江苏高考英语二轮专题限时 十五-二十三试卷含答案

这是一份江苏高考英语二轮专题限时 十五-二十三试卷含答案，共60页。
专题限时检测(十五)　阅读理解细节理解类之正误判断题
(加★的为正误判断题，本卷限时23分钟)
A
(2017·南京市、盐城市高三一模)
Chicago_Doctor_Invents
Affordable Hearing Aid
Superb Performance From Affordable Digital Hearing Aids
Board­certified Ear, Nose, and Throat physician Dr. Cherukuri has done it once again with his newest invention of a medical­grade, ALLDIGITAL, affordable hearing aid.
Dr.Cherukuri knew that untreated hearing loss could lead to depression, social isolation, anxiety, and symptoms consistent with Dementia and Alzheimer's disease. In his practice he knew that many of his patients would benefit from new digital hearing aids but many couldn't afford the expense, which is not generally covered by Medicare and most private health insurance policies.
Same Technology as $3,500 Hearing Aids
He evaluated all the high­priced digital hearing aids on the market and then created his own affordable version — called MDHearingAid AIR for its virtually invisible, lightweight appearance. This doctor­designed digital hearing aid delivers clear sound all day long and the soft flexible ear domes are so comfortable that you won't realize you are wearing them.
This new digital hearing aid is packed with the features of $3,500 competitors at a small part of the cost. Now most people with hearing loss are able to enjoy crystal clear, natural sound — in a crowd, on the phone, in the wind — without “whistling” and annoying background noise.
Try It at Home with a 45­Day Risk­Free Trial
Of course hearing is believing, and we invite you to try it for yourself with our RISK­FREE 45­Day home trial. If you are not completely satisfied simply return it within that time period for a full refund of your purchase price.

For the Lowest Price Call Today 800­315­6343
Phone Lines Open 24 Hours EVERY DAY
Use Offer Code CT13 to get FREE Batteries for a Full Year!

1．Why did Dr. Cherukuri invent his MDHearingAid AIR?
A．Because he meant to prevent diseases such as depression and social isolation.
B．Because he intended to provide patients with low­priced hearing aids of high quality.
C．Because the expense of the hearing aid isn't covered by health insurance policies.
D．Because high­priced hearing aids couldn't be easily assessed on the market.
解析：选B　推理判断题。根据第二段中的“many of his patients would benefit ... couldn't afford the expense”及第三段中的“He evaluated all the high­priced digital ... lightweight appearance.”可推知，他发明MDHearingAid AIR是为了向病人提供质优价廉的助听器。故选B项。
★2.According to the passage, which of the following about MDHearingAid AIR is TRUE?
A．Its price is approximately $3,500.
B．Patients can pay for it after they have tried it for 45 days.
C．Annoying background noise doesn't exist in the hearing aid.
D．It's not easy for others to notice a patient wearing the hearing aid.
解析：选D　正误判断题。根据第三段中的“called MDHearingAid AIR for its virtually invisible, lightweight appearance”可知，该款助听器是隐形的，即别人不容易注意到病人戴这种助听器。故选D项。
B
(2017·扬州市期末检测试题)
Parking Information
There is a mix of paid and free parking on Granville Island. Below you will find all relevant information on parking and traffic management.
FREE PARKING STALLS (停车位)
Free parking throughout Granville Island for all motorized vehicles is intended for visitors only. Free parking stalls are available and vehicles are limited to occupy one stall, once per day, and within the maximum posted time limit. When the posted time limit is reached, you move your vehicle, or should you require additional parking during the same day, your vehicle must be parked in a pay parking stall.
Free parking restrictions are strictly enforced from 7 am to 7 pm, 7 days a week.
Once your vehicle is parked, you are not permitted to move to another free stall on Granville Island at any other time throughout the day. You may move to any of the pay stalls.
PAID PARKING STALLS
Pay parking restrictions are strictly enforced from 7 am to 7 pm, 7 days a week.
Daily_Parking
The Daily Pass is valid for 24 hours from the time of purchase. The pass is VOID (无效) if not placed face up with the date and time visible. The pass is VOID if not parked in a pay parking lot.
Weekly_Parking
The Weekly Pass is valid for 7 days from the time of purchase. The pass is VOID if not placed face up with the date and time visible. The pass is VOID if not parked in a pay parking lot.
Monthly_Parking
Monthly parking is limited and available on a first come first serve basis and sold starting on the twenty­sixth (26) of every month. Monthly Parking Passes are available at the Granville Island Administration Office from 8：30 am－5：00 pm.
A Monthly Parking Pass allows a vehicle to be parked in an appointed parking stall only when it is clearly displayed.
Lost monthly passes cannot be replaced.

3．Visitors to Granville Island can ________.
A．park their cars for free as long as they wish
B．move their cars to different free stalls
C．pay for the parking when the time limit is reached
D．use the same free stall for many times
解析：选C　细节理解题。根据FREE PARKING STALLS (停车位) 部分中的“When the posted time limit is reached, you move your vehicle, or should you require additional parking during the same day, your vehicle must be parked in a pay parking stall.”可知当发布的时间限制到了时，您需要移动您的车辆，或者如果在同一天您仍然需要停车，您的车辆必须停在收费停车位。故C项正确。
★4.Which of the following is TRUE according to the notice?
A．A paid parking pass is valid only when it is clearly displayed.
B．Cars with the Daily Parking Pass can be parked in a free stall.
C．One can buy the Monthly Parking Pass on any day of the month.
D．One can apply for a new Monthly Parking Pass if it is lost.
解析：选A　正误判断题。根据第六段内容、第七段内容和倒数第二段内容可知A项正确。B项文章未提及，故可排除；根据倒数第三段第一句可知C项错误；根据最后一段内容可知月卡遗失是不能补办的，所以D项错误。
C
(2017·南通市高三第一次调研测试)
Maximize your holiday budget
When it comes to planning a summer getaway, don't leave money matters to the last minute. It's wise to get the money matters in the bag first.
Travel insurance
Leaving your travel insurance to the last moment is potentially the costliest holiday mistake you can make. Travel insurance doesn't just protect you from illness and theft when you're away — it starts as soon as you buy it. This comes into use if you find you need to cancel your trip due to things such as illness or the death of a travelling companion. So it makes sense to get this sorted as soon as you make your first booking.
Travel money
The worst place to switch your cash into foreign currency is at the airport or ferry port. You'll find the poorest exchange rates here as they know you've no other options. Buy your money at least a week before you go. The best rates can usually be found from specialist brokers, which are often also better than high­street banks. There are exchange­rate comparison websites such as Travel Money Max, which will let you know what you'll get at the different locations.
A budget
It might not be the most fun thing to think about, but it's arguably the most important of them all. Work out how much you can afford to spend when you're away to avoid any nasty surprises when you get home. It's helpful to have a daily budget that you adjust up and down if you spend more or less.

5．If you buy travel insurance, you will be compensated________.
A．when you cancel your trip casually
B．when a tourist guide dies on the way
C．when you are ill before starting a trip
D．when your money is stolen during the trip
解析：选D　细节理解题。根据Travel insurance部分中的“Travel insurance doesn't just protect you from illness and theft when you're away”可知，如果你购买了旅游保险，你可以因旅途中的钱财失窃而得到赔偿。
★6.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A．It makes sense to work out a daily budget in advance.
B．You'll know different locations at Travel Money Max.
C．It costs the least to buy your money in high­street banks.
D．You will experience unpleasant surprises after your trip.
解析：选A　正误判断题。根据第一段中的“It's wise to get the money matters in the bag first.”可知，为了让旅行花费更加合理，事先进行有效的预算是非常明智的。再根据A budget部分中的最后一句话“It's helpful to have a daily budget ... ”可知，在旅行的时候进行每日的花费预算也是非常有帮助的。综上可知，A项正确。
专题限时检测(十六)　阅读理解细节理解类之事实认定题
(加★的为事实认定题，本卷限时24分钟)
A
(2017·江苏省重点中学高三联考)If you're the kind of person who loves travel but finds it difficult to break down language barriers, you may want to check out IconSpeak, a T­shirt covered in basic pictographs (图画文字) ranging from clocks to bathrooms. Simply point to the symbol associated with your need, and hopefully, the person you're talking to will understand you soon. I can tell you that it's better than having to make gestures with strangers.
IconSpeak is the brainchild of friends George Horn and Florian Nast. They were traveling through Asia in 2013 and found themselves in a remote village with no vehicle, no tourism, and just some locals. The problems they had while trying to express their needs to the locals inspired them to start working on a simple yet effective solution to the language gap. Two years later, they came up with the IconSpeak T­shirt. “In the furthest and deepest corners of our world we were repeatedly left with no words, either in breathtaking awe due to the scenery or in empty silence due to our lacking linguistic talents，” the IconSpeak website states. “Such situations got us thinking about how to bridge language barriers with utmost simplicity, on a global level. The answer came to us after a remarkable experience in the depths of Vietnamese backcountry: ICONs. Because with ICONs, you can SPEAK, you can SPEAK to the world.”
The IconSpeak collection consists of three types of T­shirts — long, short, sleeveless — as well as tote bags and hats that feature fewer icons. The products are available internationally through the IconSpeak website, with the founders attesting that they work anywhere in the world. “I have used it in Norway，” said Horn. “It works beautifully — the people you ask are surprisingly quick in getting what you want/mean since they are anyway thinking in a certain context (depending on who they are or where they are). If you point to the bus and the clock on the shirt and you do this at a bus stop — anybody will know that you want to know when the next bus leaves.”
IconSpeak is a clear example that the answer to complex problems can be very simple. I have yet to try the shirt, but somehow I have no doubt that it actually works. It might not always help, but for common problems, like finding a telephone, the nearest hotel or an ATM, IconSpeak seems like a good solution.
语篇解读：本文是说明文。旅行者现在可以借助名为“IconSpeak”的T恤衫在异国缓解语言不通的尴尬。
★1.What should people do when they turn to the T­shirt for help?
A．Draw a picture on it.
B．Scan the pictographs on it by phone.
C．Point to the symbols on it.
D．Use the translation equipment built in it.
解析：选C　事实认定题。根据第一段的“Simply point to the symbol associated with your need, and hopefully, the person you're talking to will understand you soon.”可知，穿戴者只要指着T恤衫上的图标，就可以让对方明白他要表达的意思。故选C项。
2．What's Paragraph 2 mainly about?
A．How IconSpeak was born.
B．How IconSpeak was promoted to customers.
C．What concepts IconSpeak conveys.
D．What contributed to IconSpeak's popularity.
解析：选A　段落大意题。根据第二段的内容可知，本段主要介绍了IconSpeak是怎样被设计出来的。故选A项。
3．Which of the following can replace the underlined word “attesting” in Paragraph 3?
A．Advertising.　　　　　　 B．Proving.
C．Remembering. D．Suspecting.
解析：选B　词义猜测题。根据下文Horn所说的话可知，他在挪威借助这个T恤衫解决了自己的交流问题，故可推出画线词所在部分的意思是创建者亲自证实了这种T恤衫能够起作用。故选B项。
★4.What does the example of IconSpeak indicate?
A．Successful people tend to be creative.
B．Cultural differences deserve to be valued.
C．Traveling is the source of inspiration.
D．We may find easy solutions to the headache.
解析：选D　事实认定题。根据最后一段中的“IconSpeak is a clear example that the answer to complex problems can be very simple.”可知，我们可以通过这个T恤衫的例子知道，有时候复杂问题的解决办法可能很简单。故选D项。
B
(2017·南通高三调研)The more time young adults use social media, the more likely they are to experience sleep problems and to have symptoms of depression, according to a new research from the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, supported by the National Institutes of Health.
Researchers looked at data on more than 1,700 U．S. adults aged 19 through 32 who took part in the research, using questionnaires to determine social media use and established measurement tools to assess depression and sleep disturbances. They asked about 11 popular social media platforms, such as Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Google Plus. On average, the participants visited social media up to 30 times each week and used social media more than an hour a day.
Nearly 30 percent of the participants had high levels of sleep disturbance. People who checked social media more frequently were more likely to experience sleep problems than those checking less frequently. More than a quarter of participants were classified as having high indicators of depression. As with sleep problems, increased risk of depression was associated both with more frequent checking of social media and with more time spent on social media.
Similarly, depressed people could be turning more to social media or exposure to social media could contribute to depression. The authors suggest a few possibilities: People who engage in a lot of social media use may feel they are not living up to the idealized description of life that other people tend to present in their profiles. Spending too much time on social media could lead to the feeling of just “wasting time”．
These findings are particularly disturbing as a report published by the World Health Organization in October said depression is now the leading cause of disability worldwide.
Dr Brian Primack, who led the study, said, “We hope that this research may provide one clue to the puzzle of how we can best use powerful tools such as social media. We certainly do not recommend that people stop using social media. Social media is obviously an extremely important part of modern­day society and has many important functions. Hopefully the knowledge that there can be emotional risks associated with its use may help individuals to make better choices about the extent to which they use social media and the way in which they use it.”
语篇解读：研究表明，频繁并长时间使用社交媒体会导致睡眠问题，并增加患抑郁症的风险。
★5.What does the new research mentioned above find?
A．Heavy social media use causes sleep problems and depression.
B．Young adults waste their time in checking social media.
C．Sleep problems have become a common phenomenon.
D．It is time that social media was forbidden in daily life.
解析：选A　事实认定题。根据文章第一段及第三段的内容可知，过度使用社交媒体会影响年轻人的睡眠并增加其患抑郁症的风险，故选A项。
6．Why does social media contribute to depression?
A．Sleep problems go with depression.
B．Checking social media takes much time.
C．Depressed people crowd social media.
D．People may have much envy.
解析：选D　推理判断题。根据第四段中的“People who engage in a lot of social media use ...tend to present in their profiles.”可知，其他人往往在他们的资料中展示别人眼中理想化的生活，而大量使用社交媒体的人可能会觉得他们达不到那样的生活(标准)，因而感到抑郁。也就是说，对他人生活的忌妒可能导致了抑郁。故选D项。
★7.How will people react to the research result?
A．They will turn their nose up at it.
B．They think it is a common thing.
C．They may feel kind of anxious.
D．They express strong disapproval.
解析：选C　事实认定题。根据第五段的内容可知，这些研究发现尤其令人不安，因为世界卫生组织在10月发布的一份报告称抑郁现在是人类(心理)残疾的主要原因。由此可推知，人们对该研究结果应该是感到不安的。
8．What does Dr Brian Primack indicate?
A．We should stop using social media.
B．We should find out causes and effects.
C．We should use social media to our advantage.
D．We should be cautious when using social media.
解析：选C　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“We hope that this research may provide one clue to the puzzle of how we can best use powerful tools such as social media ...”可知，Primack并不是在暗示人们应该停止使用社交媒体，而是在鼓励人们要正确使用社交媒体，使其为我们服务，故选C项。

C
(2017·江苏省高考名校联考信息优化卷)
Fundraising Graduate Programme
Recruiter：CASE Europe　　　Salary: About ￡ 18,000
Hours：Full­time Contract：Permanent
Listing type：Graduate scheme
Education level：Undergraduate degree (or equivalent)
Location：The East Midlands, London, Wales, Ireland, East Anglia and so on
Come and learn to be an educational fundraiser — it's not an everyday job but a genuine opportunity to change the world by working with like­minded people. Educational institutions throughout the UK and Ireland need confident, articulate, passionate people who believe that education has the power to transform lives and society. You should be about to graduate or a recent graduate who is confident, has excellent communication skills and organizational ability. In this programme you should gain a rounded view of various types of fundraising, from learning to write applications to charitable trusts, to legacy (遗产) giving and face­to­face fundraising. You'll learn about how to raise funding support by working with donors, academics and colleagues to make remarkable things happen. You must have the flexibility to work in any one of these locations and be available from 27th August 2017 to start the programme with a week­long induction (就职) programme.
For more details and to apply for this opportunity, please click the “Visit Website” button.

语篇解读：本文是一篇应用文，为一则招聘广告，介绍了一个募集教育资金项目的招聘要求。
★9.What requirement should applicants meet?
A．Having a postgraduate degree.
B．Having gained similar work experience.
C．Having a strong ability to learn.
D．Having organised large fundraising programmes.
解析：选C　事实认定题。根据文中的“In this programme you should gain a rounded view of various types of fundraising ... You'll learn about how to raise funding support by working with donors, academics and colleagues to make remarkable things happen.”可知，申请人需要具备较强的学习能力。故选C项。
10．What's the writing purpose of the passage?
A．To persuade people to fund education.
B．To attract people to a fundraising programme.
C．To stress the value of educational fundraising.
D．To introduce various types of educational fundraising.
解析：选B　写作目的题。根据文中的“Recruiter：CASE Europe”“Salary：About￡18,000”“Contract：Permanent”“Come and learn to be an educational fundraiser”“For more details and to apply for this opportunity”等信息提示可知，本文为一则招聘广告，其写作目的是吸引人们参加一个集资项目。故选B项。

专题限时检测(十七)　阅读理解推理判断类之观点态度题
(加★的为观点态度题，本卷限时23分钟)
A
(2017·南通市高三第一次调研测试)Michael Herr, who has died aged 76, was the author of Dispatches (1977), the best book about the Vietnam War. Herr also made vital contributions to two of the best films on the war, Apocalypse Now and Full Metal Jacket.
It took Herr eight years to write Dispatches, in part because he went home from Saigon with a bad case of stress disorder. He had gone to Vietnam as a correspondent for Esquire magazine. An American general asked him whether he was there to write about military fashion, and another whether he was there to write humour. No, he told them. He wrote little for Esquire, but took advantage of the US government's decision to allow correspondents extraordinary access to go to war with the soldiers. He shared their discomforts and their fears, witnessed their death and recorded their language.
His own language, a stream of consciousness pulsing with energy, but masterfully controlled, captured the fear and the horror, but also the excitement, of the war in the jungle and paddy fields. “So much beauty”， he recalled, “and so much pleasure”. He recorded with a connoisseur's expertise (行家专长) such details as the many ways in which soldiers would wish each other good luck, and the degrees of madness that were considered acceptable.
He identified with the young soldiers and learned in the first few days that you could not affect neutrality (中立). “If_you_are_neutral,_you_don't_get_it，” said he. He generally did not carry a weapon, though on occasion he did fire at Vietnamese in emergencies. The young soldiers, he said, “are my guns”．
The power of the book, perhaps, comes from Herr's insistence on describing the war, or more precisely his own responses to it, rather than protesting (抗议) against it. It also comes from the ceaseless accompaniment of two elements, drugs and music — more particularly rock music, and especially the music of Jimi Hendrix. Herr himself spent drug­fuelled weekends in a flat in Saigon, staring at an ancient French map of Indochina, and he never caught a helicopter without a Hendrix record.
He met soldiers with a left pocket full of Dexedrine, the “upper” officially administered by the army to get them into battle, and a right pocket full of “downers” to get them through it. Dispatches did not come out until 1977, when the country was beginning to keep its mind on other problems, but it did more, perhaps, than any other book to freeze an image of despair and a sense of waste about the war, rather as the trench poets of 1914－1918 did in Britain.
Herr also made vital contributions to two of the most influential Vietnam films. He wrote Martin Sheen's voice­over for Francis Ford Coppola's Apocalypse Now and later wrote the screenplay for Stanley Kubrick's Full Metal Jacket. His work, in the book and the two films, has been seen as part of the process whereby the US came to see itself and its history no longer merely through traditional literature, but in sounds and images, in ways that prefigured (预示) the Internet.
In 1980 Herr moved to London, where he stayed until he moved back to the US in 1991. It was there that he met Stanley Kubrick, who became a close friend, though Herr warned against doing business with him. Herr wrote Kubrick's biography, but he wrote surprisingly little else after Dispatches.

1．Why did Michael Herr go to Vietnam during the war years?
A．To join the soldiers in military actions.
B．To report military actions and advances.
C．To give an authentic account of the war.
D．To write about military fashion and humour.
解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“He had gone to Vietnam as a correspondent for Esquire magazine.”“... allow correspondents extraordinary access to go to war with the soldiers”和“He shared their discomforts and their fears, witnessed their death and recorded their language.”可知，迈克尔·赫尔作为随军记者去了越南并真实地记录了这场战争中的点点滴滴。
2．What can we infer from Michael Herr's statement underlined in Paragraph 4?
A．It was impossible to remain neutral during the war.
B．It was unnecessary to show pity for the war victims.
C．Neutrality is a means to keep you safe during the war.
D．Neutrality can help the civilians free from sufferings.
解析：选A　句意理解题。根据第四段第一句话中的“... you could not affect neutrality (中立)”可知，迈克尔·赫尔认识到在战场上是没有中立的立场的，再结合画线句的字面含义可知，此处指的是在战争中保持中立是不可能的。
3．Which of the following about Dispatches is TRUE?
A．It fully describes Herr's protest against the war.
B．Its language is casually selected and organized.
C．Music and drugs give the author inspiration.
D．It truly reflects Herr's responses to the war.
解析：选D　细节理解题。根据第五段的第一句可知，这本书真实地反映了迈克尔·赫尔对战争的看法。
4．US soldiers brought drugs with them during the war most probably because________.
A．they were addicted to drugs
B．they suffered stress disorder
C．they used them to cure the wounds
D．they exchanged them for music records
解析：选B　推理判断题。根据第六段第一句可知，士兵们上战场会带中枢神经兴奋剂和镇静剂，由此可推知，B项正确。
★5.Which of the following can best describe Herr's attitude towards the war?
A．Supportive. B．Uninterested.
C．Disapproving. D．Neutral.
解析：选C　观点态度题。根据第六段最后一句话中的“ ... freeze an image of despair and a sense of waste about the war”可知，迈克尔·赫尔对战争是持反对态度的。
6．What can we learn from the last two paragraphs?
A．Herr's work offered Americans more ways to know themselves.
B．Herr stopped writing after the book Dispatches was published.
C．Herr rejected his friend's request to write a biography for him.
D．Herr's work played a positive role in the birth of the Internet.
解析：选A　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“His work, in the book and the two films, has been seen as part of the process whereby the US came to see itself and its history ...”可知，迈克尔·赫尔的作品让美国人增进了对自身的了解。
B
(2017·江苏省六市高三联考)There are endless motivations for human behaviour, from the basic drives for food to more complicated ones, such as sympathy, envy and anger. But none of these explain behaviours that we call compulsions (强迫症)．They come from a need that is desperate and tortured (折磨). They may bring relief, but they bring little enjoyment, and while one part of our brain desperately wishes to stop them, another is afraid of stopping.
I used to view compulsions as foreign and almost frightening. But in the course of my research, two things happened. First, when I got to know people who were compulsive, their behaviour didn't seem unreasonable at all. Second, I realized that although people with the most extreme compulsions seem like outliers (另类人), the anxiety that drives them to those extremes is universal.
Over any year, many of us find ourselves in the control of a compulsion that falls short of something that is disabling enough to qualify as a mental disorder — in fact, some compulsions are adaptive, helping us lead our lives or perform our jobs more effectively.
Like many people, maybe you feel forced to reach for your smartphone as soon as you wake up in the morning. Fortunately a growing number of experts have begun to succeed in distinguishing addictions from compulsions.
An addiction begins with a flash of pleasure accompanied with danger; it's fun to gamble or to drink, and it also puts you at risk. Addictions involve acting without planning or even thought, driven by an urge for immediate satisfaction. Compulsions, in contrast, are all about avoiding unpleasant outcomes. They are behaviours we repeat many times to relieve the anxiety brought on by the possibility of negative consequences. But the actual behaviour is often unpleasant — or at least not particularly rewarding, especially after many rounds of it.
Behind every compulsion is the need to avoid what causes you pain or anxiety. Compulsive behaviour is not necessarily a mental disorder. Some forms of it can be, and people in its control deserve to be diagnosed and helped. But many are expressions of psychological needs we all feel: to be at peace and in control, to feel connected and to matter. And if those are mental illnesses, we're all crazy.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了有关强迫症的情况。
7.From the first two paragraphs, we know that ________.
A．compulsions can bring relief as well as enjoyment
B．compulsive people will prefer unreasonable behaviour
C．compulsions may be an understandable response to anxiety
D．compulsive people must be frightening and behave differently
解析：选C　细节理解题。通过前两段的内容，尤其是第二段可知，强迫症不是无法理解的，并且最后一句说那种驱使他们走向极端的担忧是很普遍的。故选C。
8．The main difference between addictions and compulsions lies in ________.
A．human relationships B．financial rewards
C．internal drives D．social expectations
解析：选C　推理判断题。文章倒数第二段告诉我们，addiction和compulsion的区别就是内在的动机不同，如addiction是为了一时的快乐，而compulsion则是为了避免不好的结果。因此选C。
★9.What's the author's attitude towards compulsion?
A．Objective. B．Negative.
C．Doubtful. D．Cautious.
解析：选A　观点态度题。通读全文可知，作者只是客观地讲述了强迫症的特点和影响，所以A项符合语境。
C
(2017·江苏省高考名校联考)The number of women taking maternity leave (产假) in the United States has not changed over the last two decades, according to a new study, even as the national economy has grown and new family leave policies have been implemented in three states.
Study author Jay Zagorsky says he began looking into maternity leave rates after two of his nieces gave birth around the same time last year. “One got an amazing package — full pay for a few months — and the other had to cobble (拼凑) together vacation and sick time，” he says. “I was astonished.”
“I did a little research, and there were no numbers，” he added. “The government tracks which employers provide maternity leave, but no one has calculated how many people are using it.” Zagorsky was troubled to find no increase over time, considering research that shows how beneficial it can be — for both parents and newborns — to spend time together. Giving mothers time off from work to bond with new babies has been shown to improve the physical and mental health of mothers, reduce cesarean deliveries, save infants' lives and encourage breastfeeding, the study notes.
Over the 22­year study, the US economy grew by 66%, and the gross domestic product rose from $9.9 trillion to $16.4 trillion a year. During that time, California, New Jersey and Rhode Island passed the first state laws to provide paid family leave. New York will become the fourth state to offer paid family leave. In other states, most employees are covered by federal law providing 12 weeks of unpaid time off after a baby's birth. Individual companies or state policies may expand beyond these provisions.
But just because maternity leave is available doesn't mean women will take it, Zagorsky says. The Department of Labor estimates that only about 12% of private sector employees have access to paid family leave, and Zagorsky's study showed that only 47.5% of the women who took time off in 2015 were paid for it.
The rate of paid maternity leave increased over the study period, but only by a quarter of a percent per year. At that rate, Zagorsky says, it will take another decade before even 60% of US women going on leave receive such benefits. “This is a very low figure for the nation with the world's largest annual gross domestic product，” he writes.
Even if a woman is paid for her maternity leave, she_may_keep_herself_aloof_from_it. The reason may be that she's worried about being replaced or valued less at work, the study notes. She may also only receive a fraction of her normal salary, which can make providing for her family unmanageable.
The study suggests that the paid maternity leave laws that are in place may be “ineffective, not fully implemented, or too narrowly defined to have an impact”. The women who took time off after giving birth were more likely to be better educated and financially better off than the typical mother.
Zagorsky did not have information about the number of births every month, so he was unable to determine the exact percentage of working parents that used family leave. But based on the number of births per year, he estimates that about 10% of men and 54% of women take some time off. Based on employment and economic data, Zagorsky says the stalled (停顿的) maternity leave numbers can't be explained by unemployment rates, the recession or women dropping out of the workforce.
In a 2007 analysis of 173 countries, the United States was one of only four nations that didn't have a federal paid maternity leave policy for women after childbirth. In 98 countries, new mothers were required to receive at least 14 weeks of paid time off. During his campaign, President Donald Trump said he supported a plan for six weeks of paid leave for new mothers. (He has not proposed paid leave for fathers or other caregivers.) Even if those six weeks are implemented, Zagorsky says, “We still have a long way to go to catch up with the rest of the world.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。美国经济虽然在增长，但女性休产假的人数并没有显著增加，这究竟是什么原因造成的呢？
10．Why does Jay Zagorsky mention his two nieces?
A．To introduce the subject of his study.
B．To state the purpose of his study.
C．To explain the inspiration behind his study.
D．To stress the significance of his study.
解析：选C　推理判断题。根据第二段中的“... says he began looking into maternity leave rates after two of his nieces gave birth ... vacation and sick time ...”可知，他的两个侄女差不多同时生孩子，但一个侄女得到了几个月的全薪产假，而另一个则不得不把她工作中的假期和病假拼凑到一起来休产假，这让他感到很惊讶，因此他才开始了针对产假的研究。由此可知，Jay Zagorsky提及他的两个侄女是为了说明他研究的灵感来源。故选C。
11．Which statement may Zagorsky agree with?
A．Unpaid maternity leave will be knocked out gradually.
B．At least 14­week paid maternity leave should be offered.
C．The US paid maternity leave policies are well carried out.
D．Few US women really benefit from the paid maternity leave.
解析：选D　细节理解题。根据第五、六段的内容及第八段中的“the paid maternity leave laws that are in place may be ‘ineffective, not fully implemented, or too narrowly defined to have an impact’”可知，Zagorsky认为：在美国，能真正从带薪产假中获益的女性是很少的。故选D。
12．The underlined sentence implies that a US woman ________.
A．may fail to take on her responsibilities
B．dare not voice her doubts and concerns
C．is dissatisfied with her maternity leave
D．may not take her paid maternity leave
解析：选D　句意理解题。根据画线句后的“The reason may be that she's worried about ...which can make providing for her family unmanageable.”可知，有带薪产假的女性会担心自己在工作中被取代或者不那么被重视，也有可能只能拿到正常工资的一部分从而使其不能养家糊口。因此，即使一位女性有带薪产假，她可能也会选择不参与，即不休产假。故选D。
13．In Zagorsky's view, what contributes to the unchanged maternity leave numbers?
A．High unemployment rates.
B．Maternity leave policies.
C．The worsening national economy.
D．Lack of female employees.
解析：选B　细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Zagorsky says the stalled (停顿的) ...or women dropping out of the workforce”可知，高失业率、国民经济的恶化以及缺少女性劳动力都不是休产假的女性数量保持稳定的原因。再结合最后一段中的“the United States was one of only four nations ... Zagorsky says, ‘We still have a long way to go to catch up with the rest of the world.’”可知，这个问题和美国的产假政策有关。故选B。
★14.What's Zagorsky's attitude to the condition of maternity leave in America?
A．Doubtful. B．Subjective.
C．Concerned. D．Optimistic.
解析：选C　观点态度题。根据文中提到的美国经济虽然增长了，但休产假的女性的人数并没有显著增加，而大多数女性并未从美国现存的产假制度中受益等内容以及最后一段中的“We still have a long way to go to catch up with the rest of the world”可推知，Zagorsky对美国的产假制度是持一种担忧的态度的。
15．What is the best title for the passage?
A．Maternity leave isn't getting more popular in the US
B．Introducing paid maternity leave is a difficult task
C．Maternity leave still has a long way to go in the US
D．Maternity leave is all a matter of choice
解析：选A　标题归纳题。根据文章内容尤其是第一段中的“The number of women taking maternity leave (产假) in ...even as the national economy has grown”可知，虽然美国的经济增长了，但女性休产假的人数并没有显著增加，即休产假在美国未流行起来。而下文的内容都是围绕这个主题进行论述的，故A项做本文标题最佳。　

专题限时检测(十八)　阅读理解推理判断类之写作意图题
(加★的为写作意图题，本卷限时24分钟)
A
(2017·镇江市高三期中考试)The biggest “civil war” of summer in the US was supposed to be Captain America and Iron Man facing off. But in the past few months, battle lines have been drawn all over pop culture, mostly on the Internet.
There have been arguments about DC Comics movies vs Marvel Comics ones, US singer Kanye West and his wife Kim Kardashian vs US singer Taylor Swift. Fans of the superhero movie Suicide Squad vs those who disliked it.
“What I see right now is the whole world seems to be going to hell in a handbasket, and that's creating a lot of tension and anger, and so as a result, people become negative and aggressive，” says Devin Faraci, editor in chief of a film site. It's not so much that people hate things as that they are defending what they like, thinks Mike Ryan, senior entertainment writer for Uproxx website. According to Ryan, the negativity gets into everything — even fans' favorite comic book characters. “People cheer for DC Comics or Marvel Comics like they cheer for their favorite team，” Ryan said.
Being very interested in music, TV and movies isn't always a bad thing, according to David Schmid. For example, the discussions about director Paul Feig's remake of Ghostbusters with female stars “enabled a larger conversation to take place about the role of women in superhero movies and in movies in general”. When the movie opened, Feig acknowledged both sides, tweeting, “It's been quite a ride. Supporters, you rock. Haters, I've heard you all. Now let's all just have fun. We need it.”
Trolls (恶意挑衅的帖子) are a major part of social networking websites, which have removed age boundaries, according to Devin Faraci. A 14­year­old could be arguing with an adult on the Internet, and the adult would never know it. Grown­ups are getting involved, too. For example, there has been a fight between Kanye West's and Taylor Swift's teams. “If famous people are constantly taking the negative path, it can feel like the way things are done，” said Kate Erbland, film editor at IndieWire website.
So is it fixable? Erbland offered a three­step process：“Better movies, better discussion and maybe less time on social media.” But Faraci argued that if people just realized they were actually talking to other people on social media, they might not be so unkind. “We're talking to a real human being who ... is living an actual life outside of his or her opinion on Suicide Squad，” he said.
语篇解读：流行文化往往会引起人们观点上的冲突，越来越多的人通过社交平台来捍卫自己的观点，批评他人的观点。本文主要就这一现象进行了说明。
1．According to Mike Ryan, what mainly caused the arguments on the Internet?
A．People's dislike for popular culture.
B．People's aggressive personality.
C．People's defense of their favorites.
D．People's dissatisfaction with society.
解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“It's not so much that people hate things as that they are defending what they like, thinks Mike Ryan”可知，引发网上争论的主要原因是人们对自己最喜爱的事物的维护而不是人们对某些事物的讨厌。故选C。
★2.What is Paul Feig's example used to show?
A．Everyone has his own taste.
B．Arguments are useful to attract eyeballs.
C．Racism is a serious problem in the USA.
D．Attention to entertainment isn't no good.
解析：选D　写作意图题。根据第四段中的“Being very interested in music, TV and movies isn't always a bad thing, according to David Schmid.For example ...”可知，David Schmid认为对音乐、电视和电影感兴趣并不总是坏事，下文所举的Paul Feig的例子正是为了证明他的观点。由此可知，作者使用Paul Feig的例子的目的是说明关注娱乐并不总是没有好处的。故选D。
★3.What's the purpose of this passage?
A．To call for kindness of Americans.
B．To make people mind their manners.
C．To ask people to limit their social media use.
D．To show that popular culture's getting negative.
解析：选D　写作意图题。本文讲述了对流行文化持有不同观点的人通过网络这一平台进行“互掐”的现象，以及人们对这一现象的看法，故本文的写作目的应是告知流行文化引发了社交媒体上的“战争”，即流行文化正向负面方向发展这一现象。故选D。
4．What is Faraci's attitude toward Erbland's suggestion?
A．Disapproving.　　　　　 B．Cautious.
C．Neutral. D．Positive.
解析：选A　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“But Faraci argued that if people just realized they were actually talking to other people on social media ...”可知，Faraci对Erbland所提出的解决问题的策略是不赞成的。故选A。
B
(2017·南京一中高三一模)I think that most of us know by now that hot water is essential to our survival. While a glass of hot water may not quench your thirst after a workout, it can have some amazing effects! As an Alabama water delivery service, we know a few things about how drinking hot water can benefit the human body. Let's take a look.
While drinking liquids of any kind can aid in the breakdown of waste, hot water does it faster — much faster! This makes the food you love easier to digest. Do you know that toxins (毒素) cause tiredness, brain fog, allergies, and even illness? Drinking hot water raises your temperature, which helps you sweat out the toxins that exist in your body.
Additionally, hot water can help get rid of a cold. It cleans out your nasal (鼻的) passages and provides some sore throat relief. Cleaning out those passages may be your first step towards a full recovery. It's time to kiss that cold goodbye!
Drinking hot water not only gets toxins out of your body but can lead to clearer skin. No more fearing the mirror! Drinking hot water can also strengthen your hair. How? Drinking hot water aids in repairing skin cells. As the cells are rebuilt, our skin's elasticity (弹性) gets stronger, reducing the likelihood of wrinkles and tightening any that already exist. Finally, hot water awakens our nerve endings, encouraging the roots of our hair to grow.
Another important benefit of drinking hot water is that it improves your blood circulation, which is important for proper muscle and nerve activity. In addition, it keeps your nervous system healthy by breaking down the fat deposits around it.
As you can see, drinking hot water is a great idea for your health, but stay away from tap water! Hot tap water may be convenient, but your water heater could contain metals or bacteria harmful to your health. Instead, try investing in a water cooler. Water Way is an Alabama water delivery service that brings a cooler of fresh spring water to your home whenever you need it.
语篇解读：本文是说明文。喝热水不仅有助于排除体内的毒素，而且会使得皮肤更有弹性，使发丝更强韧。总之，喝热水的好处可谓不胜枚举。
5．What's the main idea of the passage?
A．A new cure for diseases — hot water.
B．What can the Alabama water delivery service offer?
C．Why is water essential to human bodies?
D．Unexpected benefits of drinking hot water.
解析：选D　主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中的“While a glass of hot water ...can benefit the human body. Let's take a look.”可知，文章主要讲的是喝热水有诸多惊人的好处。故选D项。
6．What can drinking hot water help people do?
A．Return to life. B．Rebuild brain cells.
C．Brighten skin color. D．Accelerate hair growth.
解析：选A　推理判断题。根据第二段的“Do you know that toxins (毒素) cause tiredness ...which helps you sweat out the toxins that exist in your body.”可知，体内的毒素会引起疲劳、困惑、过敏甚至是疾病，而喝热水会提高人们的体温，这有助于人们通过出汗来排出体内的毒素。由此可知，毒素被排出体外后，会使得人们恢复活力。故选A项。
★7.What's the author's writing purpose of the last paragraph?
A．To warn readers against hot tap water.
B．To advise readers not to use water heaters.
C．To advertise their water cooler.
D．To encourage readers to drink hot water.
解析：选C　写作意图题。根据最后一段的内容，尤其是“Water Way is an Alabama water delivery service that brings a cooler of fresh spring water to your home whenever you need it.”可知，作者写作最后一段旨在为Water Way的热水冷却器打广告，故选C项。
C
(2017·江苏省高考名校联考)One of the biggest complaints I hear from people is that their friends just aren't there for them. More than that, sometimes friends are downright rude or even mean. You can't change people, but you can surround yourself with more positive people. Here are some benefits that spending time with positive friends can provide.
With positive friends, you don't need to beg for help when you need it, because chances are that they will be there for you without your begging. Positive individuals want others to be happy, and will go out of their way to help you when you're feeling down. As About. com states, “Ideal friendships provide support when you're down, fun when you're up, wisdom when you're lost.”
Compare that to toxic friends, who might snipe at you or even laugh at you behind your back. Those people celebrate the downfall of others, and as a result you'll end up feeling worse about yourself or the situation you're dealing with. Friends of this kind will add to whatever amount of stress you are feeling.
Your positive friends will not only help you recover from negative hits you take in life, but they will also inspire you to be the best you can be. For example, perhaps you always want to be a writer. The negative people in your life will probably tell you all the reasons why you won't succeed. Maybe you have already gone over the reasons why you might fail and this is what has prevented you from trying. But with positive people in your life, you'll feel more comfortable sharing these types of goals because your friends will give you the emotional push you need to go after what you want in life.
You naturally attract the kinds of friends who are most like you. So if you're a downer, you'll probably find that negative people come to you. The_same_is_true_for_being_positive. The more you are able to maintain a positive attitude, the more like­minded people you'll attract in return.

语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。作者以“什么样的朋友才是真正的朋友”为切入点，先分析了积极的朋友和消极的朋友的不同特征，进而说明积极的朋友会带来的各种好处。
★8.Why does the writer mention the statement of About. com?
A．To prove the importance of friendships.
B．To show all may face difficulties.
C．To compare different friendships.
D．To explain what a friend indeed is.
解析：选D　写作意图题。根据第二段中的“Ideal friendships provide support when you're down, fun when you're up, wisdom when you're lost”可推断，作者提及这一说法的意图是解释真正的朋友到底是什么样的，故选D项。
9．What are toxic friends like?
A．They can be made use of.
B．They laugh and cry with you.
C．They make you more stressed.
D．They celebrate your successes.
解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Compare that to toxic friends”“Friends of this kind will add to whatever amount of stress you are feeling.”可知，损友会让你更加焦虑不安，让你更有压力。
10．What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph mean?
A．It is true that everyone can be positive in life.
B．If you are positive, you'll attract positive friends.
C．The negative people don't like the positive ones.
D．The positive people would like to stay with everyone.
解析：选B　句意理解题。根据最后一段中的“So if you're a downer, you'll probably find that negative people come to you ...”可知，画线句指的是如果你是积极的人，就会吸引积极的朋友和你在一起，故选B项。

专题限时检测(十九)　阅读理解主旨大意类之标题归纳题
(加★的为标题归纳题，本卷限时23分钟)
A
(2017·江苏省重点中学高三联考)In the western Pacific Ocean lies the deepest place on the planet — the Mariana Trench, which runs as deep as about 7 miles below the ocean's surface. That's greater than the height of Mount Everest measuring about 5 and a half miles above sea level.
The Mariana Trench is home to a variety of sea life. Coral reefs and underwater volcanoes are all found there. But because few humans have been able to go far into the trench, scientists know little about it.
Now they are working to change that. Recently, the Okeanos Explorer has been on an exploration there. Remotely operated vehicles sent out from it are taking videos of life in its deepest, darkest areas. Scientists around the world, along with the general public, can watch the videos in real time. These videos are showing the most mysterious parts of the ocean. Much of the area that the Okeanos Explorer is exploring has been protected since 2009 as part of the Marianas Trench Marine National Monument. Covering more than 95,000 square miles, it is one of the world's largest marine protected areas.
It's very dark, so the animals must use many other senses other than sight to understand their surroundings, find food and escape from enemies. The water is also very cold — slightly above freezing — and its pressure is extremely high. That means only certain animals can live there, like shrimp, crabs, and starfish.
So far, the expedition's cameras have filmed a variety of rarely seen deep­sea creatures, including ghost sharks, huge lobsters, and sea pigs. Perhaps the most amazing sight is beautiful red jellyfish that scientists have never seen before.
Scientists hope this expedition will help them unlock the mysteries of the Mariana Trench. They'll learn about the deep­sea animals and plants found there. They'll also study its unique features, including underwater mountains, mud volcanoes, and hot springs produced by the volcanoes.
They say that this knowledge will also help scientists better understand how the deepest part of the ocean affects the rest of the world. “The ocean plays a role in the air we breathe, the food we eat, and the transportation of the goods we buy — not to mention the weather and climate change，” a scientist said. “The deep sea may also hold cures for some diseases. How will we know what is out there if we aren't looking into it？”
语篇解读：本文是一篇新闻报道。最近，科学家们对世界上最深的地方——马里亚纳海沟进行了一次探测。通过探测，他们对世界上最深的地方的生态有了初步的了解。
1．What do we know about the Mariana Trench from the text?
A．Sea life can hardly be found there.
B．It has never been explored by humans.
C．It's the world's largest marine protected area.
D．It's lively even as the deepest place in the world.
解析：选D　细节理解题。根据第一段的内容和第二段的“The Mariana Trench is home to a variety of sea life. Coral reefs and underwater volcanoes are all found there.”可知，尽管马里亚纳海沟是世界上最深的地方，但是海沟里依旧生机勃勃。故答案选D项。
2．What does the author want to say in Paragraph 4?
A．Living conditions are tough there.
B．The surroundings make animals much stronger.
C．Animals there are slow in reacting to potential threats.
D．Animals' sight is severely damaged by high water pressure.
解析：选A　推理判断题。根据第四段的内容，尤其是“It's very dark，so ... The water is also very cold — slightly above freezing — and its pressure is extremely high”“only certain animals can live there”等信息可知，马里亚纳海沟的生存条件是很恶劣的。故答案选A项。
3．What is implied in the scientist's words in the last paragraph?
A．He feels proud of what they have done for humans.
B．It's worthwhile to take effort to explore the Mariana Trench.
C．Scientists should spend more time studying the oceanic climate.
D．There're many challenges for the scientists to explore the ocean.
解析：选B　推理判断题。根据最后一段科学家所说的话可知，海洋同人类的生活息息相关，且深海可能会为某些疾病提供治疗方法。故可推知，他认为花费精力探索马里亚纳海沟是非常值得的，故答案选B项。
★4.What is the best title for this text?
A．The Most Mysterious Ocean
B．A Special Experiment on the Ocean
C．Searching for Precious Animals
D．Exploring the Deep Sea
解析：选D　标题归纳题。纵观全文可知，本文主要讲的是最近科学家们对世界上最深的地方——马里亚纳海沟进行了一次探测。通过探测，他们对世界上最深的地方的生态有了初步的了解。故D项做本文标题最佳。
B
(2017·江苏省高考名校联考)Mothers who live in areas that are lightly polluted by car gases give birth to babies with lower­than­average birth weight, a new Australian study has revealed. In particular, scientists found that women who lived in Perth suburbs with light traffic emissions had babies weighing around 60 grams less on average than the expected average weight of 3.5 kilograms.
The conclusion was based on the analysis of the records of 1,800 pregnant women and their babies in three city areas. Perth suburbs are an area with low industrial activity and with a mix of polluted and quiet roads. Researchers said that they took the baby's weight at birth and then worked out their expected size under optimal conditions. Then compare it with their actual weight. A computer model was calculating the concentration of traffic emissions around the homes of mothers up to the time they gave birth.
The results were based on what babies' weights were expected to be if there were no other obstacles to their growth such as diabetes in the mothers. Also, the investigators took into consideration if women smoked during pregnancy or had other diseases.
Dr. Gavin Pereira, who specializes in the effects of air pollution on children's health, found in his previous research that Perth's traffic pollution was increasing the risk to about seventy per cent of young kids who suffer serious asthma (哮喘) attacks. He said the findings from that latest study were very surprising for him because the pregnant women who took part in the study did not live in heavily polluted neighborhoods.
Researchers said that their results should not create any panic but rather be a warning signal for the future. There is a recommendation to planners and developers not to build homes in a short distance from busy roads. They added that the debate must be opened up on whether there should be a minimum distance set between new houses and major roads. In general, people should try to put maximum effort in order to reduce their vehicle emissions through greater use of public transportation and cleaner engine technologies.
语篇解读：本文是说明文。一项新的研究表明，汽车排放的气体所造成的轻度污染对新生儿的出生体重有影响。尽管研究人员建议人们对此不必恐慌，但是人们要努力采取措施减少污染。
5．What does the underlined word “optimal” in the second paragraph mean?
A．Ideal.　　　　　　　　 B．Complex.
C．Medical. D．Difficult.
解析：选A　词义猜测题。根据画线词前后的“Researchers said that they took the baby's weight at birth and then worked out their expected size”“Then compare it with their actual weight”可知，这些结果是基于婴儿的预期体重的。再结合第三段的内容可知，预期的条件包括母亲没有糖尿病之类对他们的生长发育构成障碍的疾病。另外，调查者还考虑了母亲怀孕期间是否吸烟或者有其他疾病。由此可见，研究人员所创造的预期环境是最佳的。optimal意为“最佳的，最适宜的”，故选A项。
6．Why was Dr. Gavin Pereira surprised at the findings of the latest study?
A．Air pollution had led to many diseases.
B．The pollution level in the area was high.
C．Children's risk of asthma was increasing sharply.
D．The effect of pollution was beyond his expectations.
解析：选D　细节理解题。根据第四段中的“He said the findings from that latest study ...study did not live in heavily polluted neighborhoods.”可知，Dr.Gavin Pereira对该项新的研究发现感到吃惊是因为实验参与者所在地区的污染程度较低，而受污染的影响却是如此严重，即污染的影响超出了他的预期，故选D项。
★7.What's the best title for the passage?
A．How should we deal with air pollution?
B．Air pollution could affect babies' birth weight
C．Why should we care about air pollution?
D．Air pollution has caused much panic
解析：选B　标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲的是由汽车所排放的气体造成的轻度污染会影响新生儿的出生体重。故B项最适合做本文标题。
C
(2017·徐州高三一模) On New Year's Eve, 64­year­old Bob was watching the Fiesta Bowl between Clemson and Ohio State. It was around 10：30 pm when he decided to go outside and take in some more wood so that he could burn it in his fireplace wearing only long johns, slippers and a shirt. He had taken the short, 15­foot walk to the firewood shed thousands of times before, but this time his poor choice of footwear made him slip, and the fall left him unable to move.
The man started screaming for help, but his closest neighbor's house is a quarter of a mile away, and at that hour, there was no one around to help him. Luckily, his 5­year­old golden retriever Kelsey came to help. By morning his voice was gone and he couldn't yell for help, but Kelsey didn't stop barking. She kept barking for help, but never left his side. She kept him warm and alert.
Bob remained paralyzed in the snow for the next 20 hours. During this time, Kelsey did what she could to keep him alive, including lying on top of him to keep him warm and constantly licking his face and hands to help keep him awake. After about 19 hours, Bob lost consciousness, but Kelsey kept barking and howling for help.
Despite the dog's best efforts, Bob was probably going to freeze to death, if his neighbor Rick didn't hear Kelsey's desperate howling. He was taken to the nearest hospital, where doctors were surprised that despite the long period of time he had spent immobilized in the snow, Bob hadn't gotten frostbite (冻疮) to any of his hands and legs.
Spine injuries usually result in permanent paralysis, but Bob was incredibly fortunate. “The miraculous thing that happened is he started moving right away，” said Dr. Colen. “Most people with spinal cord injuries don't move. It's tragic and when it's done, it's done. I don't know if it was the cold temperatures or the fact he was lying down on the snow the way he was that may have helped him.”
Before the operation, he told Bob there was a big chance he was never going to walk again, but he was able to move his arms and legs the very next morning. Dr. Colen thought both Rick and Kelsey are_credited_with keeping Bob alive after his accident. “I think animals can help and his dog really kept him alive and really helped him; he was very fortunate，” the doctor said.
Bob's daughter Jenny said that Kelsey had remained home alone after her father was taken to the hospital. “I knew she was alone and in the house by herself，” Jenny said. “Rick let her out and fed our horses, but I knew I had to get to Kelsey because I knew how scared she must have been without him there.”
Kelsey_and_Bob_are_like_peas_and_carrots,_and go everywhere together, including at the grocery store, so when Jenny came home to check on her, she wasn't surprised to find that the dog had brought down nearly all of her father's clothes from upstairs and made a tent in the living room. She found her lying on top of the clothes. “ It's so emotional thinking about her and you could tell she was bringing everything she had of his to lie on，” Jenny recalled. “ She's the sweetest dog and we all say how smart she is. She really proved that she's as smart as we thought.”
Kelsey was 6­month­old when Bob adopted her. She had been brought back to the breeder by her first family, because they had small children and didn't like her any longer. “The breeder was going to keep her and use her to breed, but Kelsey came up and jumped on my lap and looked at me and my dad. And I just said she was coming home with us and that she was not having babies the rest of her life for some breeders，” Jenny said. “ We always knew there was a reason we brought her home with us, and I think now we know why.”


语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。鲍勃在除夕夜到室外取柴火时，不小心摔了一跤。他的黄金猎犬发现后，待在他的旁边不停地狂吠，并帮助他保持暖和和清醒。最终它的叫声唤来了邻居的帮忙，挽救了他的性命。
8．Why did Bob go outside at night?
A．To fetch some wood for his fireplace.
B．To watch a wonderful football game.
C．To check the safety of his dog.
D．To do some regular exercise.
解析：选A　细节理解题。根据第一段中的“he decided to go outside and take in some more wood so that he could burn it in his fireplace”可知，Bob在晚上出去是为了取点柴火，放到壁炉里烧。故选A。
9．What surprised the doctors?
A．Kelsey's determination to help her owner.
B．Kelsey's success in turning to Rick for help.
C．Bob's surviving the unheard­of operation.
D．Bob's not being damaged by cold temperatures.
解析：选D　细节理解题。根据第四段中的“doctors were surprised that ...frostbite (冻疮) to any of his hands and legs”可知，医生们感到震惊的是虽然Bob在雪地里一动不动地待了这么长的时间，但他的手和腿都没有任何冻伤的痕迹，即他并没有因低温而受伤。故选D。
10．Which can replace the underlined part “are credited with” in Paragraph 6?
A．Are expert at.　　　　 B．Are patient with.
C．Are responsible for. D．Are enthusiastic about.
解析：选C　词义猜测题。根据语境及下文中的“keeping Bob alive after his accident”“I think animals can help and his dog really kept him alive and really helped him; he was very fortunate”可知，画线部分所在句的意思应是Colen医生认为，发生事故之后Bob能活下来要归功于Rick和Kelsey。由此可知，画线部分的意思应是“把……归于，认为是……的功劳”，故选C。
11．What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 8 mean?
A．Bob depends too much on Kelsey.
B．Kelsey and Bob are inseparable.
C．Kelsey needs Bob's good care.
D．Kelsey and Bob have the same taste in food.
解析：选B　句意理解题。根据画线句后面的内容，尤其是“and go everywhere together, including at the grocery store”可知，Kelsey和Bob不论去哪儿都一块儿。由此可推断，画线句表示的应是 Kelsey和Bob形影不离。故选B。
12．Which statement may the author agree with?
A．Kelsey was abandoned at birth.
B．Kelsey has no ability to produce babies.
C．Kelsey isn't an ideal type of dog to adopt.
D．An invisible bond exists between Kelsey and Bob.
解析：选D　推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容尤其是“We always knew there was a reason we brought her home with us, and I think now we know why.”可知，一次偶然的机会，Kelsey成了Bob家的一员，当时他们就觉得有什么在促使他们将Kelsey带回家，之后，Kelsey与Bob建立了深厚的感情，并最终挽救了Bob的性命。由此可知，一条看不见的纽带将Kelsey与Bob联系在了一起。故选D。
★13.What is the best title for the passage?
A．A Big Challenge
B．An Impossible Operation
C．A Heroic Act
D．An Emotional Rescue
解析：选D　标题归纳题。Bob去外面取柴时不小心摔了一跤，他的黄金猎犬发现后，便一直待在他的身边，帮助他保持暖和和清醒，并最终通过不停地狂吠唤来了Bob的邻居Rick的帮忙，挽救了其主人的性命。故D项做本文标题最佳。

专题限时检测(二十)　阅读理解主旨大意类之全文大意题或段落大意题
(加★的为全文大意题或段落大意题，本卷限时24分钟)
A
(2017·镇江市高三模拟考试)The habit­forming process within our brains is a three­step loop (回路). First, there is a cue, a trigger that tells your brain to go into automatic mode (模式) and which habit to use. Then there is the routine, which can be physical or mental or emotional. Finally, there is a reward, which helps your brain figure out if this particular loop is worth remembering for the future. Over time, this loop — cues, routines, rewards — becomes more and more automatic. The cue and reward become intertwined (交织) until a powerful sense of anticipation and a desire appear. Eventually, a habit is born.
Habits aren't destiny. Habits can be ignored, changed, or replaced. But the reason the discovery of the habit loop is so important is that it reveals a basic truth: When a habit appears, the brain stops fully participating in decision­making. It stops working so hard, or shifts focus to other tasks. So unless you deliberately fight a habit — unless you find new routines — the pattern will unfold automatically.
Habits never really disappear. They're encoded (把……编码) into the structures of our brain, and that's a huge advantage for us, because it would be awful if we had to relearn how to drive after every vacation. The problem is that your brain can't tell the difference between bad and good habits, and so if you have a bad one, it's always lurking (蛰伏) there, waiting for the right cues and rewards.
This explains why it's so hard to create exercise habits, for instance, or change what we eat. Once we develop a routine of sitting on the sofa, rather than running, or snacking whenever we pass a doughnut box, those patterns always remain inside our heads. By the same rule, though, if we learn to create new neurological (神经系统的) routines that overpower those behaviors — if we take control of the habit loop — we can force those bad tendencies into the background. And once someone creates a new pattern, studies have demonstrated, going for a jog or ignoring the doughnuts becomes as automatic as any other habit.
Of course, those decisions are habitual, effortless. As long as your basal ganglia (基底核) is complete and the cues remain constant, the behaviors will occur unthinkingly. At the same time, however, the brain's dependence on automatic routines can be dangerous. Habits are often as much a curse as a benefit.

1．What can we learn about the habit loop from the first two paragraphs?
A．It helps your brain understand what is worth remembering.
B．It is a three­step loop consisting of a cue, a routine and a reward.
C．It becomes automatic and develops a sense of anticipation and desire.
D．It reveals a basic truth that the pattern of a habit will unfold automatically.
解析：选B　细节理解题。根据前两段的内容，尤其是第一段中的“The habit­forming process within our brains is a three­step loop(回路)．First，there is a cue ... Then there is the routine ... Finally, there is a reward”可知，习惯形成的过程是一个三步走的回路，分别是：提示、惯例和奖励。故选B项。
2．The advantage of habits never really disappearing is that ________.
A．we can easily change what we eat
B．we develop a routine of sitting on the sofa
C．we don't necessarily learn a skill again
D．we can distinguish between bad and good habits
解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第三段前两句可知，从未真正消失的习惯会被编入我们的大脑结构中，正是得益于此，我们不必重新学习一门技能。故选C项。
3．What can be inferred from the last sentence in Paragraph 4?
A．Habits can be changed and replaced.
B．Habits cannot be ignored or created.
C．Old patterns always exist in our brain.
D．New patterns seldom remain in our heads.
解析：选A　推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句可知，研究表明，一旦有人创造了新的模式，慢跑或忽视甜甜圈就变得和任何其他的习惯一样自动化了。由此可推断，习惯可以被改变或替代。故选A项。
★4.What does the passage mainly talk about?
A．The discovery of the habit loop.
B．The automatic pattern of habits.
C．The research on the habit­forming process.
D．The brain's dependence on automatic routines.
解析：选B　全文大意题。本文主要介绍的是习惯的形成是一个自动化的过程，一旦人们创造了新的习惯回路模式，习惯就可能被忽略、改变或替换。故B项最能概括文章大意。
B
(2017·苏北四市高三期末联考)In creating A．J.Fikry's ordinary­yet­extraordinary life, the author Gabrielle Zevin has thrown every cliché (老生常谈) into the mix. The hero, A．J.Fikry, lost his beloved wife Nic in a road accident. The sales of his bookstore have been decreasing. The enthusiastic new sales representative Amelia won't stop annoying him with new books. His rare and very valuable first edition has gone missing. But the unexpected arrival of Maya left in his care brings about a series of events with love and hope to his life.
There are few real surprises in the plot and attentive readers will be able to tell where the story is headed. But that is not the point; the elichés and the predictable plot take nothing away from Zevin's work The Storied Life of A. J．Fikry because it's how she tells the story that first charms the readers, then holds their attention, making them read the whole book in a single sitting and finally give the book a long hug when they are finished. This book is a love letter to the joys of reading.
Each chapter begins with the title of a short story or a book and a note from A．J.Fikry describing what he likes about it, essentially introducing each character by what they read. The characters are so realistic that it's hard not to fall in love with all of them: Maya, “the fantastic bookworm”， Amelia, “the giantess” with questionable taste in fashion, Lambiase, the adorable police chief, and A．J.Fikry, the reluctant hero who hates electronic reading devices that will “send centuries of a lively culture into what will surely be a rapid decline”．
The passage of time race issues and the bureaucratic argument of children's services are all put aside in the telling of this story, not because there's anything to hide or because reality is not allowed to interfere, but because the author chooses to focus on the important stuff. For example, it focuses on Lambiase who organizes a reading club for policemen at the bookstore. His original intention is to help promote business, but over the years he becomes a genuine book­lover, one who tends to always have simple advice for his cynical (愤世嫉俗的) friend, A．J.Fikry. “Bad timing，” Lambiase claims. “I've been a police officer for twenty years now and I'll tell you pretty much every bad thing in life is a result of bad timing, and every good thing is the result of good timing.”
More than anything else, this novel is not only about the selling of them or the reading of them, but how books and stories become part of our lives, how we find ourselves within what we read and how we carry books with us. It is also about the power of unexpected happiness and always believing that something wonderful is just around the corner. The Late Bloomer is the book within a book which brings together A．J.Fikry and Amelia. It reminds them that life doesn't follow a set script, things happen when they are meant to happen, and there is no such thing as “too late” for anything. Life is the big picture. Always look at the big picture. Enjoy it. Don't get too concentrated on the details, because it will all be over before you know it. In the long run nobody, not even you, will remember the ordinary details because they are, in the end, quite irrelevant.
A．J.Fikry's final words of wisdom to teenaged Maya convey the same feelings in literary terms: “We are not quite novels. We are not quite short stories. In the end, we_are_collected_works. We have read enough to know there are no collections where each story is perfect. Some of us hit. Some miss.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，主要是有关Gabrielle Zevin的作品The Storied Life of A.J.Fikry的评论。
5．The author's attitude towards Zevin's book is ________.
A．supportive　　　　　　 B．critical
C．objective D．indifferent
解析：选A　推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第二段至第四段的内容可知，作者认为这本书蕴含着丰富的人生哲理，且对读者极具吸引力，故作者对这本书的态度是支持的。
6．How many characters of the novel are mentioned in the passage?
A．Four. B．Five.
C．Six. D．Seven.
解析：选B　细节理解题。文章第一段提到了A.J.Fikry, Nic, Amelia和Maya这四个人物；第三段中提到Lambiase这个人物。所以本文一共提到小说中的五个人物。故选B。
7．The police chief organizing a reading club is mentioned to prove ________ in the novel.
A．there is really nothing to hide
B．reality is not allowed to interfere
C．important stuff has been focused on
D．everything is a result of timing
解析：选C　推理判断题。根据第四段中的前两句话可知，作者举警察局长的例子是为了说明本段第一句话中的“focus on the important stuff”，即这本小说集中于重要的东西。故选C。
8．What can be implied in Paragraph 5 ?
A．The novel underlines happiness will always be around.
B．The novel mainly talks about the marketing of the book.
C．It is The Late Bloomer that brings A．J.Fikry and Amelia together.
D．It is important to do things on the basis of overall situations.
解析：选D　推理判断题。根据第五段的后半段“Life is the big picture ... quite irrelevant.”可知，不必关注人生的细节，而应该看得长远，关注大局。故选D。
9．The underlined sentence in the last paragraph most probably means ________.
A．our life is full of ups and downs
B．we should collect works all our life
C．our life is closely connected with books
D．we should read books all our life
解析：选A　句意理解题。我们既不是长篇小说，也不是短篇小说，最终我们都是小说集。我们读过足够多的书，因此知道没有每个故事都完美的小说集。故画线句用来比喻人生充满起起落落，没有谁的人生是完美的。故选A。
★10.The passage is mainly about ________.
A．the extraordinary life of A．J.Fikry
B．the moral lesson of no “too late” in life
C．a comment on The Late Bloomer
D．a review of The Storied Life of A．J.Fikry
解析：选D　全文大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要是有关Gabrielle Zevin的作品The Storied Life of A．J.Fikry的评论。故选D。
C
(2017·徐州市高三考前信息卷)The splendid aurora light displays that appear in Earth's atmosphere around the north and south magnetic (磁的) poles were once mysterious phenomena. Now, scientists have data from satellites and groundbased observations from which we know that the aurora brilliance is a massive electrical discharge similar to that occurring in a neon sign.
To understand the cause of auroras, first picture the Earth enclosed by its magnetosphere (磁层), a huge region created by the Earth's magnetic field. Outside the magnetosphere, rushing toward the earth is the solar wind, a speedily moving body of ionized (离子化的) gases with its own magnetic field. Charged particles (粒子) in this solar wind speed earthward along the solar wind's magnetic lines of force. The Earth's magnetosphere is a barrier to the solar winds, and forces the charged particles of the solar wind to flow around the magnetosphere itself. But in the polar regions, the magnetic lines of force of the Earth and of the solar wind gather together. Here many of the solar wind's charged particles break through the magnetosphere and enter Earth's magnetic field. They then rush back and forth between the Earth's magnetic poles very rapidly and ionize and excite the atoms of the upper atmosphere of the Earth, causing them to produce aurora radiations of visible light.
The colors of an aurora depend on the atoms producing them. The leading greenish white light comes from low energy excitation of oxygen atoms. During huge magnetic storms oxygen atoms also undergo high energy excitation and produce pink light. Excited nitrogen (氮) atoms contribute bands of color varying from blue to violet. Viewed from outer space, auroras can be seen as dimly shining belts wrapped around each of the Earth's magnetic poles. Each aurora hangs like a curtain of light stretching over the polar regions and into the higher latitudes. When the solar flares (闪光) that result in magnetic storms and aurora activity are very strong, aurora displays may extend as far as the southern regions of the United States.
语篇解读：本文是说明文。文章认为极光的神秘现象如今有了科学的解释。文章分析来了极地光产生的原因以及在不同条件下的长度。
11.What is it that directly gives off aurora light?
A．The Earth's magnetic field.
B．The solar wind's magnetic field.
C．The Earth's ionized particles.
D．The solar wind's charged particles.
解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“They then rush back and forth ... produce aurora radiations of visible light.”可确定答案。
★12.What does the third paragraph mainly discuss?
A．The appearance of auroras around the Earth's poles.
B．The periodic change in the display of auroras.
C．The factors that cause the variety of colors in auroras.
D．The covering area of auroras based on their colors.
解析：选A　段落大意题。根据第三段首句极光的颜色取决于产生它们的原子，紧接着解释：氧原子和氮原子产生不同的光；最后说极光的外表，这和A项(地球两极的极光的外表)是一致的。
13．What can we infer from the passage?
A．The magnetosphere increases the speed of particles from the solar wind.
B．The color of greenish white appears least frequently in an aurora display.
C．Earth's magnetic field contributes to the variety and difference of aurora's colors.
D．The strength of the solar flares has a positive effect on the extending distance of aurora.
解析：选D　推理判断题。根据文章最后一句可知，极光的延伸长度取决于太阳闪光导致的磁极风暴和极光的强度。这和D选项一致。

专题限时检测(二十一)　阅读理解词义猜测类之单词意义猜测题
(加★的为单词意义猜测题，本卷限时23分钟)
A
(2017·南京市四校联考)As seniors in college looking forward to life's next goals — graduation and employment — it is important to have a sense of feeling important. Every time I look through job listings, there is a small, and sometimes not so small current running through my mind, spitting out little charges that are meant to stop me from even applying. The charges come in the form of words that seem to shout out like “It is not even worth trying！” or “Laugh out loud and look as if you were a qualified man ...”
I met with a professor last week about a specific posting that really got me excited. Maybe for the first time I could actually imagine myself in a position. I did not want to tell anyone of the other seniors about it because then there would be more people applying for it. However, the professor said to me, “You and thousands of other people are interested in that job.” His response successfully weakened my initial enthusiasm. So I went back to work on my cover letter, feeling like one little sardine (沙丁鱼) swimming in a school of thousands, with far less motivation than I had initially had.
Of course, the reality checks are good, and we should never feel deserving of, or entitled to, a position. I would say there are only a few select students out there. The cream, who have academic advantages, would be sure to stand out. The rest of us, struggling through our course loads, are the_crop. But being the crop does not make us any less important!
The point is that, like the old Hasidic story goes in Jewish tradition, we should always remember to carry two slips of paper in our pockets, especially during times of challenge and transition. When feeling beaten down, overwhelmed or lost within a school of sardines, take out one slip of paper that says “For my sake, the world was created”. But for fear that you become a person filled with self­importance, carry a second slip of paper to serve as a gentle reminder, “I am but dust and ashes”．
语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。作者通过自己的经历说明一个道理：看重自己是非常重要的，但不要过度看重自己。
1．How did the author feel after talking with the professor?
A．Embarrassed. B．Discouraged.
C．Confused. D．Inspired.
解析：选B　推理判断题。根据第二段最后两句可知，跟教授交谈之后，作者像泄了气的皮球，受到了打击。故答案选B项。
★2.What do the underlined words “the crop” in Paragraph 3 refer to?
A．The plants in the field.
B．Common members of a group.
C．Those who struggle in their life.
D．Those who are tied to a position.
解析：选B　单词意义猜测题。根据第三段中的“The cream, who have academic advantages, would be sure to stand out.”及“The rest of us ... loads”可知，the crop是和The cream相反的一类人，The cream 显得出类拔萃，可推断出the crop在文中指的是“很普通的人”。故答案选B项。
3．The author implies in the last paragraph that we should________.
A．control our feelings in tough situations
B．read as many inspiring stories as possible
C．learn to view ourselves properly
D．dare to challenge ourselves constantly
解析：选C　推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容可知，作者建议我们在口袋里放两张纸条，当我们失落时，我们可以用其中一张上的话鼓励自己；当我们得意时，我们应用另一张上的话提醒自己。言外之意就是，我们得学会正确地看待自己。故答案选C项。
B
(2017·无锡市普通高中期末考试)Why do some people flush when they drink alcohol? This effect is a common reaction to alcohol among East Asians. It affects about 36 percent of Japanese, Chinese and Koreans.
For many, even a small amount of alcohol can cause unpleasant effects. Most commonly, their face, neck and sometimes their whole body turn red. People might also feel uncomfortable and sick to their stomach. They might experience a burning sensation (感觉), increased heart rate, shortness of breath and headaches.
The cause is a genetic difference that they are born with called an ALDH2 deficiency (缺乏). It prevents their bodies from treating alcohol the way other people do. But the effects might be more serious than just a red face. Researchers warn of a link between this condition and an increased risk of cancer of the esophagus (食道) from drinking alcohol.
The more alcohol people with this deficiency drink, the greater their risk is. In Japan and South Korea, for example, many people have the deficiency but still drink heavily. Researchers have found that these drinkers develop a form of esophageal cancer six to ten times more often than those without the deficiency.
Esophageal cancer is one of the deadliest cancers. It can be treated when found early, but once it grows the chances of survival drop sharply. The researchers estimate that at least five hundred forty million people have the deficiency, about eight percent of the world's population.
Philip Brooks is a researcher at the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism in the United States. He says it is important to educate people about the link between the alcohol flushing effect and esophageal cancer. He says doctors should ask East Asian patients about their experiences with facial flushing after drinking alcohol. Those with a history of it should be advised to limit their alcohol use. They should also be warned that cigarette smoking works with the alcohol in a way that further increases the risk of esophageal cancer.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了喝酒会引起脸红的原因及这种酒精引起的脸红效应与食道癌之间的关系等内容。
★4.The underlined word “flush” in Paragraph 1 probably means “________”．
A．walk unsteadily B．turn red in the face
C．appear unpleasant D．talk more than usual
解析：选B　单词意义猜测题。根据第二段第二句可知，他们的脸、脖子，有时候整个身体都会变红。由此可知flush的意思应是“脸红，发红”。故答案为B。
5．The second paragraph is mainly about ________.
A．the cause of the effects of alcohol
B．Asians and alcohol
C．the advantages of drinking alcohol
D．unpleasant effects caused by alcohol
解析：选D　段落大意题。根据第二段内容可知，本段主要讲的是酒的不良效应。故答案为D。
6．Esophageal cancer is considered one of the deadliest cancers in that ________.
A．it can't be treated at all
B．it is not easy to be discovered early
C．it is hard to cure once it has developed
D．people are addicted to alcohol
解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第五段第二句可知，如果在早期被发现的话，食道癌是可以被治愈的，但是，一旦癌细胞扩散了，幸存的可能性就会大幅度降低，即食道癌就很难被治愈了，故答案为C。
7．We can infer from the passage that ________.
A．only some East Asians have the ALDH2 deficiency
B．about 36 percent of Japanese, Chinese and Koreans are heavy drinkers
C．unpleasant effects occur only when people with this deficiency drink a lot
D．the ALDH2 deficiency may be passed on from generation to generation
解析：选D　推理判断题。根据第三段第一句可知，ALDH2缺乏是与生俱来的，是一种基因上的差异，因此它有可能是会遗传的。故答案为D。
C
(2017·扬州市第一学期期末检测)Using a mobile phone for more than 10 years increases the risk of getting brain cancer, according to the most comprehensive study of the risks yet published.
The study — which contradicts official statements that there is no danger of getting the disease — found that people who have had the phones for a decade or more are twice as likely to get a malignant tumour (恶性肿瘤) on the side of the brain where they hold the handset.
The scientists who conducted the research say using a mobile for just an hour every working day during that period is enough to increase the risk — and that the international standard used to protect users from the radiation emitted is “not safe” and “needs to be revised”．
They concluded that “caution is needed in the use of mobile phones” and believe children, who are especially vulnerable (脆弱的), should be discouraged from using them at all.
Britain's largest investigation into the health risks of the technology, the Mobile Telecommunications and Health Research (MTHR) programme — funded by “government and industry sources” — reported that “mobile phones have not been found to be associated with any biological or harmful health effects”．
But its chairman, Professor Lawrie Challis, admitted that only a small proportion of the research had covered people who had used the phones for more than a decade. He warned: “We cannot rule out the possibility at this stage that cancer could appear in a few years' time.”
The new study — headed by two Swedes, Professor Lennart Hardell of the Örebro University Hospital and Professor Kjell Hansson Mild of Umeå University, who also serves on the MTHR programme's management committee — goes some way to meeting the deficiency.
The scientists pulled together the results of the 11 studies that have so far investigated the occurrence of tumours in people who have used phones for more than a decade, using research in Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Japan, Germany, the United States and Britain. They found almost all had discovered an increased risk, especially on the side of the head where people listened to their handsets.
Five of the six studies of malignant tumours found an increased risk, and only one has not still found an increase in benign (良性的) tumours. Four of the five studies that looked at acoustic neuromas (听神经肿瘤) found them. The exception was based on only two cases of the disease, but still found that long­term users had larger tumours than other people.
The scientists assembled the findings of all the studies to analyse them collectively. This revealed that people who have used their phones for a decade or more are 20 per cent more likely to contract acoustic neuromas, and 30 per cent more likely to get malignant gliomas (胶质瘤)．
The risk is even greater on the side of the head the handset is used: long­term users were twice as likely to get the gliomas, and two and a half times more likely to get the acoustic neuromas there than other people.
The scientists conclude: “Results from present studies on the use of mobile phones for more than 10 years give a consistent pattern of an increased risk for acoustic neuromas and gliomas.” They add that “an increased risk for other types of brain tumours cannot be ruled out”．

8．We can infer from the passage that________.
A．there is no link between malignant tumours and mobile phones
B．all brain cancers result from the long exposure to the mobile radiation
C．the present standard by authorities on mobile radiation is controversial
D．the risk of brain cancer caused by mobile phones remains unclear
解析：选C　推理判断题。根据第三段内容可以推知，权威人士给出的现行手机辐射标准是有争议的，所以选C。
9．The new study headed by the two Swedes________.
A．corrected the deficiency in the MTHR programme's management
B．came to a conclusion similar to that of MTHR's investigation
C．ruled out the possibility that long­time users could get brain cancer
D．made some improvements by expanding the investigation samples
解析：选D　推理判断题。根据第七段中的“goes some way to meeting the deficiency”和第八段中的“pulled together the results of the 11 studies ... and Britain”可知，瑞典的这两位教授的研究扩大了调查的抽样范围。所以选D。
10．The passage tries to tell us that________.
A．using mobile phones is dangerous to people's health
B．children should be forbidden to use mobile phones
C．people using mobile phones an hour every working day will get brain cancer
D．the more people use mobile phones, the more likely they are to get brain cancer
解析：选D　推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Using a mobile phone for more than 10 years increases the risk of getting brain cancer”，第三段中的“using a mobile for just an hour every working day during that period is enough to increase the risk”和最后一段的内容可知，本文告诉我们人们越经常使用手机，就越有可能患脑癌。所以选D。
★11.The underlined word “contract” in Paragraph 10 probably means “________”．
A．be infected with B．be associated with
C．be faced with D．be covered with
解析：选A　单词意义猜测题。根据contract的宾语acoustic neuromas以及全文的研究结论可以推断A项正确。be infected with“感染，患上”。
12．The best title of the passage is________.
A．The Causes of Brain Cancer
B．The Hidden Danger of Mobile Phones
C．The Research of Brain Cancer
D．The Negative Effects of Mobile Phones
解析：选B　标题归纳题。本文主要介绍了一项研究的结果——长期使用手机的人们可能更容易患脑癌，故B项“手机的隐患”最能概括文章大意。

专题限时检测(二十二)　阅读理解词义猜测类之短语猜测题或句意理解题
(加★的为短语猜测题或句意理解题，本卷限时23分钟)
A
(2017·南京市、盐城市高三模拟考试)You've probably heard such reports. The number of college students majoring in the humanities (人文学科) is decreasing quickly. The news has caused a flood of high­minded essays criticizing the development as a symbol of American decline.
The bright side is this: The destruction of the humanities by the humanities is, finally, coming to an end. No more will literature, as part of an academic curriculum, put out the light of literature. No longer will the reading of, say, “King Lear” or D．H. Lawrence's “Women in Love” result in the annoying stuff of multiple­choice quizzes, exam essays and homework assignments.
The discouraging fact is that for every college professor who made Shakespeare or Lawrence come alive for the lucky few, there were countless others who made the reading of literary masterpieces seem like two_hours_in_the_dentist's_chair.
The remarkably insignificant fact that, a half­century ago, 14% of the undergraduate population majored in the humanities (mostly in literature, but also in art, philosophy, history, classics and religion) as opposed to 7% today has given rise to serious reflections on the nature and purpose of an education in the liberal arts.
Such reflections always come to the same conclusion: We are told that the lack of a formal education, mostly in literature, leads to numerous harmful personal conditions, such as the inability to think critically, to write clearly, to be curious about other people and places, to engage with great literature after graduation, to recognize truth, beauty and goodness.
These serious anxieties are grand, admirably virtuous and virtuously admirable. They are also a mere fantasy.
The college teaching of literature is a relatively recent phenomenon. Literature did not even become part of the university curriculum until the end of the 19th century. Before that, what came to be called the humanities consisted of learning Greek and Latin, while the Bible was studied in church as the necessary other half of a full education. No one ever thought of teaching novels, stories, poems or plays in a formal course of study. They were part of the leisure of everyday life.
It was only after World War Ⅱ that the study of literature as a type of wisdom, relevant to actual, contemporary life, put down widespread institutional roots. Soldiers returning home in 1945 longed to make sense of their lives after what they had witnessed and survived. The abundant economy afforded them the opportunity and the time to do so. Majoring in English hit its peak, yet it was this very popularity of literature in the university that spelled its doom, as the academicization of literary art was accelerated.
Literature changed my life long before I began to study it in college. Books took me far from myself into experiences that had nothing to do with my life, yet spoke to my life. But once in the college classroom, this precious, alternate life inside me got thrown back into that dimension of my existence that bored me. Homer, Chekhov and Yeats were reduced to right and wrong answers, clear­cut themes and clever interpretations. If there is anything to worry about, it should be the disappearance of what used to be an important part of every high­school education: the literature survey course, where books were not academically taught but thoroughly introduced — an experience unaffected by stupid commentary and useless testing.
The literary classics are places of quiet, useless stillness in a world that despises (鄙视) any activity that is not profitable or productive. Literature is too sacred to be taught. It needs only to be read.
Soon, if all goes well and literature at last disappears from the undergraduate curriculum — my fingers are crossed — increasing numbers of people will be able to say that reading the literary masterworks of the past outside the college classroom, simply in the course of living, is, in fact, their college classroom.

★1.The author mentions “two hours in the dentist's chair” in Paragraph 3 to indicate that ________.
A．the average literature class in college is two hours long
B．reading literary works is made unbearable by professors
C．it actually does not take long to read the classics of literature
D．college students don't spend much time on literary masterworks
解析：选B　句意理解题。根据该部分所在的语境可知，部分幸运的学生能遇到把莎士比亚或劳伦斯讲得有声有色的教授，而不计其数的其他教授却让文学巨著的阅读变成一种煎熬。所以对某些学生来说教授们把文学阅读变成了一种令人难以忍受的经历。
2．The sharp drop in the number of majors in the humanities ________.
A．has given rise to quite a shock in the intellectual world
B．promises the remarkable destruction of the humanities
C．shows more people read literature outside the classroom
D．has caused the author to reflect on the nature of literary creation
解析：选A　推理判断题。根据第四段中的“... as opposed to 7% today has given rise to serious reflections on the nature and purpose of an education in the liberal arts”可知，学习人文学科的学生人数急剧下降让知识界感到吃惊，并引起他们的反思。
3．Which of the following opinions may the author hold?
A．The disappearance of literature should be strongly applauded.
B．Literature teaching can improve our critical thinking ability.
C．Reading literature doesn't require specialized knowledge and skills.
D．Literature should be taught through analyzing different writing styles.
解析：选C　推理判断题。结合作者的阅读经历，尤其是倒数第二段中的“Literature is too sacred to be taught. It needs only to be read.”可知，作者认为文学是不需要教的，只需要读。因此作者认为文学阅读不需要什么特别的知识和技能。
4．According to the author, the problem of literature teaching lies in the fact that ________.
A．it is a relatively recent phenomenon in education
B．literature teaching is not profitable or productive
C．people are interested in something more practical
D．it is turned into a soulless competition for grades
解析：选D　推理判断题。根据倒数第三段，尤其是其中的“... an experience unaffected by stupid commentary and useless testing”可知，当今文学教学存在的问题是它把文学变成了学生分数上的一种竞争。
5．What is the author's purpose in writing the passage?
A．To urge college students to read more literary classics.
B．To introduce the present situation of literature teaching.
C．To voice his opinion on the shrinkage of literature teaching.
D．To show his serious concern for college literature teaching.
解析：选C　作者意图题。纵观全文，作者就文学教学的衰落发表了自己的观点，所以选择C。
6．The overall tone of the passage is ________.
A．skeptical　　　　　　 B．sympathetic
C．aggressive D．straightforward
解析：选D　作者态度题。结合全文，作者对目前文学教学所存在的问题坦率地表明了自己的观点，所以选择D。skeptical“怀疑的”；sympathetic“同情的”；aggressive“有攻击性的”；straightforward“率直的，坦率的”。
B
(2017·江苏省高考名校联考)How does the media affect our lives? Does it influence our thinking and behavior? What are the negative influences of the media? Read on to find the negative influences of the media on society you never thought about.
The media has negative effects on the physical and psychological wellbeing of society. People spending hours in front of a television or surfing the Internet experience eye problems. Lack of physical activity leads to obesity problems. The media influences public opinion and impacts the choices that people make. The media has led to a general opinion that thin is in and fat is out. This makes the overweight feel out of place. They are ready to starve themselves to lose weight, which has led to increasing cases of eating disorders. In a survey done on fifth graders, it was found that kids had become dissatisfied with their bodies after watching a video of a certain very popular model.
The media has, in its own way, changed people's outlook on life. It is the interface (界面) through which millions look at the world outside. The media claims to describe the “today”， but not all types of media show the truth. With the intention of stressing their point or grabbing greater attention from the masses, the media exaggerates (夸大) things to a certain degree. Not everyone is able to filter_out that element. Most believe everything to be real, especially kids and teenagers.




Vampires, werewolves, witches, ghosts — where did they come from? Fairies, superheroes, angels — where did they come from? It's not only the media to be blamed, as these characters belong to folklore, but the media did play a role in spreading these characters and making them seem real. These characters enter our world through books and movies. There is no denying that they have amusement value. But isn't it too much to blindly believe that they exist?
The media is so overwhelming that the masses end up believing everything it says or shows. Media sources are so many in number and all of them so convincingly make their point that it is hard to distinguish between right and wrong. The media is constantly offering us too much information. How far do we go to check its authenticity? How deep do we dig to get to the root of something that's making news? How critically do we judge the reality of reality shows and the truth behind true stories? We don't think, we believe. We don't judge, we get influenced. And that's how impactive the media is.
While a certain amount of exposure to the media is essential for introducing ourselves to the world outside, excessive exposure, uncontrolled access and belief without thought won't lead us anywhere. They will only make the negative effect of the media more obvious.
To keep yourself from being harmed by the media, you're advised to limit media exposure and choose what to watch properly. News sources often provide you with the same negative stories over and over again, in order to increase the impact. Sometimes, small incidents or events in the lives of celebrities and politicians are advertised a lot, in order to make them draw more attention. Avoid watching such programs or news. Instead, watch good programs that carry healthy content, engage in positive activities, and encourage others to do the same. As a responsible adult, exercise control on the media exposure that kids and teenagers get.
Media descriptions give rise to stereotypes, affecting your mindset. Advertisements carry subliminal (潜意识的) messages influencing buyers' psychology, or carry direct messages that bear a negative influence. It's not possible to protect yourself completely from the effects of the media, even if you limit the exposure. And there are so many things you see around you, without choosing to watch them. The only way to protect yourself from them is to not allow them to influence you. Don't take media portrayals at their word. Don't believe in them without thinking. Think twice before following or falling for anything. Put things into perspective, and don't let the media influence you to do the wrong things.
语篇解读：媒体为了达到某一目的，往往会对人们造成误导，其负面影响很大。因此人们对媒体所传达的信息要进行理智的思考和判断，决不能盲目相信。
7．What impact does the media have on people's health?
A．It misshapes people's concept of beauty.
B．It disturbs people's sleeping routines.
C．It makes people addicted to unhealthy junk food.
D．It raises people's awareness of exercise.
解析：选A　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The media influences public opinion and impacts the choices that people make.The media has led to a general opinion that thin is in and fat is out ...”可知，媒体影响公众的观点以及人们所作出的选择，媒体导致公众认为“瘦是时尚，胖是落伍”，这使得人们饿着减肥，从而导致饮食紊乱。由此可知，媒体会使人们形成有关美的错误观念。故选A。
★8.Which word can replace the underlined part “filter out” in Paragraph 3?
A．Accept.　　　　　　 B．Convey.
C．Remove. D．Interpret.
解析：选C　短语猜测题。根据文章第三段中的“With the intention of stressing their point or grabbing greater attention from the masses, the media exaggerates (夸大) things to a certain degree.”和“Most believe everything to be real, especially kids and teenagers.”可知，为了吸引大众更多的关注，媒体会在一定程度上夸大事物，而不是每个人都能够去除夸大这种因素的影响。大部分人认为一切都是真的，尤其是孩子和青少年。由此可推知画线部分的意思是“过滤掉，去除”，与remove的意思相近。故选C。
9．What may make it difficult to tell the reliability of media information?
A．The information overload.
B．Blind faith in the media.
C．Lack of relative background knowledge.
D．The ambiguity of information itself.
解析：选A　推理判断题。根据第五段中的“The media is so overwhelming ...The media is constantly offering us too much information.”可知，媒体以压倒性的数量优势使人们相信它所说的和所展示的东西。媒体信息来源的数量之多、其阐述观点的说服力之强使得人们很难辨别信息的真假。且媒体仍在不断地给我们提供大量的信息。由此可推知，媒体提供信息的数量之多可能是导致人们很难辨别信息的可信度的原因。故选A。
10．What message does the author want to convey in Paragraph 6?
A．More haste, less speed.
B．Every coin has two sides.
C．A watched pot never boils.
D．Learn to walk before you run.
解析：选B　推理判断题。根据第六段的内容可知，适度接触媒体对我们接触外面的世界完全是必要的，但过多的、毫无节制的接触对我们则无益处，会对我们产生消极的影响。由此可知，B项“事物都有两面性”符合题意。A项意为“欲速则不达”；C项意为“心急水不开；心急吃不了热豆腐”；D项意为“先学走再学跑；循序渐进”。
11．What is the last but one paragraph mainly about?
A．Features of information in the news media.
B．Tips on choosing proper programs to watch.
C．Importance of restricting one's media exposure.
D．Ways to avoid the negative influence of the media.
解析：选D　段落大意题。根据倒数第二段中的“you're advised to limit media exposure and choose what to watch properly”和“Avoid watching such programs or news. Instead, watch good programs that carry healthy content, engage in positive activities ...”及“exercise control on the media exposure that kids and teenagers get”可知，本段主要讲述的是规避媒体的消极影响的方法。故选D。
12．What does the author advise people to do in the last paragraph?
A．Never trust what the media says.
B．Don't be too curious about things around.
C．Develop their self­discipline and self­control.
D．Use their own judgment correctly in face of the media.
解析：选D　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“The only way to protect yourself ...Think twice before following or falling for anything ...”可知，作者建议人们不要被媒体的描述所欺骗，不要盲目相信媒体所报道的，要有自己的判断，也就是说人们在媒体(信息)面前，要正确运用自己的判断。故选D。
C
(2017·江苏省高考名校联考)Many artists lived in the Greenwich Village area of New York. Two young women named Sue and Johnsy shared a studio apartment at the top of a three­story building. In November, a cold, unseen stranger came. It was a disease, pneumonia, which killed many people.
Johnsy lay on her bed, hardly moving. One morning, a doctor examined Johnsy and took her temperature. Then he spoke with Sue in another room. “She has one chance in ten，” he said. “She can hardly make it.” After the doctor had gone, Sue went into the workroom and cried. Then she went to Johnsy's room with her drawing board. She began making a pen­and­ink drawing for a story in a magazine. After a while, Sue heard a low sound, several times repeated. She went quickly to the bedside.
Johnsy's eyes were open wide. She was looking out the window and counting — counting backward.“Ten，” she said, and a little later “nine”； and then “eight” and “seven”， almost together. Sue looked out the window. What was there to count? There was only an empty yard with an old ivy vine (常春藤), which went bad at the roots and climbed halfway up the wall. The cold breath of autumn had struck leaves from the plant until its branches, almost bare, hung on the bricks.
“Six leaves are still there，” said Johnsy, quietly. “When the last one falls, I must go, too. I've known that for three days. Didn't the doctor tell you？”
“Don't be silly，” said Sue. “Try to eat some soup now. And, let me go back to my painting, so I can sell it to the magazine and buy food and wine for us. I must call Mister Behrman up to be my model.”
Old Behrman was a painter who lived on the ground floor of the apartment building. Behrman was a failure in art. For years, he had always been planning to paint a work of art, but had never yet begun it. He earned a little money by serving as a model for artists who could not pay for a professional model.
Sue found Behrman in his room, where in one area was a blank canvas (画布) that had been waiting twenty­five years for the first line of paint. Sue told him about Johnsy and how she feared that her friend would float away like a leaf. Old Behrman yelled, “Miss Johnsy should not be so sick! Someday I will paint a masterpiece, and we shall all go away.” Johnsy was sleeping when they went upstairs. Sue pulled the shade down to cover the window. She and Behrman went into the other room. They looked out a window fearfully at the ivy vine. Then_they_looked_at_each_other_without_speaking. A cold rain was falling, mixed with snow. Behrman sat and posed as a miner.
The next morning, Sue awoke after an hour's sleep. She found Johnsy with wide­open eyes staring at the covered window. “Pull up the shade; I want to see，” she ordered, quietly. Sue obeyed. “There's still one？” said Johnsy. “I thought it would fall during the night. I heard the wind.”
The next morning, when it was light, the ivy leaf was still there. Johnsy lay for a long time. And then she called to Sue, who was preparing chicken soup. “Would you please bring me a little soup now？” asked Johnsy.
Later in the day, the doctor came. “Even chances，” said the doctor. “With good care, you'll win. And now I must see another case, Behrman, which is severe.”
Later that day, Sue came up to Johnsy, and put one arm around her. “Mister Behrman died of pneumonia today，” she said. “He was sick for only two days. They found him on the morning of the first day very weak, and his shoes and clothing were completely wet and icy cold. Do you know why? Look out the window, dear, at the last ivy leaf on the wall. Didn't you wonder why it never moved when the wind blew? Behrman painted it there the night when the last leaf fell.”
语篇解读：本文是记叙文。为了挽救患肺炎而奄奄一息的Johnsy的生命，Behrman先生在风雨交加的夜晚往墙上画了一片常春藤叶，给了Johnsy生的信念，而他自己却染上肺炎，不幸离开了人世。
13．What does Paragraph 1 serve as?
A．The background. B．The topic.
C．An explanation. D．An example.
解析：选A　推理判断题。根据第一段的内容可知，本段简单介绍了故事发生的背景，如时间、地点、人物等，故选A项。
14．What does Johnsy's counting back suggest?
A．She felt very bored.
B．She was very hopeless.
C．She tried to keep awake.
D．She wanted to sleep quickly.
解析：选B　推理判断题。第二段中提到Johnsy病得很重，活下来的概率是十分之一；第三段中对她盯着窗外的景色的描述“There was only an empty yard ...almost bare, hung on the bricks.”传递出一种萧瑟之感；再结合第四段中的“When the last one falls, I must go, too.”可知，她认为自己会随着最后一片常春藤叶的凋零而走向死亡，这说明她因为疾病对生活失去了希望。
15．According to the passage, Sue and Johnsy ________.
A．were famous artists
B．painted for the poor
C．worked in a publishing house
D．lived a poor life
解析：选D　推理判断题。根据第二段中的“She began making a pen­and­ink drawing for a story in a magazine.”和第五段中的“I can sell it to the magazine and buy food and wine for us”可以判断出，这两个女孩的生活很困窘。
16．What can we infer about Behrman?
A．He painted nothing because he was lazy.
B．He suffered pneumonia for several days.
C．He finished a masterpiece before he died.
D．He didn't get along well with Sue and Johnsy.
解析：选C　推理判断题。根据第六、七段可知，Behrman是个失败的画家，25年来一直计划画一幅画作，但一直没有动笔，得知Johnsy患重病时，他说“Someday I will paint a masterpiece, and we shall all go away.”，再根据最后一段的内容可知，为了使Johnsy对活下去抱着希望，Behrman在寒冷的雨夜画常春藤叶，因而患上了恶疾，两天后就死去了，而他的第一幅也是最后一幅画使Johnsy活了下来，他的画是生命之画，可以称得上是杰作。由此可知C项正确。
★17.What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 7 mean?
A．They didn't know what to do.
B．They were enjoying the ivy vine.
C．They were worried about Johnsy.
D．They agreed with each other silently.
解析：选D　句意理解题。根据画线句前的“They looked out a window fearfully at the ivy vine.”和后面的叙述可知，他们当时相互看了看而没有说话是因为他们俩有了一个共同的想法，达成了默契，即要想方设法留住Johnsy的希望——最后一片常春藤叶。

18．What would be the best title for the passage?
A．Three Artists
B．The Last Leaf
C．An Artist Finally Saved
D．A Picture Painted for 25 Years
解析：选B　标题归纳题。生命垂危的Johnsy以树叶的命数来计算自己在人世的时间，当她看到最后一片“叶子”历经凛冽的寒风依然可以存留下来时，又重拾生的信念，顽强地活了下来，而Behrman为了画最后一片叶子染上肺炎，离开了人世，在生命的最后完成了令人震撼的杰作。整篇文章是围绕最后一片叶子展开的，故B项做标题最佳。

专题限时检测(二十三)　阅读理解词义猜测类之代词指代题
(加★的为代词指代题，本卷限时23分钟)
A
(2017·南京市、盐城市高三模拟考试)A little social support from your best buds goes a long way, whether you're a human or a chimpanzee (黑猩猩). A new study that followed a chimpanzee community in the forests of Uganda has found that quality time with close companions significantly decreased stress hormone levels in the primates — whether they were resting, grooming or facing off against rival groups.
The findings, described this week in the journal Nature Communications, shed light on the physiological effects of close companionship on chimpanzees — and could have implications for human health too.
Researchers have long known that stress can worsen health and raise the risk of early death in humans as well as other social mammals.
“It can have effects on immune function, cardio function, fertility, cognition, and even your mood，” said study co­author Kevin Langergraber, a primatologist at Arizona State University.
Maintaining close social bonds can help these animals (humans included) reduce some of that stress, potentially minimizing some health risks. But scientists have yet to pin down the exact physiological mechanisms at work.
“Social bonds make you survive and produce better — but how do they do that？” Langergraber said.
To find out, the international team of researchers studied members of the Sonso chimpanzee community in Uganda's Budongo Forest, a group consisting of 15 males, 35 females and 28 juveniles and infants during the study period from February 2008 to July 2010.
Like humans, chimpanzees tend to have besties — bond partners with whom they appear to feel close. The researchers wanted to see whether interactions with these bond partners led to lower stress levels during particularly stressful situations, such as when fighting rival groups, or whether time spent with friends helped lower stress levels more generally, throughout the day.
The scientists observed the chimpanzees perform three types of activities: resting, grooming or quarrelling with other groups of chimpanzees. The researchers kept track of whether the chimpanzees were doing any of these three things with their bond partners or with other chimpanzees in their group.
A team of up to six observers watched the chimpanzees and followed them around to collect urine (尿液) samples. The samples, collected from nine adult male and eight adult female chimpanzees, were tested to see how much of the stress hormone cortisol they contained.
The scientists found that chimpanzees' levels of urinary cortisol were 23% lower, on average, during the activities when they were with their bond partner. This was especially true for stressful activities, such as the intergroup rivalries, where any chimpanzee on the front line might face physical harm or even death.
The findings in chimpanzees, some of our closest living relatives, could shed light on the role such close social relationships play in human health too, he said. Such friendships may be just as important during good times as bad — though more research needs to be done before any conclusions can be drawn.
“This has interest for a lot of people in a medical context as well，” Langergraber said.

1．The scientists carried out research into a chimpanzee community in Uganda ________.
A．to seek evidence of benefits of social bonds from physiological angles
B．to uncover whether social bonds make humans survive
C．to study how chimpanzees perform three types of activities
D．to train chimpanzees to maintain close social bonds with each other
解析：选A　推理判断题。根据第五至七段内容可推断，科学家们对黑猩猩群落进行研究是为了从生理角度寻求能证明社会关系的益处的证据。故选A项。
★2.What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 10 refer to?
A．Observers.　　　　　　 B．Chimpanzees.
C．Urine samples. D．Bond partners.
解析：选C　代词指代题。根据第十段内容可知，这些尿液被观察员用来检验以了解尿液中含有多少压力荷尔蒙皮质醇。故此处they指的是尿液样本。故选C项。
3．The chimpanzees' levels of urinary cortisol decrease most when ________.
A．they are with other chimpanzees in their group
B．they face the intergroup rivalries with friends
C．they perform three different types of activities
D．they spend time with friends throughout the day
解析：选B　推理判断题。根据第十一段内容可推断，当黑猩猩和朋友一起面对群体间的较量时，它们的尿液皮质醇水平下降最多。故选B项。
4．What's the author's purpose in writing the passage?
A．To point out stress is harmful to all social mammals.
B．To illustrate how chimpanzees control their stress level.
C．To urge scientists to do more research into chimpanzees.
D．To inform us friendships benefit both chimpanzees and humans.
解析：选D　作者意图题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了一项探究友谊对人乃至黑猩猩的重要性的研究的结果。故作者写这篇文章的目的是告诉我们友谊对黑猩猩和人都有利。故选D项。
B
(2017·江苏省高考名校联考)54­year­old Michael has got accustomed to picking up things at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) in Massachusetts. He has been working as a custodian (管理员) there for the last eight years, cleaning the floors, vacuuming the carpets, wiping the blackboards and picking up the trash. But last month, Michael picked up something he really wants to obtain all his life — a degree in mechanical engineering.
In the year 2008, Michael, a businessman, with two decades of successful business, felt his world crashing down around him. Fewer phone calls were coming in, but he tried not to panic. Then customers stopped calling completely and he had no choice but to apply for bankruptcy. Soon, his home was foreclosed (取消抵押品赎回权). And without his income to support his wife, her vending machine (自动售货机) business eventually went under as well. He and his family had to move from their big house to a tiny apartment. Michael started looking for jobs with construction companies, but no one had the intention to hire a man in his age.
The only work he could find was to be a custodian at a local college.The pay was about half what he used to make, but the benefits were good, so he told himself that he would take advantage of the benefits offered by the school, to feel like he was making more money. One of the added job benefits was tuition­free classes, so he decided to make good use of them as well. Michael would take the classes by day and clean up after his schoolmates at night. “I was angry. I was depressed. But as the semester went on, I thought, ‘Oh geez, this is taking my mind away from everything，’” the happy graduate said. “When I got my first A, I thought, ‘This is really nice.’”
But it didn't all go smoothly. His new job wasn't something that he was especially proud of. Besides, the failure of his business still crowded his mind, which challenged him most. “When you lose everything like that, you don't trust your ambition. You're just trying to get through the day，” Michael said. “It was hard to look my kids in the eye. I couldn't tell them to work hard and they'd be successful ... because I did that, and I lost.”
In spite of the hardships Michael had to go through, he kept going to classes, and after three years into his studies he realized he was well on his way to a college degree. He felt awkward attending school along with students at his kids' age, but the support of the other students turned out to be a big factor in his unbelievable achievement. “I realized it was more my own judgment than anyone else's，” he said.“They thought what I was doing was really great.”
On May 14, 2016, eight years after taking his first class at WPI, Michael walked out on the stage to pick up his diploma, under the proud eyes of his family and colleagues. He continued to work as a custodian at WPI, but he was also looking forward to the day when he could pick up a job in engineering. On the big day, Michael wrote “OLD DOG HAS NEW TRICKS” on the top of his mortarboard (学位帽), and on each corner inscribed a single letter: a “J” for Joyce, his wife; a “P” for Paul, his son; and an “A” and “N” for Amanda and Nicole, his daughters — a perfect gift to his supportive family.
Michael's ambition and insistence have inspired the entire custodial staff at WPI. Over the years, other members of the staff had attended the free classes offered by the school like him, but none of them could achieve their goals to the extent he did. “When people say my story inspires them, I know what that means on the other side. From time to time, other people's stories got me through unpleasant times. I'm glad I can be that person，”Michael said.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。迈克尔生意失败后到Worcester Polytechnic Institute当管理员。他一边工作一边学习。八年之后，持之以恒的他获得了机械工程学位。
5．What happened to Michael in 2008?
A．He failed in his business.
B．He was cheated by his partner.
C．He was divorced for lack of money.
D．He launched a vending machine business.
解析：选A　细节理解题。从第二段的内容可知，2008年，迈克尔的客户越来越少，他生意失败，不得不申请破产。故选A项。
6．What was the biggest challenge facing Michael as a custodian?
A．He couldn't get the pay he expected.
B．He had difficulty coping with schoolwork.
C．He couldn't set a good example to his kids.
D．He couldn't get out of the shadow of failure.
解析：选D　细节理解题。根据第四段的“the failure of his business still crowded his mind, which challenged him most”可知，他一直无法走出生意失败的阴影，这是他面临的最大难题。故选D项。
★7.What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 5 refer to?
A．Michael's achievement in getting a college degree.
B．Michael's embarrassment of being an old student.
C．The difficulty Michael went through.
D．The support of other students.
解析：选B　代词指代题。从第五段的“He felt awkward attending school along with students at his kids' age，but the support of the other students turned out to be a big factor in his unbelievable achievement.”可知，迈克尔觉得与他的孩子们同龄的学生一起上学很尴尬，但是其他同学的支持结果证明是他取得令人难以置信的成就的一个重大因素。由此可推知，画线词所在句指的应是迈克尔意识到他作为一个年龄较大的学生去上学的尴尬是他自己的判断，而不是其他人的看法。故选B项。
8．What did Michael do after obtaining the degree?
A．He worked as an engineer.
B．He stayed at the previous post.
C．He got a teaching position at WPI.
D．He devoted himself to further study.
解析：选B　细节理解题。根据第六段的“He continued to work as a custodian at WPI, but he was also looking forward to the day when he could pick up a job in engineering.”可知，迈克尔继续在WPI当管理员，但是他也盼望着有一天能够得到一份与工程学有关的工作。故选B项。
9．What did Michael really want to say in the last paragraph?
A．Some time should be spent in reading inspiring stories.
B．People should understand the true meaning of success.
C．One's inspiring stories can be of great value to others.
D．There is no need for his colleagues to follow him.
解析：选C　推理判断题。人们称迈克尔的故事能激励他们，而有时，人们的故事也会使迈克尔度过不愉快的时期。由此可知，迈克尔想说的是一个人的鼓舞人心的故事对其他人有很大的作用。故答案选C项。
10．What can we learn from Michael's story?
A．Everyone has their price.
B．There is no time like the present.
C．The grass is greener on the other side.
D．Nothing is impossible for a willing heart.
解析：选D　推理判断题。根据文章的内容可知，尽管迈克尔生意失败，但在他找到新的工作后，他一边工作一边学习。八年之后，持之以恒的他获得了机械工程学位。故选D项，表示“心之所愿，无所不能”。A项意为“重赏之下，必有勇夫”；B项意为“机不可失，时不再来”；C项意为“草是那边绿；这山望着那山高”。
C
(2017·江苏省六市高三联考)HIV is a tricky virus that escapes typical immune responses. During a successful immune system response to a foreign body, white blood cells produce antibodies that target the foreign body. These antibodies then mark the foreign body for destruction by other immune cells. For the most part, HIV escapes these immune defenses, but rare individuals develop antibodies that effectively block the virus. Researchers are now showing that these antibodies can also act as treatments in other HIV patients.
HIV has several ways of escaping the immune response. Unlike most viruses, HIV specifically attacks a type of white blood cell that is critical to our immune system. During reproduction, the HIV virus also picks up many new mutations (变异), which often change it enough that any antibodies produced earlier during the infection no longer recognize it.
These rare antibodies can also keep the virus from infecting new cells, which could make them an effective treatment. In animal studies, injection of low concentrations of these antibodies could act as a vaccine (疫苗) and provide protection against infection.Injections can even control active infections when combined with additional antibodies that target other molecules (分子) on the HIV surface. These findings led to humans phase 1 clinical trials to evaluate a specific antibody that targets HIV. This study revealed that a single injection of the antibody typically reduced the presence of HIV in the blood of patients who have viruses that were sensitive to the antibody.
After performing test­tube studies showing the effectiveness of the antibody, the researchers evaluated its safety in humans in a small trial. The study included two groups of participants: 14 uninfected individuals and 19 individuals with an HIV­1 infection. The researchers then tracked the clearance of the antibody by following its levels in the participants' blood.Consistent with previous studies, HIV­1 infected individuals exhibited faster clearance of the antibody, with a half­life of 12.8 days compared to 24.0 days for uninfected participants.Despite the fast clearance, however, the antibody appeared to be effective.
Thirteen HIV­1 infected participants with the highest levels of virus received the highest dose (剂量) of the antibody. Eleven of them showed a rapid decline in HIV levels. Tracking the infection through the first weeks after treatment revealed the evolution of multiple viruses that were no longer affected by the antibody. However, these new variants (变体) generally remained sensitive to antibodies targeting other virus surface molecules.
Overall, this investigation shows the safety of injections of antibody 10­1074 in humans. Thus, researchers may be able to build a cocktail of antibodies that effectively block active HIV infections.

11．HIV escapes immune responses by ________.
A．removing the foreign body
B．identifying the immune system
C．attacking a certain white blood cell
D．reproducing some effective antibodies
解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第二段第一、二句话可知，HIV病毒攻击人体中抵抗病毒的白细胞，从而逃避人体免疫系统的“拦截”。由此可知，C项正确。
★12.What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A．The immune system. B．A type of white blood cell.
C．The HIV virus. D．An antibody.
解析：选C　代词指代题。根据第二段内容可知，HIV病毒也产生多种新的变异，经常使“它自己”变得无法被之前的抗体辨认。由此可知，这个it应该指前半句话中的HIV病毒。故选C。

13．The purpose of the further study of antibodies is to ________.　
A．introduce a vaccine protecting humans against infection
B．confirm the reduction of HIV in the blood of the patients
C．track a faster clearance of antibodies in uninfected subjects
D．prove the safety and effectiveness of antibodies in humans
解析：选D　推理判断题。根据第四段第一句话和最后一句话可知，实验的目的是证明人体中的抗体是安全和有效的。因此选D。
14．What can we infer from the passage?
A．Antibodies remain ineffective against most HIV viruses.
B．Researchers feel optimistic about a new cure for HIV.
C．Researchers get contradictory findings from a series of studies.
D．Antibodies can evolve with HIV viruses from infected patients.
解析：选B　推理判断题。第一段最后一句话说，研究人员正在证明这些抗体也可以作为treatments，而最后一段则又说，研究人员有可能会做出一种抗体来有效地阻止active HIV infections。由此可推知，研究人员对HIV的治疗非常乐观。故选B。