(新高考)高考英语二轮提分秘籍专题一：阅读理解（第二讲）第二节 推理判断题——由里及外 (含详解)

这是一份(新高考)高考英语二轮提分秘籍专题一：阅读理解（第二讲）第二节 推理判断题——由里及外 (含详解)，共17页。

推理判断题相对于细节理解题，难度较高，特别是新高考阅读理解加大了对文章深层理解题的考查，不仅要求理解作者言外之意，还要求对文章的写作意图和写作手法作出评判，这些题目往往成为考生得高分的拦路虎。这就要求考生具有较高的阅读理解能力，掌握一定阅读技巧，仔细阅读，认真分析，确保突破难点得高分。
微技能一 隐含推断题——“一步推导”知隐含
近几年高考隐含推断题一般考查5题左右，高考越来越倾向考查学生对文章深层的理解能力，隐含推断题主要考查以下几个方面：
1．细节推断题，即根据文章特定细节进行推断；
2．综合推断题，即根据全段、甚至全篇，结合多处信息推断文章寓意或深层意义；
3．逻辑推断题，即严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论。
细节推断题——关键信息显神功
细节推断题：要求考生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件、具体信息等。考生要从文章本身所提供的信息出发，抓住关键的信息词，运用逻辑思维，并借助一定的常识进行分析、推理和判断。
【典例1】 (2021·新高考卷Ⅰ阅读A)
Htel__and__Hstel__Des__Artistes
Htel and Hstel Des Artistes is lcated just a 10－minute walk frm the central city statin and it’s clse t all f the city’s main attractins.The staff is friendly and helpful, prviding yu with a map f the city when yu arrive, and ffering advice if yu require sme.Hwever, yu need t pay 2 eurs a day fr Wi－Fi.
23．What is the disadvantage f Htel and Hstel Des Artistes?
A．It gets nisy at night.
B．Its staff is t talkative.
C．It charges fr Wi－Fi.
D．It’s incnveniently lcated.
【分析】
第一步 找关键词：Htel and Hstel Des Artistes
第二步 定位到原文：从题干Htel and Hstel Des Artistes 可将考查内容定位到第四个广告下的信息中。“Hwever, yu need t pay 2 eurs a day fr Wi－Fi.”
第三步 仔细比对选项：从该信息可知，该旅社离中心城市车站很近、靠近很多的景点、员工友好乐于助人、提供城市地图、尽可能提供建议。但每天需要支付无线网络费2欧元。故选C。
综合推断题——多处信息推隐含
综合推断题：有些推理判断题，很难从某一句话或某几句话推断出其含义，这时就需要在弄懂全文意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，从而确定最佳结论。
【典例2】 (2021·八省市联考阅读C)
Magic is a frm f entertainment that is based n pretending t d things that are impssible.The magician is a specially trained actr.He tries t make the audience believe that he has the pwer t d things which are against the laws f nature.
Magic shws are entertaining as lng as the audience des nt discver hw the tricks are dne.The magician usually depends n his skill with his hands, n his knwledge f psychlgy, and, smetimes, n mechanical devices(机械装置)．Since magic perfrmance is meant t trick peple, the use f psychlgy is imprtant.The magician must keep peple frm nticing all the mvements f his hands and frm thinking abut the secret parts f his equipment.He must als lead the audience t draw false cnclusins.The magician’s success depends n the fact that many things seen by the eye are nt the things that matter.
Tw basic magic tricks are making bjects seem t appear and making bjects seem t disappear.A cmbinatin f these tw tricks makes fr sme interesting effects.Fr example, the magician puts a small ball under ne f several cups.The ball then seems t jump frm ne cup t anther r t change clur.What actually happens is that the magician, emplying quick hand mvements r a mechanical device, hides ne ball.While ding this he talks t the audience and waves a brightly clured clth with ne hand.The audience is t busy watching the clth and listening t the magician’s wrds t ntice that his ther hand is hiding the ball.
Anther favurite trick is t cut r burn smething, and then make it appear whle again.What actually happens is that the magician makes the cut r burned bject disappear by quickly hiding it while the audience watches smething else.Then he “magically” makes it appear whle again by displaying(展示)anther bject that has nt been cut r burned.
11．What can we infer frm the text?
A．Mechanical devices are expensive.
B．Mst magicians emply assistants.
C．It takes practice t perfrm magic.
D．Small bjects are magicians’ favurite.
【分析】
第一步 通读题目找出题干关键词：infer frm the text
第二步 定位到原文，寻找相关信息：通过文章第一段中The magician is a specially trained actr.和第二段中The magician usually depends n his skill with his hands..., 第三段中． quick hand mvements...和第四段中． quickly hiding it...可知， 魔术师的操作都是微妙和迅速的， 还需要熟悉心理学去转移观众的注意力。
第三步 仔细比对选项：由以上信息可知，变魔术需要下功夫练习。故选C。逻辑推断题——逻辑关系细推敲
逻辑推断题：逻辑推断是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论。解答这类题的前提是获得短文的主题思想或列举的具体事实，然后按题目的要求进行推断。
【典例3】 (2021·全国甲卷阅读B)
Prt Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding (繁育) prgramme, has welcmed the arrival f a rare black rhin calf (犀牛幼崽)．When the tiny creature arrived n January 31, she became the 40th black rhin t be brn at the reserve.And fficials at Prt Lympne were delighted with the new arrival, especially as black rhins are knwn fr being difficult t breed in captivity (圈养)．
24．Which f the fllwing best describes the breeding prgramme?
A．Cstly.B．Cntrversial.
C．Ambitius.D．Successful.
【分析】
第一步 通读题目找出题干关键词：describes
第二步 定位到原文，寻找相关信息：根据本段第二句“she became the 40th black rhin t be brn at the reserve”，该动物保护区已经成功繁育出40头稀有黑犀；最后一句“especially as black rhins are knwn fr being difficult t breed in captivity (圈养)”，可知黑犀的繁育难度很高。
第三步 仔细比对选项：综合前面两句话提供的信息，可以推出，黑犀繁育效果很好，结合上下文语境可以推出，该项目非常成功。故选D。
微技能二 观点态度题——忠于措辞定态度
观点态度题是高考英语阅读常考的一种题型，也是考生很容易失分的一种题型。文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的情感、观点或态度往往隐含在文章的字里行间或流露于修饰词之中。常见的设问方式有：
·Hw des the authr feel abut...？
·What des the authr think
·What is the authr’s attitude
·The authr’s attitude be described as ________．
4关注1不要
(1)关注首段首尾句，确定文章主题，判断作者的观点态度。
(2)关注but后表示观点态度的语句来判断作者或文中人物的观点。
(3)关注作者所举的例子或者所引用的话语，来判断文章作者或文中人物的态度倾向。
(4)关注文章语言的褒贬来判断作者的态度。
(5)不要将个人的好恶态度揉进题中，要学会分清作者本人的态度和作者引用观点的态度。
牢记4类选项常用词汇
【典例4】 (2021·新高考卷Ⅰ阅读D)
Althugh ppular beliefs regarding emtinal intelligence run far ahead f what research can reasnably supprt, the verall effects f the publicity have been mre beneficial than harmful.The mst psitive aspect f this ppularizatin is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) n emtin by emplyers, educatrs and thers interested in prmting scial well－being.The ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence has helped bth the public and researchers re－evaluate the functinality f emtins and hw they serve peple adaptively in everyday life.
34．What is the authr’s attitude t the ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence?
A．Favrable.B．Intlerant.
C．Dubtful.D．Unclear.
【分析】
第一步 通读题目找出题干关键词：the authr’s attitude t the ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence
第二步 定位到原文，寻找相关信息：根据第三段的首句Althugh ppular beliefs regarding emtinal intelligence run beneficial than harmful.可知，作者认为情商普及利大于弊。
第三步 仔细比对选项：又根据The mst psitive aspect f this ppularizatin...和The ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence has helped...可知，作者对于情商普及是赞成的。故选A。
微技能三 写作意图/手法题——文章主旨推意图
考查判断作者写作意图/手法的试题是阅读理解题中较高层次的题目。写作意图与文章主题不同，但与它关系密切，所以可以算作主旨大意题的一种变体。二者的异同可以从下面的对比中看出：文章主旨是中心思想、文章大意，而写作意图则阐述文章为何表达这个中心思想。在高考中既可能考查全文的写作意图，又可能考查某处细节或某一段落的写作意图。近几年高考写作意图/手法题主要考查以下几个方面：1.考查整篇文章的写作意图；2.考查某处细节的写作意图；3.考查作者的写作手法。
从写作文体推断写作意图
从写作手法推断写作意图
从字里行间推断写作意图
在阅读中，有时作者并未把写作意图说出来，需要读者在理解整体语篇的基础上，根据字面意思，通过全篇逻辑关系，推敲作者的写作意图。
【典例5】 (2021·新高考卷Ⅰ阅读D)
We prefer t describe emtinal intelligence as a specific set f skills that can be used fr either gd r bad purpses.The ability t accurately understand hw thers are feeling may be used by a dctr t find hw best t help her patients, while a cheater might use it t cntrl ptential victims.Being emtinally intelligent des nt necessarily make ne a mral persn.
33．Why des the authr mentin “dctr” and “cheater” in paragraph 2?
A．T explain a rle.B．T clarify a cncept.
C．T present a fact.D．T make a predictin.
【分析】
第一步 审读题目找出题干关键词：paragraph 2
第二步 从字里行间推断写作意图：由第二段首句We prefer t describe emtinal intelligence as a specific set f skills that can be used fr either gd r bad purpses.可知本段主要介绍情商的概念。
第三步 仔细比对选项：比对选项可知，提到的“医生”和“骗子”是对这一概念的解释。故选B。
微技能四 文章出处、类别/读者对象题——文体特征推出处
几乎所有的文章都可能涉及文章出处、文章类别或读者对象题。推断文章出处或类别要从文章内容、语言特色和标志信息着手；确定读者对象要从文章主题和文章措辞来判断。
熟知8类文体判文章出处
3步确定读者对象
【典例6】 (2021·八省市联考阅读A)
The Pre－Cllege Prgram ffers nn－credit curses.Students will experience cllege－level curses given by sme f ur cllege’s leading experts and will receive written feedback (反馈) n their wrk at the end f the curse.Pre－Cllege students will als receive a grade f Satisfactry/Unsatisfactry and a certificate f cmpletin at the cnclusin f the prgram.
1．Wh is the text intended fr?
A．The general public.B．Cllege freshmen.
C．Educatinal experts.D．High schl students.
【分析】
第一步 确定题干中的关键信息：the text intended fr
第二步 定位到原文，寻找相关信息：根据文章第一段第一句“The Pre－Cllege Prgram ffers nn－credit curses.”和第一段中的“ Pre－cllege students will als receive a grade f Satisfactry/Unsatisfactry and a certificate f cmpletin at the cnclusin f the prgram.”可推知，这篇文章是写给大学预科生即高中生的。
第三步 本题的关键是理解Pre－Cllege的意思，前缀pre－的意思是“在……前；先于”，由此可以推出答案。故选D。
【典例7】 (2021·全国甲卷阅读A)
Take a view, the Landscape (风景) Phtgrapher f the Year Award, was the idea f Charlie Waite, ne f tday’s mst respected landscape phtgraphers.Each year, the high standard f entries has shwn that the Awards are the perfect platfrm t shwcase the very best phtgraphy f the British landscape.Take a view is a desirable annual cmpetitin fr phtgraphers frm all crners f the UK and beynd.
23．Where can the text be fund?
A．In a histry bk.B．In a nvel.
C．In an art magazine.D．In a bigraphy.
【分析】
第一步 确定题干中的关键信息： the text be fund
第二步 定位到原文，寻找相关信息：“Take a view, the Landscape (风景) Phtgrapher f the Year Award, was the idea f Charlie Waite, ne f tday’s mst respected landscape phtgraphers.”
第三步 本文介绍的是年度风光摄影师奖及两位摄影师的作品，属于艺术的范畴；故文章应该出自艺术杂志里。故选C。
精做模拟考题
(2021·温州市高三适应性测试)
Fifty millilitres f perfume rests inside a piece f elegantly engineered glassware.This delicate bttle, in turn, sits within an equally elegant cardbard bx.This bx is wrapped (包装) in a thin layer f transparent plastic film and sealed with a hlgraphic sticker.“Wuld yu like it gift－wrapped？” asks the eager salespersn.Nw anther layer f glssy paper, cmplexity and ribbns is added.Finally, the whle thing is drpped int a cardbard gift bag, bearing the shp’s branding.
Surely, it’s the gift that cunts.It turns ut, hwever, that we appear t appreciate gifts mre if they have been gift－wrapped.Studies fund gift－wrapped presents were, n average，always rated mre highly than nn－wrapped nes.This preference was true even when gift－wrapping was pretty basic, that is, n bws r ribbns.One explanatin is that, n sme level, what we appreciate is the extra effrt that it takes t package and gift－wrap items s delicately.
The dwnside f ur lve f beautiful packaging and seemly gift－wrapping, hwever, is that it has an impact n the envirnment.Accrding t The Guardian, the United Kingdm alne cnsumes 8，000 tns f wrapping paper a year.Using the mst cnservative estimates, it takes apprximately 12 trees t prduce ne tn f paper: that’s abut 96，000 trees in gift wrap each year fr the UK alne.
Perhaps during festive perids, we culd launch highly visible campaigns urging the dispsal f gift wrap and prduct packaging within easily accessible recycling bins.Similarly，shps that ffer gift－wrapping culd be strngly encuraged t use nly recycled paper.Beynd cnsumer and retailer effrts，prducers als need t rethink their packaging—less is best.I wuld like t see all perfume bttles manufactured s as t be refillable, as they nce were and still are in the mre traditinal Arabian perfume shps.
【语篇解读】 本文是议论文。研究发现，一般来说，包装好的礼物总是比没有包装的礼物得到更高的评价，但是过度的礼品包装会对环境造成影响。
1．Hw des the writer begin the passage?
A．By making a cmparisn.
B．By describing a scene.
C．By presenting a reasn.
D．By raising a questin.
答案 B [推理判断题。根据第一段的内容可知，文章首段主要描述了香水自身的包装以及售货员用礼品包装纸包装香水的情形，故选B。]
2．What des the gift－wrapping preference cause?
A．The bm f nn－wrapped gifts.
B．Fierce cmpetitin between shps.
C．The disappearance f simple packaging.
D．Unnecessary cnsumptin f resurces.
答案 D [推理判断题。根据第三段的“The dwnside f ur lve f beautiful the envirnment”可知，我们喜欢的漂亮的礼品包装会对我们的环境造成不良影响，接着作者又用具体的数据说明生产礼品包装会消耗大量的树木，由此可知，对礼品包装的偏好会导致不必要的资源消耗，故选D。]
3．What’s the writer’s attitude twards traditinal Arabian perfume shps?
A．Reserved.B．Favrable.
C．Ambiguus.D．Oppsed.
答案 B [推理判断题。根据文章最后一句话“I wuld like t see all perfume the mre traditinal Arabian perfume shps”可知，作者希望所有的香水瓶都可以重复使用，即香水用完之后可以再装，而比较传统的阿拉伯香水商店就一直有这样的香水瓶，故作者对阿拉伯香水商店的态度是支持的。]
4．What can be the best title fr the text?
A．Sending Fewer Gifts Is Better
B．Gift－wrapping Is Here t Stay
C．It Makes N Sense t Wrap Gifts
D．Gift－wrapping Culture Needs t Change
答案 D [主旨大意题。文章标题应该具有涵盖文章大意的特点。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述的是现在的礼品过度包装的问题，作者提倡应该简化礼品的包装。故D项作本文标题最佳。]
挑战外刊阅读
Cyber－security firm Lucideus Tech has launched Safe Me, a cyber(网络) risk assessment app with versins aimed at regular users, enterprises and their senir executives. “Our ‘Safe’ prduct，which we launched three years back, prvides the cyber risk psture fr yur rganizatin, all the way dwn t every single laptp, every single ruter(路由器), every database, every clud instance，” said Saket Mdi, c－funder and CEO f Lucideus Tech.
When a regular user pens the “Safe Me” app, they will see a scre has been granted t them abut their cyber－safety risk.The ratings are frm zer t five; the lwer the rate, the higher the risk.The app als des a risk assessment fr the device, and highlights if the user needs t upgrade the OS(操作系统), if the device is secure, etc.It als shws the user a list f passwrds which have been breached (破坏) linked t their email ID，including the passwrd that gt leaked.
Mdi says the app will remain ad－free and it des nt require any special permissins in rder t shw this risk assessment.
The app will als let regular users take safety curses t imprve their Safety scre.The mre quizzes (小测验) ne answers in a crrect way, the better their scre becmes.
Enterprises n the ther hand will be able t design and run their wn safety campaigns in rder t imprve the security risks f their emplyees.
“Even tday, the largest f the Frtune 500 cmpanies arund the wrld dn’t have any persnalized mdule fr cyber－security prtectin f their emplyees.S what we are trying t d with Safe Me is give yu a persnal assistant, and can cunt n it when it cmes when yu talk abut knwing yur wn cyber－security risk psture，” he said.
Mdi pinted ut that with COVID－19 pandemic and mre emplyees wrking frm hme, the difference between prfessinal wrkspace and persnal space has disappeared.“S ur applicatin can give users and emplyees first hand visibility f their wn risk psture，” he added.(Frm https：//techncdex.cm)
【语篇解读】 本文是说明文，介绍了一款新型的网络安全监测软件Safe Me。
1．What can we knw abut Safe Me in Paragraph 1?
A．It was launched recently.
B．It is mainly targeted at regular users.
C．It is an app t assess cyber risk.
D．It culd nly be used n laptp.
答案 C [细节理解题。由第一段第一句“ launched Safe Me，a cyber(网络) risk assessment app with...”可知，Safe Me是一个网络安全监测软件，故选C。]
2．What culd Safe Me d accrding t the passage?
A．Help the users t upgrade the OS.
B．Stp the passwrds frm being leaked.
C．Teach users t use ppular applicatins.
D．Offer scres abut cyber－safety risk.
答案 D [细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“ will see a scre has been granted t them abut their cyber－safety risk”可知，用户可获得Safe Me 提供的安全分数，故选D。]
3．We can learn frm Saket’s wrds that he is ________．
A．bjective B．prud
C．sensible D．disappinted
答案 B [推理判断题。Saket在文章中谈到了网络安全监测软件Safe Me在不同领域的多种功能，并且在最后两段提到该应用软件在未来和针对新冠疫情期间的巨大作用。由此看出，Saket的态度是积极正面的，又因为他是公司的CEO，在倒数第二段他的表述中可以看出他的自豪之情。故选B。bjective客观的；sensible理智的；disappinted失望的。]
4．Frm which is the text prbably taken?
A．An IT magazine.B．A cmputer textbk.
C．A research paper. D．A science fictin.
答案 A [推理判断题。文章介绍的是一个应用软件，因此更可能是出自一本科学杂志，故选A。]
【精深阅读】
一、词汇积累
1．launch v．发行；发起；发射
2．campaign n. 活动
3．enterprise n. 公司；事业
4．risk assessment 风险评估
5．n the ther hand 另一方面
6．cunt n 依靠；指望
二、语境训练——语境猜词/单句语法填空/长难句分析
1． are frm zer t (Para.2) n．等级，类别
2． ad－free...(Para.3) adj.无广告的
3．When a regular user pens(pen) the “Safe Me” app, they will see a scre has been granted t them abut their cyber－safety risk.
4．S ur applicatin can give users and emplyees(emply) first hand visibility f their wn risk psture.
5．S what we are trying t d with Safe Me is give yu a persnal assistant，and can cunt n it when it cmes when yu talk abut knwing yur wn cyber－security risk psture.(Para.6)
[分析] 本句为复合句。what引导主语从句；第一个when引导时间状语从句，第二个when引导的是该从句中的时间状语从句。
[翻译] 所以我们利用Safe__Me软件所做的事情是给你一个私人助理，并且是一个在你谈到你知道你自己有不安全操作时可以指望的助手。
[背景链接]
网络安全是指网络系统的硬件、软件及其系统中的数据受到保护，不因偶然的或者恶意的原因而受到破坏、更改、泄露，系统连续可靠正常地运行，网络服务不中断。具有保密性、完整性、可用性、可控性、可审查性的特性。
层级二
拉分题目分分抢
相较于细节理解题来说，阅读理解题型中的推理判断题、词句猜测题、主旨大意题，题目相对比较难。对于这类题目，在考前复习中要特别关注，要迎难而上，认真分析，努力争创高分。
近3年高考推理判断题题量统计
考纲解读
年份
卷别
2021
2020
2019
(1)推理判断题主要考查考生在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，由里及外，运用逻辑思维，同时借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断的能力。
(2)高考对推理判断题的考查形式包括以下几种：推断隐含意义、推断目的意图、推断文章出处或读者对象、推断观点态度。
新高考卷Ⅰ
6
4
全国卷Ⅰ(全国乙卷)
5
5
6
全国卷Ⅱ(全国甲卷)
7
3
1
全国卷Ⅲ
4
3
命题方式
解题捷径
选项特征
1.We can infer frm the (first ) paragraph that ________．
2．The passage/authr implies/suggests that __________．
3．It can be cncluded frm the passage that ________．
4．The main purpse f the passage is __________．
5．Where des this passage prbably cme frm?
6．What’s the authr’s attitude twards...？
解答推理判断题目时一定要透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”，在进行推断时，要据文推理、合情推理，不可脱离原文主观臆断。
1．定位原文，字斟句酌，“一步推导”定隐含推断题
2．依照首段、尾段、文体特征及文章来源判断
3．利用褒贬词汇，判断观点态度
4．围绕主题， 恰当判断写作意图
eq \a\vs4\al()正确选项特征
1．“立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。
2．选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念。如nly, never, all, abslutely等，正确答案常用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇，如ften, usually, smetimes, sme, may, prbably等。
eq \a\vs4\al()干扰选项特征
1．张冠李戴
2.无中生有
3．曲解文意
4.扩缩范围
肯定
psitive积极乐观的；ptimistic乐观的；supprtive支持的；hpeful有希望的；prmising有前途的；favurable赞许的
否定
negative否定的，消极的；disapprving 不赞成的；critical 批评的；unfavurable不赞同的
怀疑
suspicius可疑的，怀疑的；dubtful可疑的
主/客观
subjective主观的；bjective客观的
中立
neutral中立的；indifferent不关心的；uninterested不感兴趣的；uncncerned不关心的
记叙文
一般会在首段或尾段出现高度概括的总结性的语言，且往往有一定的哲理性，所有的叙述都是围绕该哲理展开的。
新闻报道
新闻报道通常由导语和主体组成。把握导语就是找到了整篇文章的主旨，进而了解写作意图。
应用文
文章中有对某种物品或服务的详尽介绍，使用具有明显支持倾向的语言。写作意图主要为告知、推销或者吸引读者参观等。
说明文
写作意图有赖于对文章主旨的把握，阅读时需要找准主题句。
议论文
提出论点——进行论证——得出结论，作者的意图往往隐含于最后一部分中。