2023年高考英语二轮复习试题 阅读理解 04 猜测词义 Word版含解析

阅读理解  解密04 猜测词义（分层训练）

1.【河北省张家口市部分学校2022-2023学年高三上学期期中】

Professor Smith was teaching his class. All the students in the class were listening to the lecture with great interest. But among those students, there was Nick, who was sitting quietly and in a bad mood.

The professor took notice of Nick on the first day but did not say anything. But when this went on for a week, he called Nick in his office after the class and asked, “You are depressed all the time. What is the matter?” Nick said with some hesitation, “Sir, something has happened in my past, due to which I remain troubled. I don’t know what to do.”

Professor called Nick at his house in the evening. When Nick arrived, the professor went to the kitchen and started making lemonade. He deliberately put more salt in the lemonade. Then he gave a glass of lemonade to Nick. As soon as Nick took a sip, due to the taste of excess salt, his mouth became sour. Seeing this, the professor asked, “What happened? Did you not like the Lemonade?” “No sir, this is not the case. Just a little excess salt in the drink.” Nick said, “Hey, now give me the glass. I will throw it away.” The professor reached out to get the drink from Nick. But Nick refused, saying, “No sir, just salt is more. If you add more sugar, the taste will be fine.” Upon hearing this, the professor became serious and said, “You are right. Now see, this lemonade is like your life. Just as salt cannot be taken out of the lemonade, similarly those bad experiences also cannot be separated from life. But by adding more sugar it can change the taste of lemonade.” Nick nodded and smiled in relief.

1．Why did Nick fail to focus on the class?

A．He was disturbed by the past. B．He was too nervous to concentrate.

C．Professor Smith was too demanding. D．The lecture was boring and hard to understand.

2．What does the underlined word “excess” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?

A．Rare. B．Too much. C．Poisonous. D．Smelly.

3．Which of the following words can best describe Professor Smith?

A．Determined and inspiring. B．Clever and brave.

C．Wise and caring. D．Generous and lovely.

4．What can we learn from Nick’s story?

A．Let it go and live in the present. B．Life without aim is like drink without salt.

C．Nothing is more pleasant than a warming word. D．All the good and bad experiences are unavoidable.

2.【湖北省宜城一中、枣阳一中等六校2022-2023学年高三上学期期中】B

Just as the shiny brochure promised, from the moment I set foot on the Harvard campuslast fall, I was exposed to an exciting andenlightening new world.

I was born and raised 1, 500 miles away, in a small apartment in Jackson, Mississippi. I am the only child, so my mother overpowered me with her love. For someone who sees so much beauty in the world, she worked awfullyhard to protect me from it. Television, rap music, and even basketball with the kids on the block was beyond consideration. It left me a bit bitter as a teenager, but I grew to appreciate her enormous sacrifices(牺牲) — walking me to the library every afternoon, laboring at multiple jobs to keep food on the table, and telling me stories late into the night.

When I announced the summer before my senior year of high school that I had decided to apply to Harvard, I noticed her hesitant look before a warm smile enveloped her face. I pretended not to see, but I was never able to forget it. I tried to explain my reasons for wanting to leave-to prove I was smart enough, fear of taking the path of least resistance, the classic teenage feeling of being trapped — but the words just made me sound shallow and ungrateful.

Nevertheless, I began to work on the college applications-an early one for Harvard and roughly a dozen others standing by. I knew the chance of getting into Harvard was not in my favor. To my joy, I was informed of my acceptance into Harvard three days before my birthday. That night, after all of the celebratory texts and hugs, I sat in my room and began to cry uncontrollably.

Over the course of this year, I have changed in ways I never anticipated. I think I know now why my mother let me go. Harvard has forced me to grow and take a fair look at the world, and at myself. Needless to say, I would not trade the experience for anything.

1．The underlined word in Paragraph 2 most probably means ________.

A．made a difference to B．made peace with

C．took advantage of D．took control of

2．What was the mother’s first response to the author’s decision?

A．She was worried about it. B．She laughed at it.

C．She approved of it immediately. D．She turned a deaf ear to it.

3．What did the author say about his admission to Harvard?

A．It deserved a big celebration. B．It served as a late birthday present.

C．It was beyond his expectations. D．It was a favor he owed his mother.

4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?

A．Lifelong Learning in Harvard

B．Reflections on the Road to Harvard

C．What Harvard Means to My Mother and Me

D．How Harvard Shapes My Teenage Years

3.【辽宁省葫芦岛市协作校2022-2023学年高三上学期第二次考试】C

Jewel White, a 15-year-old student, gathers her books and signs herself out of a routine morning math class. She is not leaving school for the day, but is off to try some more challenging equations. This practice is not uncommon at Westmount Secondary School in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, where an unconventional learning approach is prevailing.

Westmount is one of the eight regular schools in the country where students work at their own pace and set their own direction, spending as much or as little time as they need on subjects. Teachers act as advisers. With the classroom teachers’ permission, students can sign out of a class to work on other materials or walk into another class to catch up on another subject. And every two weeks they make plans for their own learning time, with support from their adviser.

At a time when a shrinking student population is causing boards to close schools. Westmount sits at 30 percent overcapacity with 1,500 students. Its bursting number led education officials to consider expanding the program to other locations.

“If students are interested, we are going to do our best to provide that sort of programming,” said Todd White, chair of the Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board.

When students like Jewel are not in a classroom, they can usually be found in the school’s learning commons, a study area for all students. There are teachers available to help, but generally students are working on their own assignments or projects.

Jewel said Westmount’s self-paced style caught her attention when she was looking at high schools. Westmount is not the school close to her home. She said at elementary school she would often cause trouble in class because she would complete her work early and not have much else to do. “I find this kind of academic environment in Westmount is a lot better for me,” she said. “I like the thought of being able to work faster or slower if needed.”

1．What does the word “prevailing” underlined in paragraph I mean?

A．Catching on. B．Giving way. C．Slowing down. D．Causing trouble.

2．Which of the following words can best describe the school’s learning approach?

A．Complex but familiar. B．Flexible and efficient.

C．Traditional and common. D．Difficult but interesting.

3．What is Todd White’s attitude to Westmount’s style of learning?

A．Tolerant. B．Doubtful. C．Positive. D．Unconcerned.

4．What did Jewel think of her elementary school?

A．It was a school closest to her home.

B．It provided too much homework for students.

C．Its learning atmosphere was not very satisfying.

D．Its students did not work as fast as Westmount.

4.【河南省TOP20名校2022-2023学年高三上学期12月调研考】

Phineas T Barnum is the best-known circus business owner of the nineteenth century. He excelled as a showman, and throughout his career in the entertainment business, he promoted many different forms of attractions.

Barnum’s first industry was as a newspaper owner. He also worked as a writer and publisher. His enduring fame, however, is as a showman. Barnum considered this to be his main talent and he never changed this view of his character.

T. Barnum’s entertainment interests covered museums, traveling dance troupes (团), and even the mid-century US tour by Jenny Lind, the Swedish singer. He was, by nature, a risk-taker, and usually gained success from the most unlikely enterprises.

Barnum was willing to adopt any tactic that publicized his businesses. His American Museum in New York included hoaxes and freaks (恶作剧和怪物), both human and animal. This was not unusual by the standards of the time, but even he felt the need to prove his hoaxes fair, as advertising tricks.

Barnum’s unbounded self-confidence meant he never doubted his ability to make a success of any business. He opened America’s first aquarium (水馆) and opened a theater in New York that was the largest and most modern in the city. He aimed to change the public knowledge of theaters, and in this, he largely succeeded. He made theater-going respectable.

Determination and hard work featured majorly in the qualities that Barnum displayed, and he frequently spoke about the necessity of both. He believed success only came to those who worked for it and knew they had the self-determination necessary. He also stated the necessity of understanding the business that a person was running. Knowledge and experience counted for much in Barnum’s life, and he certainly knew the entertainment business.

Success in life, according to Barnum, could only be achieved when a person is in good health. He advised that getting healthy and maintaining a healthy body and mind would lead to happiness as well as success.

1．What did Barnum think was his most successful career?

A．A writer. B．A publisher.

C．A showman. D．A newspaper owner.

2．What does the underlined word “tactic” in paragraph 4 mean?

A．Media. B．Strategy. C．Support. D．Opportunity.

3．Why does the author mention Barnum’s success in opening the aquarium and theater?

A．To show Barnum’s firm beliefs in his own capacity.

B．To tell us chances are important for any business.

C．To explain what kind of business was successful.

D．To indicate how bad people’s life was at that time.

4．Which of the following can best describe Barnum and his business?

A．Eventful. B．Adventurous. C．Unsteady. D．Outstanding.

5.【辽宁省名校联盟2022-2023学年高三12月联考】

It is becoming more apparent now that students do more online learning than they ever have before. There are plenty of ways that educators can use technology to create online lessons and deliver instructions remotely.

You may think that the only way to run an online class is synchronously through web conferences, in the same way that physical learning does—with all of the students and the teacher present at the same time. In most cases, that won’t be very practical, since the probability that all of the learners and the educator being all together with live, stable Internet connections is relatively low.

The most crucial thing to keep in mind is that online learning does not need to take place at the same time as online teaching. You create a course in your LMS (Learning Management System) to be a series of modules (模块). Then you ask your learners to take the modules one after another, because each builds on the last. Each module may be a video that you created regarding the content, accompanied by a PDF, some relevant documents and third-party links, etc. Learners can log into the virtual classroom whenever they want, even during the early hours of the morning, to access each module in the order you have designed. You can also lay out some essential rules for the course, like the frequency and types of assessments and more.

As far as I’m concerned, while most of the time online learning saves the learning cost and provides diverse studying materials and instructions from educators, allowing your learners the freedom to do their coursework according to their schedules is what makes online learning distinctive. It helps boost engagement, teach your learners how to plan for themselves and be responsible, and improve their overall lives.

1．What does the underlined word “synchronously” in paragraph 2 probably mean?

A．At the same time. B．In the same place.

C．On various conditions. D．Through different channels.

2．Why are learners supposed to follow the modules in a certain order?

A．Every module has essential rules.

B．The modules deal with various topics.

C．Each module is based on the previous one.

D．The modules are designed in different forms.

3．What makes online learning unique according to the author?

A．Flexible learning time. B．Easy access to teachers.

C．Abundant learning resources. D．Affordable education fee.

4．Who are the target readers of the text?

A．Students. B．Parents. C．Officials. D．Teachers.

1.【江苏省决胜新高考2022-2023学年高三上学期12月大联考】

The arrival of spring has seemingly unchangeable results-lengthening days, blossoming plants and a great increase in bees’ activity. But new research finds that many species of birds are nesting and laying eggs nearly a month earlier than they did a century ago.

These species, including bluejays, yellow warblers and field sparrows, are now laying their first eggs 25 days earlier, on average, than they were 100 years ago, the research has found. The heating of the atmosphere, due to the burning of fossil fuels, is seemingly changing a process that long appeared unshakeable.

The study, published in the Journal of Animal Ecology, drew upon records of birds’ eggs gathered during a period, from about 1880 to 1920, when people could rampantly (猖獗的) collect them from nests without punishment. These records, largely consisting of boxes of eggs with hand-written labels describing the type of bird and when the eggs were collected, were compared with modern nesting data checked by researchers, who used mirrors mounted on long poles to observe high-up nests.

A model built by the researchers revealed that birds moving their nesting dates forward has been closely correlated with rising carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere, a leading driver of rising global temperatures.

Birds choose when to nest in line with other developments in spring, such as the budding (发芽) of plants and the increase in insect numbers. These interactions of nature are being unpicked by climate change — in the US bears are emerging from hibernation earlier and cherry, peach, pear, apple and plum trees are blossoming weeks earlier than they once did. In the UK, plants flowered a full month earlier between 1987 and 2019 than they did before 1986, recent research found.

“If you’re a bird and you nest earlier, you put yourself at risk of these cold snaps (寒流) that can still arrive in spring, which then affects the plants and insects,” said Bates. “That then impacts the reproductive success of the birds. Springs are becoming more volatile (反复无常) and that is taking its toll.”

1．What might be responsible for the birds’ earlier nest and laying eggs?

A．Lengthening spring days. B．Global warming.

C．Blossoming plants. D．The increase in bees’ activity.

2．How did the researchers get their finding?

A．By referring to previous researches.

B．By monitoring birds’ behaviour.

C．By investigating birds’ habitats.

D．By comparing data from different periods.

3．Why are bears and plants mentioned in Para.6?

A．To explain a rule. B．To clarify a concept.

C．To prove a statement. D．To make a prediction.

4．What does the underlined phrase “taking its toll” in the last paragraph mean?

A．Upsetting balance of nature. B．Shaping landscape.

C．Receiving attention. D．Causing loss.

2.【江苏省南京市第一中学2022-2023学年高三上学期9月质量检测】

Diana Golden was twelve years old when she had cancer. She was walking home one day after playing in the snow when her right leg simply gave out. Doctors diagnosed the problem as bone cancer. They recommended removing her leg above the knee.

When Diana heard the news, she asked the only first question: “Will I be still able to ski?”

“When the doctors said yes,” she later recalled, “I figured it wouldn’t be too bad.”

Losing a leg would cause most children to lose confidence and hope, but Diana refused to dwell on the negative. “It is nothing. A body part.” she’d say.

Most of all, Diana was not discouraged. She loved skiing and she had been on skis since the age of five. After the operation, Diana worked hard to get back to the mountain near her home. “I always skied and I intended to keep on skiing. I never doubt that.” she declared. Diana met her goal. She was back out on the slopes.

With just one leg, Diana made the best of it. In high school, Diana became a member of her school’s ski racing team. And in 1979, when she was just seventeen, she joined the US Disabled Ski Team.

After high school, Diana went on to Dartmouth College. Determined not to be left behind, Diana continued her training with the Dartmouth team. “I had one leg, which meant I had to do it differently.” she later explained.

In 1982, Diana entered her first international ski race. She won the world Handicapped Championship in Norway. In 1986, Diana won the Beck Award given to the best American racer in international skiing. And in 1988, she was named Ski Racing Magazine’s U.S. Female Skier of the Year.

With her courage and determination, Diana has changed how people look at disabled athletes. “Everyone has some kind of disability,” Diana says. “It’s what we do with our abilities that matters.”

In 1990, Diana retired from racing for good.

1．What does the underlined phrase “dwell on” probably mean in paragraph 4?

A．Put away. B．Think about.

C．Leave behind. D．Hang over.

2．Which of the following is the correct order of the events happening to Diana?

a. Diana entered her first international ski race.

b. Diana was diagnosed with bone cancer.

c. She practiced skiing at the age of five.

d. Diana began training with the Dartmouth team.

e. She became a member of the US Disabled Ski Team.

A．bcade. B．cbdae. C．cbeda. D．bceda.

3．The writer probably wrote this text to ___________.

A．inform the readers about disabled skiers

B．describe the events in international ski competitions

C．tell about the disadvantages of being a disabled skier

D．inspire the readers with Diana’s courage and resolution

4．What would be the suitable title of this text?

A．Go for the gold B．Lose a leg

C．Ski to the last minute D．Compete for the disabled

3.【浙江省慈溪市2022-2023学年高三上学期12月适应性考试】

From cowboy hats and cattle to barbecue and football, Texas is known for many things. One thing the Lone Star State is not known for, however, is winter weather.

That changed in February last year, when winter storm buried Texas in ice and snow. It raged for a total of eight days, 23 hours, and 23 minutes, which was one of the most impactful winter events in recent history.

According to Texas TV station, winter storm Landon was so extreme that it caused trees across north Texas to “explode”, filling local communities with booms that sounded more like gunshots than tree branches.

The phenomenon of “exploding trees” isn’t as unusual or as terrifying as it sounds, according to Janet, who says trees often freeze and burst as a result of rapid temperature shifts. “Our wide temperature swings mean that trees may not be completely dormant (休眠的) or prepared for the cold,” Janet said. “Trees have several mechanisms they use to prevent freezing. They take cues to get adapted and ready for the freeze.”

In trees that aren’t completely inactive, cold weather causes tree sap to freeze. When that happens, the sap expands beyond what the tree’s bark can contain. And so, the tree splits in places that can’t cope with the pressure, creating cracks known as “frost cracks”. Although trees do not actually explode into pieces when frost cracks happen, there may be loud noises and visible fractures (折断), and heavy branches can fall to the ground.

“Trees explode in cold weather because the water content in the cells and tissues freezes,” MacKenzie said. “From midwinter to early spring this can occur when the temperature swings, snow melts and warm sun, cold nights work in harmony. It is usually nothing to be too concerned about; the tree will start to heal just as quickly. I have been awakened many cold winter nights hearing the trees explode.”

1．What does the underlined word “That” refer to?

A．Texas is related to American football.

B．Texas is little known for its winter weather.

C．Texas is a suitable place for raising cattle.

D．Texas has a famous history of cowboys.

2．What does Janet think causes the trees to explode?

A．The occurrence of the winter storm.

B．The fragile tree branches in winter.

C．The sudden change of temperatures.

D．The trees’ preparation for the cold.

3．What does the fifth paragraph mainly talk about?

A．The effect of cold weather on plants.

B．Ways to help trees prevent freezing.

C．The role of sap in winter.

D．The reason why trees explode.

4．What does MacKenzie imply in his words?

A．Tree explosion is a natural phenomenon.

B．Melting snow can lead to tree explosion.

C．Trees may explode even in warm nights.

D．People should be careful about exploding trees.

4.【浙江省舟山市2022-2023学年高考首考模拟英语试卷（二）】

If you’ re reaching for the last piece of pizza at a party, and meanwhile see another hand going for it, your next move probably depends on how you feel and whom the hand belongs to. Your little sister — you might just grab the pizza. Your boss — you probably will give up.

Now researchers have made progress in understanding how mammals’ brain encodes social rank and uses this information to shape behaviors — such as whether to fight for the last pizza slice. They discovered that an area of the brain called the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was responsible for representing social rank in mammals; changes to a mouse’s mPFC affected its dominance behavior. But it was unknown how the mPFC represented this information and which neurons(神经元) were involved in changing dominance behaviour.

In the new study, Professor Kay Tye let groups of four mice share a cage. Some mice became more dominant and others more subordinate. As soon as the mice were paired up, he discovered, the activity of their mPFC neurons could predict — with 90 percent certainty — the rank of their opponent.

“We expected animals might only signal rank when they are in a competition,” says co-researcher Nancy. “But it turns out animals walk around with this representation of social rank all the time.”

When the researchers next asked whether the activity of the mPFC neurons was associated with behaviour, they found something surprising. The brain activity patterns were linked with slight changes in behaviour, such as how fast a mouse moved, and they also could predict — a full 30 seconds before the competition started — which mouse would win the food reward.

The winner was not always the more dominant, but the one engaged in a winning mindset. Just as you might sometimes be in a more competitive mood and be more likely to snatch that pizza slice before your boss, a subordinate mouse might be in a more winning mindset than a more dominant mouse and end up winning.

The areas of the mPFC associated with social rank and winning mindset are next to one another and highly connected. Signals on social rank impact the state of the brain involved in winning mindset. In other words, a subordinate mouse’s confidence and winning mindset may partially decrease when faced with a dominant one.

“This is further evidence to suggest that we are in different brain states when we are with others compared to when we’re alone,” says Tye.

1．What is the purpose of the first paragraph?

A．To provide background information. B．To state the importance of social rank.

C．To give readers an example of social rank. D．To introduce the topic of the reading passage.

2．What does the underlined word “they” in paragraph 5 refer to?

A．The mPFC neurons. B．The researchers.

C．The brain activity patterns. D．The changes in behaviour.

3．What can we learn from the new study?

A．Brain activities can influence social rank.

B．Dominant opponents boost winning mindset.

C．Social rank and winning mindset affect behaviour.

D．Animals only exhibit their rank in competition.

4．What can we infer from the passage?

A．Winning mindset establishes dominance.

B．Social rank guides competitive behaviour.

C．A subordinate mouse can never been a winner.

D．Awareness of different people around you make your brain use different neurons.

5.【河南省TOP20名校2022-2023学年高三上学期12月调研考】

The next big stage, the improvement from automatic to truly autonomous trains, is already here. It will take train autonomy to the next level, beyond the automated performance on closed loops (圈；环) such as automatic rail lines today and onto the vast expanse of international railways.

That will mean that the next generation of trains will be able to locate themselves in their environment and interact with other train traffic without human assistance. They will have the ability to detect and manage on their own all elements of their environment, designed by a connected traffic management system.

The transition toward train autonomy is speeding, says Kai Taylor, Thales Marketing & Communications Director Main Line Rail Signalling, and for a reason that can be summed up in one word: digitalisation.

“The key to success,” says Kai Taylor, “is in fact what is in ‘the Thales DNA’ — the digital technologies across Thales business units-aerospace, space, transportation, defence and security.”

“These technologies represent the pieces of the puzzle to achieve real train autonomy. They are artificial intelligence, big data, connectivity, including the internet of things linking trains to intelligent railway switches, and with netsecurity built in. We have sensors for obstacle (障碍) detection from Thales defence, safe and precise satellite positioning from our space and avionics (航空电子设备) division, IoT connectivity from our recent purchase Gemalto, cybersecurity from the Thales security sector and the trusted explainable and approvable artificial intelligence led by Thales for safe decisions. Taken together, they will provide the train with true autonomy for safe and efficient operations.”

Of course, all these technologies are at the base of the Thales ground and air transportation sector’s current offerings for efficient, safe and reliable travel in the air or on the ground.

Kai Taylor explains, “We’re unique in having the experience and the expertise in all aspects of mobility, including Thales global leadership in air and train management systems which are assuring rail and air travel for airlines and rail operators all over the world.”

1．What will truly autonomous trains do?

A．Carry out the automated performance on closed loops.

B．Communicate with other trains with the help of humans.

C．Examine and deal with the situations of the surroundings.

D．Travel automatically with great speeds using solar powers.

2．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 mean?

A．Their environment. B．The transition’ speeding.

C．Human assistance. D．The ability to locate themselves.

3．What does paragraph 5 mainly tell us?

A．How digitalisation works in real train autonomy.

B．What sensors on the autonomous trains deal with

C．What will provide the train with safety and efficiency.

D．How obstacles are removed from the paths of trains.

4．What’s Kai Taylor’s attitude towards the future of autonomous trains?

A．Cautious. B．Concerned.

C．Critical. D．Confident.

6.【2023届四川省资阳市高中高三上学期第一次诊断性考试】

Each year on October 15, Global Handwashing Day is observed to strengthen the health awareness and prevent the spread of infectious diseases. And a hand—shaped robot called “Pepe”, which encourages kids to wash their hands, has helped pupils at a remote Indian primary school to develop habits of personal hygiene (卫生).

Pepe was fixed on the wall above a hand—washing station at Wayanad Government Primary School in Kerala, which has about 100 pupils aged 5 and 10. A small video screen behind the green plastic Pepe acted as a “mouth”, allowing researchers to tele—operate the robot to speak to the pupils and draw their attention to the poster outlining the steps of effective hand—washing. A set of moving “eyes” helped Pepe pay attention to the children’s actions.

The robot helped pupils wash their hands more effectively, increasing their rates of hand—washing by 40 percent. Pupils spent twice as long washing their hands after Pepe’s arrival. And more than 95% of the students could correctly determine when hand—washing with soap has to be done—before a meal and after a visit to the toilet.

Hand—washing is one of the most effective ways against the spread of diarrhea and respiratory infections. Dr. Amol Deshmukh, from the University of Glasgow’s School of Computing Science, led the project in partnership with colleagues from Amrita University. He said, “We were delighted by the success of Pepe’s visit to this primary school. The children were excited to interact with this relatively simple machine, which was clearly good for keeping their hands clean. Dr. Bhavani from Amrita University said,” AMMACHI (Amrita Multi Modal Application and Computer Human Interaction) Labs have taken multi plans to address common challenges facing low—income rural communities in India and worldwide using technology.”

1．Why was “Pepe” fixed at the Primary School?

A．To watch on pupil’ actions. B．To wash children’s hands.

C．To freshen the environment. D．To develop children’s health habits.

2．How did the robot bring changes to the pupils?

A．By playing with pupils. B．By providing knowledge.

C．By offering pupils soap. D．By washing pupils’ hands.

3．What can you learn about Pepe’s visit to the primary school?

A．It was a failure. B．It had no effect.

C．It was a success. D．It was a waste of time.

4．What does the underlined word “address” in the last paragraph mean?

A．deal with. B．write a place on. C．make a speech to. D．speak to.