wearing masks is common. In 1910, Chinese doctor Wu Liande invented (发明) the modern medical mask. During the 2003 SARS epidemic (流行病疫), people in China and East Asia also used masks to protect themselves. 
In Japan, wearing masks shows your politeness (礼貌) when you get a cold or flu. Some Japanese also turn masks into fashion accessories (配饰). They have different colors and patterns to choose to match their clothes. Some young women wear masks when they don’t have their makeup (化妆) on.
Many pop stars in Asia also use masks to protect their privacy (隐私). This cultural and historical background has made it easier for people in the East to wear masks when epidemics break out.
11. What did the coworkers think of the Italian lawmaker?
A. He was too worried to work. B. He made other people nervous.
C. He was unwilling to go to work. D. He was just trying to protect himself.
12. In the past, people in the West wore masks when _____________.
A. they were sick B. they were talking to doctors
C. they were shy or worried D. they went outdoors
13. Where was the modern medical mask invented?
A. In the UK. B. In Japan. C. In China. D. In the US.
14. The reasons why Asian people like to wear masks do NOT include ___________.
A. wearing masks to stop disease from spreading B. protecting against air pollution
C. looking fashionable D. protecting their privacy
15. What is the story mainly about?
A. Why masks are popular in Asian culture.
B. The importance of wearing masks during epidemics.
C. Why Western people don’t wear masks during epidemics.
D. Masks mean different things in different cultures.
【答案】11. B 12. A 13. C 14. B 15. D
【解析】本文主要讲述了西方国家和东方国家对口罩的不同看法。
【11题详解】
细节理解题。根据第1大段“an Italian lawmaker was criticized (批评) by his coworkers when he went to work with a mask. They said he made them nervous.”意大利的议员戴口罩上班被同事批评，因为他让他们很紧张。可知，故选B。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据第2大段“In the West, people should wear masks only when they get sick,”西方国家，人们只有生病了才戴口罩。可知，故选A。
【13题详解】
细节理解题。根据第3大段“In 1910, Chinese doctor Wu Liande invented (发明) the modern medical mask.”中国医生发明看现代医学口罩。可知，是中国。故选C。
【14题详解】
细节理解题。根据第4大段“wearing masks shows your politeness (礼貌) when you get a cold or flu. Some Japanese also turn masks into fashion accessories (配饰).”当你感冒了或者有流感的时候，戴口罩是礼貌的，一些日本人也把口罩变成时尚的配饰；再联系第5大段“Many pop stars in Asia also use masks to protect their privacy”亚洲一些明星带口罩来保护他们的隐私。可知，文章没有涉及戴口罩是为了预防污染。故选B。
【15题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第1大段“But why do the East and West have different ideas about wearing masks?”但是为什么东方和西方对于戴口罩有不同的意见呢？可知，本文主要讲述了口罩在不同的文化里有不同的含义。故选D。
【母题4】【来源】【2020 • 山东省聊城市临清市二模】
Many Chinese mothers are afraid that their children will fall behind their classmates,so these mothers are becoming"tiger mothers". They believe the harder their children study, the happier life they will have in the future. Is it true? Lulu and her sister Sophia may have a say.
Lulu and Sophia have a"tiger mother". She pushed them a lot when they were young. For example, they were not allowed to get grades lower than A's.They had to practice the piano or violin for several hours a day. There were no games or TV.
The tiger mother, Amy, is a Chinese-American professor at Yale Law School in the USA.Several years ago, she wrote a book named Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother and shared her strict parenting style(育儿方式)in it.
Many people don't like Amy's style of parenting. They once worried that her daughters would not be happy. However, the two girls have grown up and they are thankful to their mother.Sophia has just graduated from Yale University. She is hard-working, friendly and helpful. Not long ago, she shared some useful studying tips online. Lulu is also a warm, smart and popular girl her friends eyes. She said tiger mothers believed that a child could succeed by being pushed to go all out.
Still, not everyone agrees with the tiger mother's parenting style. In fact, there isn't a parenting style that fits everyone. What's the best parenting style for you? Maybe you should work it out together with your parents.
根据短文内容.选择最佳答案。
26. According to the passage, “tiger mothers” .
A. don' t mind their children falling behind their classmates
B. don' t care about their children's feelings when they grow up
C. believe pushing their children hard can help them succeed
D. believe the more happily the kids study, the harder their life will be
27. What can we know about Amy?
A. She is teaching in China.
B. She loves playing the violin.
C. She is the mother of of the two girls.
D. She is liked by many people.
28. In Lulu and Sophia's opinion, their mother is .
A. great B. worried C. humorous D. hateful
29. What can we infer(推断) from the passage?
A. You can find tiger mothers only in China.
B. Lulu graduated from Yale University too.
C. Sophia is not a popular girl in her friends'eyes.
D. Different children need different parenting styles
30. Which of the following is probably the title?
A. Lulu and Sophia
B. Do you want a tiger mother?
C. Chinese Mothers
D. How can you become a tiger mother?
【答案】26. C 27. C 28. A 29. D 30. B
【解析】文章大意：本文主要讲述了现在许多中国母亲为了孩子成为“虎妈”，Lulu和Sophia就是在自己虎妈的严格要求下成长起来的，Sophia刚从耶鲁大学毕业，Lulu也是朋友眼中温暖、聪明受欢迎的女孩，但是虎妈的教育方式并不能适应于每个人，并不是每个人都同意虎妈式教育。
【26题详解】
细节理解题。根据文中的信息tiger mothers believed that a child could succeed by being pushed to go all out. 虎妈们相信，孩子只要被逼着全力以赴就能成功。可知“虎妈们”相信，逼迫孩子努力可以帮助他们成功。故答案选C。
【27题详解】
细节理解题。根据文中的信息Many people don't like Amy's style of parenting. They once worried that her daughters would not be happy. However, the two girls have grown up and they are thankful to their mother. 很多人不喜欢艾米的教育方式。他们曾经担心她的女儿们不会幸福。然而，这两个女孩已经长大了，他们感谢她们的母亲。可知艾米是两个女孩的母亲，故答案选C。
【28题详解】
细节理解题。根据文中信息the two girls have grown up and they are thankful to their mother. 两个女儿已经长大了，她们很感谢她们的母亲。可知在她们眼中，母亲是伟大的，故答案选A。
【29题详解】
细节理解题。根据文中的信息Still, not everyone agrees with the tiger mother's parenting style. In fact, there isn't a parenting style that fits everyone. 不过，并不是所有人都同意虎妈的育儿方式。事实上，没有一种适合所有人的教育方式。可知不同的孩子需要不同的教育方式，故答案选D。
【30题详解】
标题归纳题。根据文中的信息Lulu and Sophia have a"tiger mother".可知，本文主要讲述了现在许多中国母亲为了孩子而成为"虎妈"，但是虎妈的教育方式并不能适应于每个人，并不是每个人都同意虎妈式教育。结合选项A. Lulu and Sophia露露和索菲亚；B. Do you want a tiger mother? 你想要一个虎妈吗?C. Chinese Mothers中国妈妈；D. How can you become a tiger mother? 你怎样才能成为一个虎妈?可知B选项符合题意，故答案选B。
【母题5】【来源】【2020 • 江苏省南京市建邺区二模】
People have many different ways to relax during break time at work or school. Smartphones are probably the number one choice for a quick mental vacation. Although it might seem like a good time, looking at your cellphone may harm your mental power, according to a recent psychological study from Rutgers University in the United States.
For the study, more than 400 students were asked to finish a set of 20 word puzzles. Halfway through the task, the students were divided into three groups. Group one was allowed to take a break and use cellphones to buy things online. Group two was asked to have a rest and buy things using a computer. The last group didn’t take any break at all.
Interestingly, the group that used their cellphones during the break went back to work feeling the most tired and did not want to continue. They also had the hardest time solving the remaining word puzzles. The cellphone group took 19 percent longer to finish the rest of the task, and solved 22 percent fewer problems than those in the other break conditions combined.
Terri Kurtzberg, co-author of the study, explained that they assumed looking at cellphones during a break would be no different from any other break---but instead, the phone may increase levels of distraction that make it difficult to pay attention to work tasks.
“Cellphones may have this effect because even just seeing your phone remind you of checking messages, connecting with people and more, in ways that are different from how we use other screens like computers, and laptops,” Kurtzberg told Science Daily.
So, during your next break, try putting your smartphone away. Go out for a walk, get to know your classmates or even take a little sleep. You may be surprised by the results!
36. The study shows that using cellphones during breaks could___________.
A. help people relax during a quick mental vacation
B. reduce one's ability to solve problems
C. make people more active at work
D. be beneficial both physically and mentally
37. Which group felt the most tired when they went back to work after the break?
A. Group one. B. Group two.
C. Group three D. Not mentioned
38. What is the meaning of the underlined word distraction in paragraph 4?
A. too much work for some people to do.
B. A long way for young people to go.
C. something that turn your attention away.
D. An unhappy experience for you to share.
39. What does the author suggest people do during break time?
A. Turn off their cellphones.
B. Keep their cellphones out of sight.
C. Keep their cellphones face down.
D. Replace cellphones with laptops.
40. How does the author show people the bad influence of using cellphones during the break?
A. By giving suggestions to people at school or work.
B. By explaining the words of the professors.
C. By telling his own experience.
D. By introducing the experiment and showing the result.
【答案】36. B 37. A 38. C 39. B 40. D
【解析】本文主要讲述了通过一个研究表明：看手机可能会损害你的脑力。作者建议在休息时间不要看手机。
【36题详解】
细节理解题。根据第1大段“Although it might seem like a good time, looking at your cellphone may harm your mental power, according to a recent psychological study from Rutgers University in the United States”研究表明：看手机可能会损害你的脑力，即降低你解决问题的能力。可知，故选B。
【37题详解】
细节理解题。根据第3大段“Interestingly, the group that used their cellphones during the break went back to work feeling the most tired and did not want to continue.”休息期间用了手机的那一组回来工作感觉最疲惫。可知，玩手机的那一小组是第1小组。故选A。
【38题详解】
词义猜测题。根据第4大段“but instead, the phone may increase levels of distraction that make it difficult to pay attention to work tasks.”但是相反，手机可能会增加distraction的程度，使得很难注意到工作任务。可知，distraction是注意力分散的意思。too much work for some people to do工作太多了；A long way for young people to go.年轻人有很长的路要走；something that turn your attention away转移你注意力的东西；An unhappy experience for you to share这是你不愉快的经历。故选C。
【39题详解】
细节理解题。根据第6大段“So, during your next break, try putting your smartphone away.”所以下次休息时，试着把手机收起来。可知，作者建议不要看手机。故选B。
【40题详解】
细节理解题。根据第2大段“For the study, more than 400 students were asked to finish a set of 20 word puzzles.”为了这个研究，400多名学生被要求完成一套20个字谜。可知，作者是通过实验介绍和结果说明来验证观点的。故选D。
【母题6】【来源】【浙江省杭州江干区一模】
Most of us don't like about food until we start feeling hungry, but eating important in life. To talk about food and eating is to talk about one of the most common subjects we know. Eating is just like breathing or sleeping, so every day, so ordinary, it does not receive much notice.
However, what, where, when, how, and with whom we eat say a great deal about who we are. Do you use chopsticks? Do you hold the knife backward? Do you chew with your mouth open? All these eating habits say something about you. They are messages even when we are not trying to say anything. Food and the ways we eat it, like clothes and the way we wear them, tell who and what we are.
We learn our eating habits very early in life. We usually have strong feeling about our childhood foods. Foods we learn to like our early years probably have a special meaning for us forever because they are connected to people and things we love. Mom's cheers or the way Dad cuts the bread crusts just right bringing up feelings of love and comfort.
People use food and eating to mark the seasons and the important moments in life （such as growing up and getting married）, or to honor gods, and to say something about themselves. People will eat different foods for different holidays. Sometimes people ever explain why they eat certain things on certain days. Americans do that sort of explaining at Thanksgiving. They eat Turkey, corn, and Indian pudding because their ancestors（祖先）ate them at the first Thanksgiving. Those foods mean something to Americans.
As you can see, food and eating mark people's shared experiences, but they can also mark the differences. In the sense, we truly are what we eat.
12. You can probably read the article from a magazine about _______________.
A. traveling B. food and culture
C. clothes and fashion D. sports
13. Why do people have strong feeling about childhood foods?
A. Because the foods may connect to the beloved people or things.
B. Because most of the people like eating cheese and bread.
C. Because the cheese made by Mom and Dad tastes delicious.
D. Because people learn the eating habits very early.
14. Which of the following shows the proper structure of this passage?
A. B. C. D.
15. What does the sentence "we truly are what we eat" mean according to the passage?
A. We need to eat healthy food to keep fit. B. The way we eat tells a lot about us.
C. We eat some special food on special days. D. It's the food that makes us different.
【答案】12. B 13. A 14. C 15. B
【解析】文章介绍了我们中大多数人直到感到饥饿时才会考虑食物，但是饮食在生命中是最重要的。对饮食和食物的讨论是我们现在所知的最基本的话题之一。本文结合食物和饮食习惯从小养成，反映出我们一些信息说明食物和饮食习惯会体现我们是怎样的人。
【12题详解】
推理判断题。根据整个文章的理解及文章的开头Most of us don’t like about food until we start feeling hungry…it does not receive much notice及结尾As you can see, food and eating mark people’s shared experiences, but they can also mark the differences. In the sense, we truly are what we eat.可知，文章主要是说食物和饮食习惯方面的，所以B选项符合，故选B。
【13题详解】
细节理解题。根据文中We usually have strong feeling about our childhood foods. Foods we learn to like our early years probably have a special meaning for us forever because they are connected to people and things we love.可知，我们通常对童年的食物有强烈的感情。我们早年学会喜欢的食物可能对我们永远有着特殊的意义，因为它们与我们所爱的人和事有关。故选A。
【14题详解】
篇章结构题。根据文章的描述可以看出，第一段总的指出食物和饮食没有引起人们的重视；第二段指出通过食物和饮食习惯告诉我们是谁和我们是什么样的人；第三四段分别介绍人们饮食习惯很早就已经养成了，人们用食物和食物来纪念季节和生命中的重要时刻；最后一段再次总结食物和饮食习惯标志着人们的不同的经历，所以四个选项中C选项比较符合，故选C。
【15题详解】
句意猜测题。根据前句As you can see, food and eating mark people’s shared experiences, but they can also mark the differences.可知，这里说是食物和饮食习惯能够反映出我们是什么样的人，通过我们的饮食方式可以告诉我们很多关于我们的事情。故选B。