(通用版)高考英语二轮复习语法专题突破课件专题一　名词和冠词 (含答案)

这是一份(通用版)高考英语二轮复习语法专题突破课件专题一　名词和冠词 (含答案)，共37页。PPT课件主要包含了专题一　名词和冠词，-3-，高考感悟，考点归纳，-4-，-5-，-6-，-7-，-8-，-9-等内容，欢迎下载使用。

Ⅰ.单句填空1.(2018·全国Ⅲ卷)Unexpectedly,I’m face-t-face with the grilla,wh begins screaming at 　　the　　 tp f her lungs. 2.(2018·全国Ⅱ卷)Crn prductin has jumped nearly 125 percent ver the past 25 years,while rice has increased nly 7 percent.3.(2018·全国Ⅰ卷)Tw f the authrs f the review als made a study published in 2014 that shwed a mere five t 10 minutes a day f running reduced the risk f heart disease and early deaths frm all causes(cause).4.(2018·浙江卷)Making Chinese dishes(dish) is seen as especially trublesme.5.(2017·全国Ⅰ卷)This trend has had sme unintended side 　effects　(effect) such as verweight and heart disease. 
6.(2017·全国Ⅰ卷)As 　a　 result,peple will eat mre fd t try t make up fr that smething missing. 7.(2017·全国Ⅱ卷)It ran fr just under seven kilmeters and allwed peple t avid terrible 　　crwds　　(crwd) n the rads abve as they travelled t and frm wrk. 8.(2017·全国Ⅱ卷)This included digging up the rad,laying the track and then building a strng rf ver the tp.9.(2016·全国Ⅰ卷)Recent studies(study) shw that we are far mre prductive at wrk if we take shrt breaks regularly.10.(2016·全国Ⅰ卷)Give yur bdy and brain a rest by stepping utside fr 　a　 while,exercising,r ding smething yu enjy. 
Ⅱ.单句改错1.(2018·全国Ⅱ卷)When I was little,Friday’s night was ur family game night.Friday’s→Friday2.(2018·全国Ⅱ卷)As the kid,I lved t watch cartns,but n matter hw many times I asked t watch them,my parents wuld nt let me.the→a3.(2018·全国Ⅰ卷)During my last winter hliday,I went t cuntryside with my father t visit my grandparents.在cuntryside前加the4.(2018·全国Ⅰ卷)Last winter when I went there again,they had a big separate huse t raise dzens f chicken.chicken→chickens
考点一 名词的数一、可数名词的复数1.规则变化
注意①以-结尾的下列名词要加-es,它们是:英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿,即heres,eches,ptates,tmates。但下列以-结尾的名词既可以加-es,也可以加-s,它们是:msquits (msquites)蚊子,vlcans(vlcanes)火山。②以-f或-fe结尾的下列名词需要把f或fe去掉,加-ves。它们是:为了自己活命,小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上,把狼劈成两半,即selves,lives,thieves,wives,knives,leaves,shelves,wlves,halves。但有的以-f结尾的名词既可以去掉f加-ves,也可以直接加-s。如:handkerchiefs (handkerchieves)手帕。③名词前有man或wman修饰,变复数时,做定语的man或wman和后面的名词都要变成复数。如:wman dctr→wmen dctrs。
2.不规则变化(1)常见单复数同形的名词Chinese中国人;means方式;wrks工厂;sheep绵羊;deer鹿;series系列;fish鱼;fruit水果等。其中 fish,fruit表示种类时,可加复数词尾,即fishes,fruits。(2)自身有特殊变化的名词child孩子→children　man男人→men　ft脚,英尺→feet　tth牙齿→teeth　medium传播媒介→media　muse老鼠→mice　phenmenn现象→phenmena
3.有些名词通常只用复数。如:glasses眼镜,clthes衣服,gds货物,trusers裤子,belngings所有物,wages工资,riches财富,surrundings环境,ashes灰尘,cmpasses圆规,cattle牛,cngratulatins祝贺有些固定搭配中的名词通常用复数。如:have wrds with sb.同某人吵架,in high spirits 情绪高昂,give ne’s regards t sb.向某人问候,in rags衣衫褴褛,have gd manners 有礼貌
二、不可数名词1.常见的不可数名词:fun,advice,weather,prgress,infrmatin,bread,butter,baggage,clthing,equipment,furniture,hmewrk,juice,luggage,luck,music,milk,meat,practice,rubber,rice,sup,wealth,health,wd,English,America 等。Wealth starts with a gal and saving a dllar at a time.财富始于一个目标,要一美元一美元地积攒。2.有些名词既可以用作可数名词,也可以用作不可数名词,但意义不同。wrk当表示“工作”时为不可数名词,但当表示“作品;著作”时则为可数名词。glass“玻璃”(不可数),“杯子”(可数);rm“空间”(不可数),“房间”(可数);experience “经验”(不可数),“经历”(可数);paper“纸”(不可数),“报纸、文件、试卷”(可数)。
考点二 名词的所有格名词的所有格表示所属关系,它分-’s所有格和f所有格两种形式。1.-’s所有格①多用来表示有生命的东西。Many students’ eyesight is getting prer and prer.②用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况,即表示各自的所有关系时,要分别在并列名词后加-’s或’;表示共同的所有关系时,只在最后一个名词后加-’s或’。Tm’s and Jim’s rms (各自的房间)Tm and Jim’s rm (共同的房间)
③表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时,名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。at the barber’sat the teacher’s2.f所有格表示无生命的事物的名词通常用f所有格表示所属关系;名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用f所有格。Frm the tp f the hill,yu can get a bird’s view f the city.3.双重所有格指名词所有格或名词性物主代词同f构成的所有格,即 “f+名词所有格”。a play f Shakespeare’sa friend f my wife’s
考点三 不定冠词a/an的用法不定冠词表示泛指,一般修饰可数名词单数。a用于以辅音音素开头的单词前,an用于以元音音素开头的单词前。如:a pen 一支笔;an ld man 一位老人一、不定冠词的基本用法1.用在首次提到的人或物的可数名词单数前面,泛指某(一)个人或某(一)个事物。The “Chinese Dream” is a dream t imprve peple’s well-being and a dream f harmny,peace and develpment.“中国梦”是一个改善民生的梦,一个和谐、和平、发展之梦。2.表示“一”,相当于ne。I’ll return in a day r tw.
3.表示“每”,相当于per,常用于表示时间、重量、长度等单位前。We have three meals a day.4.表示“同一性”,常构成“f+a/an+名词”形式,相当于the same。The children are f an age.5.表示类指,意为“某类……”。He wants t be a dctr.6.后面接人名可以表示“一个叫……的人”,或是其作品。A Mr.Smith is asking t see yu.7.与抽象名词连用,可以表示“一场、一次、一件”。a success一件成功的事/一个成功的人;a pity一件遗憾的事;an hnur一个引以为荣的人/一件引以为荣的事8.与物质名词连用,表示“一种、一阵、一份”。What a heavy rain!
9.序数词前使用冠词的情况。“the+序数词”表示排序;“a/an+序数词”不表示排序,而表示“又一;再一”。Mr.Li has decided t buy a secnd car.I have failed twice,but I’ll try a third time.10.比较级和最高级前冠词的选择。“a/an+比较级”表示“(众多人或事物中)比……更……的一个”,属于泛指;“the+比较级”表示“两者中较……的一个”。“the+最高级”表示三者或三者以上的人或事物中“最……的一个”;“a mst+形容词”表示“一个很/非常……”,此时后面没有比较范围,mst只表示“很,非常”。Tm is the lder f the tw bys.The first unit is a mst difficult part but nt the mst difficult.
二、常用含不定冠词的固定搭配all f a sudden突然as a matter f fact事实上nce a week每星期一次at a lss不知所措,茫然be n a visit参观,拜访be/g n a diet节食give sb.a lift让某人搭便车have a gift fr...在……方面有天赋have a gd time玩得开心have a wrd with...与……谈话in a hurry匆忙地in a way从某种意义上说
make a living谋生take a walk散步take an interest in...对……感兴趣take/have a rest休息一会儿
考点四 定冠词the一、定冠词的基本用法1.特指上文提到过的、特定的人或事物,或双方都明确的人或事物。I have a car.The car is red.Pass me the bk,please.2.表示某一类人或物。The bike is a useful means f transprtatin.3.用于世上独一无二的事物名词前。the universe;the mn;the Pacific Ocean4.用于乐器前。play the vilin;play the pian
5.表示“一家人”或“夫妇”。—Culd yu tell me the way t the Green’s,please?—Srry,we dn’t have a Green here in the village.6.用于表示国家、党派等以及江、河、湖、海、山川、群岛等名词前。the United States;the Cmmunist Party f China7.用于表示发明物的单数名词前。The cmpass was invented in China.8.在逢十的复数数词之前,指某世纪的某个年代。in the 1990’s(在20世纪90年代)9.用于表示度量单位的名词前。I hired the car by the hur.(对比I hired the car by time.)
10.用于形容词或分词前表示一类人。the rich;the living;the wunded11.用于方位名词、身体部位名词前。The sun rises in the east.hit sb.n the head12.用于普通名词转化而来的专有名词前。the Great Wall;the West Lake
13.与比较级和最高级连用。①“the+比较级,the+比较级”表示“越……越……”。The mre,the better.②表示两者间“较……的一个”,比较级前加the。Wh is the taller f the tw bys?③三者或三者以上相比较,表示最高程度时,用“the+最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。Mary is the tallest child in her family.
二、常用定冠词的固定搭配at the mment此刻,目前at the same time同时by the way顺便说一下n the spt当场make the best/mst f...充分利用……in the distance在远处in the end最终in the habit f有……的习惯the ther day前几天n the ne hand...,n the ther hand...一方面……,另一方面……t the pint中肯,切题
考点五 零冠词一、零冠词的基本用法1.专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词表示一般概念时,其前不用冠词。Beijing is the capital f China.Kindness is virtue.Snw disslves int water.
2.表示季节、月份、星期、节假日、棋类、球类、学科、一日三餐、语言、运动等的名词前一般不加冠词。Spring is the best seasn f the year.I have been studying in this cllege since July,2018.We have a seven-day hliday n Natinal Hliday.Tm enjys playing chess.The bys like playing ftball after class.They can chse ther subjects like Art and Cmputer Science.D yu have breakfast at hme r at schl?
3.称呼语、自己的家庭成员及表示头衔、职务的名词做表语、补足语及同位语时,一般不加冠词,但用作主语或宾语时要用冠词。Sam has been appinted manager f the engineering department t take the place f Gerge.I’m captain f the class team at schl.4.当by与表示交通工具的名词连用表示方式时,名词前不用冠词。I’d rather travel by bus than airplane.
二、常用零冠词的固定搭配in fact事实上　　　　　　fr example例如in danger在危险中with pleasure高兴地in time及时in fear恐惧地at wrk在上班at dinner在吃饭after schl放学后at first起初at last最终by hand手工做的pay attentin t注意set fire t放火take pride in以……为豪take care f照顾take ffice就职take part in参加in twn在城里 mind牢记in truble处在麻烦中n ft步行leave wrd留言n time按时
catch sight f看见d harm t对……有害lse weight减肥
Ⅰ.单句填空1.The illegal hunting f Tibet antelpe used t be 　a　 serius prblem in the 1990s. 2.Simmns and her husband grabbed tw bards and paddled dwn the human chain until she reached the swimmers(swimmer).She rescued them ne by the directin f these philsphical 　theries　(thery),this kung fu style gains gd effects in the bxing and swrd skills. 4.China’s silk was intrduced int western 　cuntries　(cuntry) thrugh this ld trade rute. 5.The east side f their stems grws faster during 　the　 day,causing the stems t gradually bend frm east t west. 
6.Jhn Dewey,an American psychlgist,nce said that gaining thers’ respect is the deepest urge in human nature.7.A hundred years ag,explrers(explrer) at that time were taking a tremendus risk in appraching the cld wnderland n the suthernmst tip f the fact,figuring ut wh will get the bill is always 　a　 headache fr the Chinese at frmal meals. 9.As Chinese ecnmy develps very fast and plays 　an　 imprtant rle in the wrld,mre and mre freigners learn Mandarin in Cnfucius Institutes. 10.Chinese peple are becming richer and mre internatinal.What has nt changed is their stmachs(stmach).
Ⅱ.单句改错1.She has taught us a lt f English knwledges and hw t be a gd citizen.knwledges→knwledge2.First f all,China has made a great prgress in the scial and ecnmic develpment in the past decades,and peple have mre time and energy t enjy their life.去掉a3.In fact,all these symptm have terrible effects n ur exams and we are all eager t get rid f them.symptm→symptms
4.It was useful experience fr all f us,which I’ll never frget fr the rest f my life,and which I’ll always treasure.useful前加a5.With n time fr the breakfast,I rushed ut f my huse.去掉the6.I suddenly fund that Lin Ling,ne f my classmate,wrked like a waitress there.classmate→classmates7.Frm this lessn,we came t cnclusin that it was nt s difficult t learn English if we culd find a gd way.cnclusin前加 a 
8.Fr example,businessmen are mre likely t travel by plane r high-speed train t save time while ffice wrker tend t take buses r drive t wrk themselves.wrker→wrkers9.Last year,my families and I went camping in the cuntryside.It was ne f the exciting experiences I had ever had.families→family10.I hpe my advices can help yu imprve yur health.advices→advice
Ⅲ.语篇填空Villages in develping cuntries ften lack many things:bks,clean water,electricity.These shrtages are easy t see.But 1.　　a　　 different kind f shrtage is nt easy t see.That is 2.　　the　　 shrtage f experts.Many villages have n dctrs,engineers r scientists.They have n ne wh knws hw t treat unusual medical 3.prblems(prblem) r design a new expert system.There is a way t ease 4.　the　 prblems.They can d it with 5.cmputers(cmputer).In 6.　　the　　 past few years,cmputer scientists arund the wrld have develped what they call “expert systems”.
An expert system is a special kind f cmputer prgram.In sme situatins,it can take 7.　 the 　place f 8.　　a　　 human expert.Fr example,an expert in the medical system can help t take care f a sick persn.After asking a few 9.　questins　(questin) f the patient,it can tell what medicine r ther 10.treatment(treat) is needed. 
Ⅳ.短文改错When we are happy,we wuld like share ur happiness with thers,making them knw ur enjyment.When we are nt in a gd md,we wanted t get smene whm can listen t us.Be a listener is nt easy.Peple always cmplain abut ur wrries,and a gd listener shuld listen t them but learn t cmfrt them.T be a gd listener can help us make gd friend with thers.The ne wh always listen t thers tends t be easy-ging.When he is in the truble,his friends will be willing t help him.S let’s learn t be a gd listener frm then n.