【备战2023高考】英语全复习——第14讲《阅读理解词义猜测题》讲义（全国通用）

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第14讲 阅读理解词义猜测题（讲）【考纲考情】词义猜测题基本上是阅读理解每年必考的题型。阅读文章时,  常常会遇到一些未见过的词, 但这类生词的词义大都可以通过上下文推断出来, 这是阅读理解中经常检测的一种能力。此类题型要求学生根据阅读材料提供的信息, 结合学习中积累的常识和经验对生词的含义、熟词生义和短语、句子的含义加以猜测, 以及对代词的指代对象准确定位。命题人要求猜测词义的词一般是实词及其词组。題型和考查角度：1.猜测生词或熟词生义。2.猜测短语的意义。3.猜测代替词所替代的内容。4.猜测句意。【考点梳理】词义猜测是一种阅读技巧和能力，主要考查在短时间内根据上下文快速猜测所指定的某一个生词、词组或者句子含义的能力，而这些词和词组往往都超出考纲范围，但在文章阅读中起到一定的作用。命题方式：The phrase“...” in the sentence could be replaced by“       ”.The word “...”in the paragraph refer to“       ”.What is the meaning of the underlined word in the.. paragraph?Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the phrase“...”?The word“...” most nearly means“       ”.The underlined sentence in the... paragraph implies that      .解题步骤：1.定位文中画线处上下文。2.理解上下文，查找提示点，进行语义概括。正确选项特点：1.含义和其字面意思一般没有关系。2.上下文逻辑通顺。3.与原句意思最接近。干扰项特点：1.与所考词汇形似2.如果考的为熟词，含有常规词义的往往不正确3.句子解释中含有过多原句中已有的词和短语的选项一般为错误选项。【解题方法】1.上下文猜词义猜测任何词义都离不开上下文，所以要借助上下文对需要猜测的词或短语进行合乎逻辑的推测。可利用下列方法：(1)根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测。有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。(2)根据同位关系进行猜测。阅读中出现的难词有时下文紧跟一个同位语，对上文的词进行解释，这时可利用同位关系对上文或下文的词义或短语意义进行猜测。(3)根据构词法进行猜测。在英语中，有很多词可以加前缀或后缀构成一个新词，如果掌握了一定的构词知识，就不难猜出它的词义。(4)根据因果关系进行猜测。在一篇阅读文章中，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。(5)根据转折或对比关系进行猜测。根据上下句的连接词，如but，however，otherwise等可知上下句存在转折关系，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。【例】(2021·全国甲卷·C篇)Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing. I loved it. I soon made friends with the local skaters. We spoke our own language. And my favorite: Safe. Safe meant cool. It meant hello. It meant don't worry about it. Once, when trying a certain trick on the beam (横杆), I fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Toby came over, helping me up: Safe, man. Safe. A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards loud, shouting: “Safe! Safe! Safe！” And that's what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater.9．What do the underlined words “Safe! Safe! Safe！” probably mean?A．Be careful!     B．Well done!C．No way!     D．Don't worry! 【答案】B　【解析】词义猜测题。根据画线词下文“And that's what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater. (那才是真正重要的——滑板的落地技巧掌握了才是一名好的滑板玩家。)”可知，作者掌握了滑板落地技巧，因此他的朋友大声欢呼。由此可推知，画线词指“落地技巧完美，干得漂亮”。故选B。2.就近原则找指代猜测代替词的指代内容，要求判断代词(it, one, they, this, that, these, those, which等)或助动词(do, does, did 等)具体替代什么。可按以下三步进行：返回原文，找到指代词→向上(有时向下)搜索，找最近的名词、代词，短语或句子→将找到的词、词组或句子代入替代该指代词，看意思和逻辑关系是否通顺，从而确定最佳选项。【例】(2020·新高考Ⅰ卷·C篇)In the mid­1990s, Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven months, physically broken and having lost his mind. A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.His visit, however, ended up involving  a lot more than that. Hence this book, Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia, which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea. It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land, and of the people he meets on his way: Rustam, his translator, a lovely 24­year­old who picked up his colorful English in California, Oleg and Natasha, his hosts in Tashkent, and a string of foreign aid workers.9．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to?A．Developing a serious mental disease.B．Taking a guided tour in Central Asia.C．Working as a volunteer in Uzbekistan.D．Writing an article about the Aral Sea.【答案】D【解析】指代判断题。上文提到了Bissell(比塞尔)写了一篇关于咸海消失的文章，然后画线词所在句提到他的访问最终涉及的事远不止这个，因而才有了Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia这本书。由此可知，画线词that指的是“写有关咸海的文章”。故选D。3.意义吻合推句意句意猜测要求通过阅读文章，用合适的语句对其进行解释性的描述。要注意以下两点：(1)返回原文，找到该句，对原句进行语法和逻辑关系分析。对于需要猜测句意的情形，首先要理解句子的前后特定语境，然后根据语境对此句在文中的意思进行有依据的推理，最后再进行归纳总结，得出答案。(2)一般来说，正确选项的意思和原句的意思完全相同，只不过是用其他的词汇或句式来转换表达而已。【例】(2019·浙江高考·B篇)Money with no strings attached. It's not something you see every day. But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month, a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read, “Give What You Can, Take What You Need.”24．What does the expression “Money with no strings attached” in paragraph 1 mean?A．Money spent without hesitation.B．Money not legally made.C．Money offered without conditions.D．Money not tied together.【答案】C　【解析】句意猜测题。根据本段中的“Give What You Can, Take What You Need.(尽你所能，取你所需。)”可知，此处“Money with no strings attached”的意思是“无条件地提供钱”。故选C。【题型剖析】ADuring the COVID-19 pandemic, Julia began her second year as a first grade teacher in an online classroom. One September afternoon, she received a call from and Cynthia, who was having technical difficulties with her granddaughter's tools for online learning.Julia immediately knew something was wrong with Cynthia. The two women had spoken many times before, but Julia had never heard she sounded like this. Her words were so jumbled that Julia could barely understand her. Julia called her headmaster, Charlie, who convinced her that he would call and check on Cynthia himself.Just like Julia, Charlie could barely understand Cynthia. He suspected she might be having a stroke (中风) — he recognized the signs from when his own father had suffered one. Charlie immediately became concerned that Cynthia's two grandchildren, ages six and eight, were probably home alone with her and scared. Charlie asked his office manager to send an ambulance to the grandmother's home.The quick response from Julia and Charlie saved Cynthia's life. She arrived at the hospital in time to get treatment before long-term damage occurred. Thanks to an extended stay in the hospital, she has regained most of the movement throughout her body except for one hand and a region of her mouth.“I'm proud of the people I work with, that they responded so quickly and that it did make a difference to Cynthia,” says Julia. “I am so pleased to be part of such a caring community.” But the school's crisis response is only one piece of the community's extraordinary efforts to help Cynthia and her granddaughters. Another family with young children took in the two girls. Virtual learning has been a challenge across the country, but it's fair to say that it has helped the community grow closer. Many teachers there gave their personal phone numbers to students and families in case they needed extra help. In this case, the exchange was literally life-altering.1．Cynthia called Julia in order to    .A．complain about the poor contents of online learningB．consult about her granddaughter's academic performanceC．seek some help for lack of certain technical knowledgeD．volunteer her services as a teacher in an online classroom2．The underlined word “jumbled” in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to    .A．briefB．unclearC．gentleD．impolite3．How did Charlie decide that Cynthia might have suffered a stroke?A．By recalling his own previous sufferings from the disease.B．By using his professional knowledge to form the judgment.C．By combining Julia's call with the granddaughters' description.D．By identifying the symptoms that a stroke patient may have.4．What does the author think of virtual leaning?A．It has caused much inconvenience to parents.B．It will bring about unavoidable leak of privacy.C．It has provided more benefits than challenges.D．It needs technical guidance to be highly effective.BWhen we experience earthquakes, medical emergencies — whatever the situation, the first thing you probably do is panic. Everybody does. While many of us think that we’re cool in a crisis, science tells us that we seldom are. At the moment we need to be keenly aware of our surroundings, but our attention goes to the scariest thing on the scene, leaving us unaware of the other sights, sounds, and even smells around us. At the moment, we’re anything but at our best.These normal human reactions can be reversed. For example, firefighters are taught how to bring down their blood pressure and heart rates quickly, box breathing, belly breathing, hum breathing — you can learn these techniques in minutes. Once you calm down, you’ll identify accurately what the problem is really about. Lack of practice always causes us to judge problems in wrong ways. Doing the thinking ahead of time also helps you fire off the solution when it’s show time. This is why you are advised to find the closest exit before the flight. And sometimes we aren’t prepared with all the knowledge we need. Let’s say we’re on a hike and a bear shows up. What shall we do? Better to read suggestions on how to respond before heading into the wild.Performing in a crisis is becoming more important for all of us for two reasons. Back in the good old days, the reliability of most anything we used or did was far less than it is today. Now think about what happens to our preparedness as the probability of something had happening reduces. Unless we practice what hardly ever happens, our ability to respond when it does happen tends to slip away. Reliability can kill you. Also, the systems we use today are more complex. There are seldom moving parts in plain view that allow us to see when things are about to go wrong. Consequently, terrible situations can “come out of nowhere”. Ironically, the systems that were designed to lessen our workload might require us to remain in a state of increased vigilance (警觉) in order to survive these increasingly infrequent events when they do happen.As technology becomes part of most everything, and as once-large risks break into countless small ones, crisis situations may become standard affairs. We should all learn to breathe, recognize the situation, and carry out the plan that we are smart enough to prepare well in advance.5．According to the passage, when an armed robbery (抢劫) happens, most witnesses will first___________.A．observe the surroundingsB．pretend to be calmC．decide what to doD．focus on the gun6．What does the underlined word “reversed” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?A．Tested. B．Changed. C．Predicted. D．Understood7．It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that ___________.A．things are less dependable than they used to beB．cautiousness helps prevent the occurrence of crisisC．convenience reduces our problem-solving capabilityD．the complexity of present systems ensures our safety8．What is the main purpose of the passage?A．To introduce ways of avoiding crisis situations.B．To point out the connection between stress and risks.C．To raise awareness of the preparation for emergencies.D．To analyse the influence of technology on crisis management.CNothing succeeds like success, as every parent of a straight-A student knows, but trying to stress academic excellence by telling your child, “You’re so smart!” may be counterproductive. Why? According to a 2017 study, children who think their intelligence is fixed are less likely to pay attention to and bounce back（重新振作）from mistakes than children who think intelligence can grow and change.In the study, researchers looked at 123 children. The team assessed the children to determine whether they had a “growth mindset”(believing that you can work harder to get smarter), or a “fixed mindset” (believing that your intelligence is unable to change). They then asked the children to complete a fast-paced computer accuracy task while their brain activity was recorded. During the recording, researchers noted that brain activity stopped within a half-second after making a mistake, as children became aware of their mistake and paid closer attention to what went wrong. The larger the brain response was, the more the child focused on the mistake. Based on the data, they concluded that children with a “growth mindset” were much more likely to have a larger brain response after making a mistake. While children with a “fixed mindset” were able to “bounce back”, only if they gave their full attention to the mistake.For parents, the lessons are clear. Don’t pay your children compliments that suggest that intelligence is fixed. If your child hands you an A+ score, don’t say, “You’re so smart!” Instead, say, “Wow, that studying really paid off!” or “You clearly mastered this material-way to go!” Note the effort, not the intelligence.Besides, many parent shy away from addressing a child’s mistakes, telling them “It’s OK. ”You’ll get it next time. ” without offering them the chances to figure out what goes wrong. Instead, it’s better to reassure your children that mistakes happen, and work to figure out where and how they make the mistake.9．Which of the following best explains “counterproductive” underlined in paragraph 1?A．Opposite B．CompetitiveC．Successful D．Unknown10．How did the children with a “growth mindset” react in the study?A．They made fewer mistakes. B．They tried to avoid mistakesC．They had smaller brain response D．They focused more on the mistake.11．What should parents say when children make a mistake according to the text?A．You are so carelessB．Paying compliments to childrenC．You’ll get it the next timeD．Let’s find out how you made it.12．What should be avoided according to the study?A．Overstressing the intelligence.B．Pay compliment to children.C．Addressing children’s mistakes.D．Offering chances to find mistakes.