(通用版)高考英语二轮复习课件 第4讲 专题1定语从句 (含详解)
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考向1 关系代词引导的限制性定语从句单句语法填空1.(2019·新课标III卷)They were well trained by their masters _______ had great experience with caring fr these animals.解析:考查定语从句。句意:它们被他们的主人训练地很好,它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。先行词为masters(主人),且从句缺主语。故关系词填wh。
2.(2019·浙江卷)On the edge f the jacket, there is a piece f clth ______________gives ff light in the dark.解析:考查定语从句。这是个限制性定语从句,先行词是clth,指物,从句中缺少主语,因此,可以用that或which引导。故填that/which。
that/which
3.(2019·北京卷)The students benefiting mst frm cllege are thse _______ are ttally engaged(参与)in academic life.解析:考查定语从句。句意:从大学中获益最多的学生是那些完全投入学术生活的学生。_________ are ttally engaged(参与)in academic life.是定语从句,修饰先行词thse,空格处在句中作主语,代指人,故填wh。
4.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Tw f the authrs f the review als made a study published in 2014 ______________ shwed a mere five t 10 minutes a day f running reduced the risk f heart disease and early deaths frm all causes.解析:考查定语从句的关系词。此处a study是先行词,其在定语从句中作主语,故填that或which。
考向2 “介词+whm/which”或关系副词引导的限制性定语从句单句语法填空1.(2019·江苏卷改编) We have entered int an age ________ dreams have the best chance f cming true. 解析:考查定语从句。句意:我们已经进入了一个时代,在这个时代梦想实现的机会最大。句中先行词为an age(一个时代),且从句中缺少时间状语,所以关系词用when。
2.(2019·天津卷改编)Their child is at the stage _________ she can say individual wrds but nt full sentences.解析:考查定语从句。句意:他们的孩子正处于能说单个单词而不能说完整句子的阶段。句中she can say individual wrds but nt full sentences是一个定语从句,先行词是the stage,定语从句中缺少地点状语,故用关系副词where。
考向3 关系代词或关系副词引导的非限制性定语从句单句语法填空1.(2019·新课标II卷)Nw Irene Astbury wrks frm 9 a.m. t 5 p.m. daily at the pet shp in Macclesfield,_________ she pened with her late husband Les.解析:考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知,先行词为the pet shp,在非限制性定语从句中作pened一词的宾语,故用which。
2.(2017·全国Ⅲ)But Sarah, _______ has taken part in shws alng with tp mdels, wants t prve that she has brains as well as beauty.解析:引导词代替先行词在从句中作主语,且指人,故用wh。3.(2017·浙江)Pahlssn and her husband nw think the ring prbably gt swept int a pile f kitchen rubbish and was spread ver the garden, _________ it remained until the carrt's leafy tp accidentally spruted(生长) thrugh it.解析:考查定语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知,空格处所在的句子是非限制性定语从句,修饰前面的先行词the garden,且从句中缺少地点状语,故用where引导该定语从句。
4.(全国Ⅰ)But my cnnectin with pandas ges back t my days n a TV shw in the mid-1980s, ________ I was the first Western TV reprter permitted t film a special unit caring fr pandas rescued frm starvatin in the wild.解析:先行词是表示时间的the mid-1980s,且从句中缺少状语,故填关系副词when。
5.(全国Ⅲ )Sme peple think that the great Chinese schlar Cnfucius, _______ lived frm rughly 551 t 479 B.C., influenced the develpment f chpsticks.解析:所填词引导非限制性定语从句,先行词指人,且在从句中作主语,故填wh。6.(广东)Of curse whenever they turned t lk at him, they had t lk at Mary, _________ made her feel like a star.解析:由逗号可知此处是一个非限制性定语从句,修饰前面整个句子所表述的内容,故用which引导。
►定语从句的句法功能及相关定义1.功能:相当于形容词,修饰名词或代词,在句中作定语。2.位置:定语从句常置于被修饰词之后;as引导的非限制性定语从句可置于主句前、句中,也可置于主句之后。Thse wh are fr the plan raise yur hands, please.As is knwn t us all, the earth is spinning arund the sun.
3.先行词:被定语从句修饰词称为先行词。先行词一般是名词和不定代词,如:sme-,any-,every-,n-与-bdy,-thing的合成词或all,nne,any,sme,that,thse等代词。数词和人称代词也同样可作先行词。4.关系词:连接先行词与从句的词叫关系词。关系代词:wh,whm,which,that,whse,as等。关系副词:when,where,why等。
►定语从句的核心考点1.确定关系词的步骤:(1)先找先行词,看先行词指的是什么。(2)看关系词在从句中所充当的成分。注意:先行词与关系词是等量关系。(1)关系词在从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的数由先行词而定。This is the place which is wrth visiting.(2)关系词在从句中充当了成分,其意思就是先行词的意义,所以在从句中不能重复其意。There are many places we can visit in China.(visit后面不能再加many places/them)
2.在定语从句中,当先行词指物时,下列情况的关系词用that而不用which:(1)当先行词是序数词或形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。(2)先行词被all,every,n,sme,any,little,much,the nly,the very,the same,few等修饰时。(3)先行词为all,much,little,nne,few,everything,anything,nthing等不定代词时。(4)先行词中既有人又有物时。He was lking pleasantly at the children and parcels that filled his bus.
(5)先行词在主句中作表语时。The village is n lnger the ne that was 5 years ag.(6)当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。Which are the bks that yu bught fr me?3.用which而不用that的情况:(1)在非限制性定语从句中。(2)当关系词前有介词时。(3)当先行词本身是that时。(4)关系词后有插入语时。
4.关系词wh与that指人时,根据不同情况分别用不同的关系词。(1)当主句是there be句型时,关系词用wh。(2)先行词是anyne, thse,smene,everyne,ne等词时,关系词用wh。(3)当主句是wh作疑问词时,关系词用that。Wh is that girl that is standing by the windw?5.whm在从句中只作宾语,有时可被wh取代。6.whse作关系词即指人又指物,在从句中作定语。D yu knw Mr. Smith whse stry is very mving?There is a rm, whse windw faces the river.
7.关系代词as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。(1)先行词被such和the same修饰,或句型as many(much)中,从句都用as引导。Such bks as yu bught are useful.注意:①引导结果状语从句。如:They are such lvely children that we lve them much.②the 和the 都可引导定语从句,前者表示“与……同样的(但不是同一个)”;后者表示“同一个,就是那个”如:This is the same pen as I lst last week.这同我上周丢失的那支钢笔一样。(但不是同一支)This is the same pen that I lst last week.这就是我上周丢的那支钢笔。(同一支)
(2)先行词为整个主语或主句的一部分,非限制性定语从句用as或which引导。区别:①位置上:as从句可置于句首,也可在句中或句尾:which 引导的非限制定语从句只能放在主句之后。②意义上:as具有“正如,像”而which常译为“这一点,这件事”。He didn't pass the exam, as we had expected.There is lts f air in lse snw, which can keep the cld ut.As is knwn, the earth is rund.
8.关系副词when,where,whywhen指时间=in/at/n/during whichwhere指地点=in/at/n whichwhy指原因=fr which注意:that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词之后,取代when,where,why和“介词+which”引导的定语从句,其修饰的先行词常为the way, the time,the day, the place等,在口语中that常被省略。I dn't like the way(that/in which) he talks.The day(that/when/n which) she arrived was Thursday.
9.必须注意的问题:(1)关系词作主语时,从句中谓语的数。(2)注意区别定语从句与强调句。①定语从句中关系词作从句成分;②强调句中it无意义,that/wh不是引导词;③去掉it is/was和that/wh后,如果句子成分完整意思讲得通则是强调句,讲不通则不是。It is the museum that/which we visited last year.(定语从句)It was in the htel that we stayed last night.(强调句)
(3)that引导的定语从句与同位语从句的区别。①定语从句的引导词被称为关系词,that充当主语、宾语、表语,有时可省略;而同位语从句的引导词被叫作从属连词,that不充当任何成分,但一般不可省。②定语从句修饰其前面名词或代词(先行词),说明其先行词性质特征的;而同位语从句证明其前面名词(大多为抽象名词)的内容。We expressed t them ur wish that was the same as theirs.(定语从句)Wrd came that their army was defeated.(同位语从句)
(4)关系词在定语从句中省略的情况。①关系词作宾语,前无介词时;②关系词作表语。(5)关系词前有介词或复杂介词,关系词一般用which、whm和whse+名词引导从句。(6)几个特殊的定语从句句型:①He is the nly ne f the students wh has gt very gd marks in the match.(句中ne为先行词)
He is ne f the students wh have gt gd marks in the match.(句中students为先行词)②Is this place the ne(that) we visited yesterday?Is this the place(that/which) we visited yesterday?③He std at the windw, frm where he culd see what was happening.④It may rain, in which case the match will be put ff.
►书面表达中定语从句易错点聚焦(一)定语从句意识缺失1.关系代词被普通代词取代(误)I have many cllectins f stamps, sme f them are my favrite.(正)I have many cllectins f stamps, sme f which are my favrite.2.关系代词遗漏(误)The last ne leaves the classrm please clse the windws.(正)The last ne wh leaves the classrm please clse the windws.第一句从汉语意思角度是对的,但是汉语的干扰破坏了英语句式结构。
(二)假冒伪劣的定语从句1.有从无主式(误)my friend Jane, wh is very friendly t us classmates.(正)My friend Jane is very friendly t us classmates.(正)My friend Jane, wh is very friendly t us classmates, has a variety f hbbies.第一句虎头蛇尾,属于有从无主式的句子,即有从句但没有主句。
2.画蛇添足式(误)As can be seen frm the picture, that a sad by stands between his angry parents.(误)As can be seen frm the picture, a man wh is talking happily.(误)I have many cllectins f stamps, and sme f which are my favrite.第一句中关系代词as代替逗号后面的整个主句,因此主句是不需要连接词的。所以应去掉that。第二句中同样as代替逗号后面的整个主句,主句中的wh是多余的。第三句中如果要满足定语从句的话,显然并列连词and是多余的。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.Accrding t Dr. Lance Wrkman, these peple may develp a temprary mral cde in their minds ______________ justifies their actins: there are rich peple wh have things I dn't have s it's right that I take it.2.This is the very factry ________ they visited last summer hliday.3.When facing hardships, nly thse _______ are cnfident will achieve success.4.That evening, _________ I will tell yu mre abut later,I ended up wrking very late.5.I wish t thank Prfessr Smith, withut _________ help I wuld never have gt this far.
which/that
6.After the flding,peple were suffering in that area, _______ urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter t survive.7.We live in an age ________ mre infrmatin is available with greater ease than ever befre.8.The next day, my brther and I went t the beach _________ we watched sme peple play vlleyball.9.He wrte many children's bks, nearly half f _________ were published in the 1990s.10.We'll reach the sales targets in a mnth ______________ we set at the beginning f the year.
Ⅱ.语法填空(定语从句专练)Yangshu, ChinaIt was raining lightly when I arrived in Yangshu just befre dawn. But I didn' t care. A few hurs befre, I'd been at hme in Hng Kng, 1._________ I breathed its chking smg. Here, the air was clean and fresh, even with the rain.I'd skipped nearby Guilin,2._________ is a dream place fr turists 3.__________ seek the limestne muntain tps and dark waters f the Li River 4.______________ are pictured by artists in s many Chinese paintings. Instead, I'd headed straight fr Yangshu. Fr thse 5._______ fly t Guilin, it's nly an hur away by car and ffers all the scenery f the better-knwn city.
Yangshu is really beautiful. A study f travelers 6.____________ was cnducted by the website TripAdvisr names Yangshu as ne f the tp 10 destinatins 7.______________ are famus in the wrld. And the twn is fast becming a ppular weekend destinatin fr peple and their families 8.____________ are in Asia. Abercrmbie & Kent, 9._________ is a travel cmpany in Hng Kng, says it regularly arranges quick getaways here fr peple 10._______ live in Shanghai and Hng Kng.
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