高考英语句子简化题课件

这是一份高考英语句子简化题课件，共25页。PPT课件主要包含了Sample2，TPO-40，Tips等内容，欢迎下载使用。
Which f the sentences belw best expresses the essential infrmatin in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incrrect chices change the meaning in imprtant ways r leave ut essential infrmatin.
Sentence Simplificatin
best express说明句子简化题需要的是一个最优选项；essential infrmatin指的是句子中的核心信息；错误的选项特点是改变句子意思或者遗漏信息。
考查目的 考正确全面地 paraphrase 考察实质语义和逻辑的完美结合的同意改写=答案
句子简化题的要求首先是能分清主干和枝干的概念，那么主干和枝干分别指的是什么呢？一个句子的主干通常指的是：主+谓主+谓+宾主+系+表主+谓+间宾+直宾而一个句子的枝干通常指的是：定状补
One ptential prblem is that pening the muth t breathe detracts frm the streamlining f these fishes and tends t slw them dwn.Hills and muntains are ften regarded as the epitme f permanence, successfully resisting the destructive frces f nature, but in fact they tend t be relatively shrt-lived in gelgical terms.
句子简化题---逻辑关系标志词
转折：hwever, but, even thugh, even if, althugh, while, whereas（比较和转折）, yet（句首和句中表转折，句末表否定）, despite, in spite f,…因果：because, since, in that, s, therefre, thus, hence, result in, result frm, as a result, cnsequently, in as much as（既然）, reasn, lead t, accrdingly, n accunt f,…否定：n, nt, nne, nr, neither, never, deny, fail t, lack, remve, ignre, miss, refuse, …比较：mre…than, less…than, as…as, increase, decrease, imprve, utweigh, surpass, transcend, maximum, minimum, tp, peak…
句子的分类简单句（只有一套主谓结构的句子）非简单句（主从复合句）
简单句的解法：保留主谓宾，剔除定状补同
非简单句的步骤： 1.谓语动词---简单句的数量 2.连接词或关联词 3.并列或嵌套 4.形成框行结构图
Sample1The deserts, which already ccupy apprximately a furth f the Earth’s surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace.
Sample2
The cinema did nt emerge as a frm f mass cnsumptin until its technlgy evlved frm the initial “peepshw” frmat t the pint where images were prjected n a screen in a darkened theater.
句子简化题的实质是保留外层，剔除内层的过程
That the paintings did have meaning t the Palelithic peples wh made and bserved them cannt, hwever, be dubted.A. It is true that the paintings were meaningful t the Palelithic peples.B. Dubtless, the Palelithic peples were the nes wh made the paintings.C. There is n dubt abut the meaning f the Palelithic paintings.D. Paintings that had meaning fr the Palelithic peples are dubtful.
A. 解题原则 1、不需要大量阅读，精读一句话 2、原句谈论的主体不变 3、正确答案只表达了主要信息4、原句逻辑关系不变
Sentence Simplificatin Questin
B. 解题步骤1. 寻找给定句子及句子中的逻辑关系2. 寻找与逻辑相关的语义-主干3. 选择与题干逻辑和语义对等的选项
Hwever, in the case f Pacific salmn, it can take a lifetime；salmn are brn in fresh water streams, travel t the cean, and return t the stream where they were brn t breed and die.A. But, Pacific salmn have a different migratry pattern; salmn leave their freshwater hme, swim t the cean, and revisit their hme t raise their ffspring and die.B. Yet, a certain species like Pacific salmn exhibit a very different tendency; salmn cme back t where they were brn when they are ready t die.C. On the ther hand, fr Pacific salmn, it is a life time jurney; salmn are brn in freshwater, leave fr the cean, and cme back t their hme t reprduce and die.D. Althugh Pacific salmn are brn in the fresh water, they leave their natural hme t spawn in the cean when they are ready t die.
The traditin f religius sculpture extends ver mst histrical perids but is less clearly delineated than that f stnewares r prcelains, fr it embraces the ld custm f earthenware burial ceramics with later religius images and architectural rnament.A. While stnewares and prcelains are fund thrughut mst histrical perids,religius sculpture is limited t the ancient perid.B. Religius sculpture was created in mst perids,but its histry is less clear than that f stnewares r prcelains because sme ld frms cntinued t be used even when new nes were develped.C. While stnewares and prcelains changed thrughut histry, religius sculpture remained unifrm in frm and use.D. The histrical develpment f religius sculpture is relatively unclear because religius sculptures smetimes resemble earthenware architectural rnaments.
The structure f the backbne shws, hwever, that Amblcetus swam like mdern whales by mving the rear prtin f its bdy up and dwn, even thugh a fluke was missing.
A. Even thugh Ambulcetus swam by mving its bdy up and dwn, it did nt have a backbne.B. The backbne f Ambulcetus, which allwed it t swim, prvides evidence f its missing fluke.C. Althugh Ambulcetus had n fluke, its backbne structure shws that it swam like mdern whales.D. By mving the rear parts f their bdies up and dwn, mdern whales swim in a different way frm the way Ambulcetus swam.
Until this perid mst churches had beamed wden rfs, which nt nly psed a threat f fire but als limited the height t which architects culd aspire.A. Architects wanted t build higher ceilings in churches, but they were limited because f the fire hazard caused by wden beams in the rfs.B. The majrity f the churches prir t this time were cnstructed with wden rfs that caused a cnsiderable fire hazard because f their height.C. The wd beams in the rfs f mst churches befre this perid were a cncern because f fire and the cnstraints they impsed n the height f the ceiling.D. The limitatins n the architecture f the churches were a result f the cnstructin materials and the limited visin f the architects.
句子当中带有并列信息点解法
信息点等量法则：若原句出现能引入两个及以上并列信息点的表达，如bth A and B, nt nly A but als B
Until this perid mst churches had beamed wden rfs, which nt nly psed a threat f fire but als limited the height t which architects culd aspire.
In a typical business cnference, assciates meet t discuss plicy r t slve prblems. The average participants d nt d much specific preparing; their backgrund and thinking usually frmulate their cntributin. But it is best if all participants knw in advance the purpse f the cnference. Sme general preparatin may be in rder, and participants may want t take int the cnference materials r data that might be useful if a matter cmes up.
A. Althugh participants cannt be expected t d t much, they shuld d sme general preparatin.B. The cnference leader shuld prepare all f the materials and data that will be used in the cnference.C There is a general rder t mst cnferences, with participants cntributing ideas and infrmatin.D As general preparatin, participants can bring materials r data that might be a part f the discussin.
Paragraph 2: These Kinetscpe arcades were mdeled n phngraph parlrs, which had prven successful fr Edisn several years earlier. In the phngraph parlrs, custmers listened t recrdings thrugh individual ear tubes, mving frm ne machine t the next t hear different recrded speeches r pieces f music. The Kinetscpe parlrs functined in a similar way. Edisn was mre interested in the sale f Kinetscpes (fr rughly $1,000 apiece) t these parlrs than in the films that wuld be run in them (which cst apprximately $10 t $15 each). He refused t develp prjectin technlgy, reasning that if he made and sld prjectrs, then exhibitrs wuld purchase nly ne machine-a prjectr-frm him instead f several.
He refused t develp prjectin technlgy, reasning that if he made and sld prjectrs, then exhibitrs wuld purchase nly ne machine-a prjectr-frm him instead f several. A. Edisn was mre interested in develping a variety f machines than in develping a technlgy based n nly ne. B. Edisn refused t wrk n prjectin technlgy because he did nt think exhibitrs wuld replace their prjectrs with newer machines. C. Edisn did nt want t develp prjectin technlgy because it limited the number f machines he culd sell. D. Edisn wuld nt develp prjectin technlgy unless exhibitrs agreed t purchase mre than ne prjectr frm him.
Fr example, peple wh believe that aggressin is necessary and justified—as during wartime—are likely t act aggressively, whereas peple wh believe that a particular war r act f aggressin is unjust, r wh think that aggressin is never justified, are less likely t behave aggressively.A. Peple wh believe that they are fighting a just war act aggressively while thse wh believe that they are fighting an unjust war d nt.B. Peple wh believe that aggressin is necessary and justified are mre likely t act aggressively than thse wh believe differently.C. Peple wh nrmally d nt believe that aggressin is necessary and justified may act aggressively during wartime.D. Peple wh believe that aggressin is necessary and justified d nt necessarily act aggressively during wartime.
The trpics cntain a larger surface area f land than higher latitudes--- a fact that is nt always evident when we examine cmmnly used prjectins f Earth’s curved surface, since this tends t exaggerate the areas f land in the higher latitudes --- and sme bigegraphers regard the differencesin diversity as a reflectin f this effect.A. Sme bigegraphers believe that the trpics have a larger surface area than they actually d because f the distrtins prduced by prjectins f Earth’s curved surface.B. High levels f diversity in the trpics are smetimes attributed t the fact that the trpics have mre surface area f land than the higher latitudes d, thugh distrtins in cmmnly used prjectins may seem t suggest therwise.C. Because bigepraphers disagree n whether r nt the trpics are crrectly represented in prjectins f Earth’s surface, it is difficult t determine the relatinship their surface area has t their diversity.D.  Mst bigegraphers agree that the trpics cntain a larger surface area f land than higher latitudes t, but they disagree n whether r nt the trpics’ level f diversity is are flectin f that larger surface area.
本题题干句为and连接的两个并列句，其中第一个并列句后跟了个同位语（我们遇到的同位语的往往有先行词，本句里的相当于先行句）。同位语a fact后跟了较长的后置定语从句，这个定语从句里有自己的时间状语从句和原因状语从句。当然，本文重点不在语法分析，故此处省略XXXX字。题干句语法结构不难，但处于第一层面的同学基本无法解题。如从逻辑关系入手，题干句里没明显逻辑关系(since出现在同位语部分，按因果关系选必错)，选项句则有因果、转折等特征；又如按分支信息数量判断同样必错，比如原句里有信息1，信息2….信息N，而正确选项恰恰少了部分信息。很多处于第二层面的词汇量大、语法基础强的同学同样反映原句看不懂。实际上，对这些学霸同学造成理解障碍的是原并列句中第一句要表达的、不熟悉的知识。我们一直习惯的世界地图如下图：细心的同学会发现（也许中学时期就已注意到）这个图在两个Ples处有明显畸变。如北极附近Greenland目测面积接近Australia，实际上前者面积不到后者1/3；又如Antarctic目测面积大于Suth America甚至Africa，事实上Antarctic要比后两者小得多。把地球的曲面（curved surface）表面展现（prjectin）在平面上不可能没有畸变，几乎所有世界地图在都放大了非赤道区域。纬度越高，这种放大效应越剧烈。比如上图里，最上端和最下端分别对应北极点和南极点，即北纬/南纬90度的那两个点，但上面地图里被呈现成了“边”。ETS认为这是考生应有的常识。一旦有了这个知识辅助，我们就可以轻易看懂原句，接着挑出正确选项B。
1. 逻圈：圈出句中的逻辑关系标志词2. 对比：将选项进行错误点的对比（假、大、错）假—虚假的逻辑关系（表现为虚假修饰关系which，wh ,that, what从句）大—将原句中的细节过分发大（同位语，插入语、定状成分）错—引入原文中未出现信息点或与原文矛盾3.排除：排除假大错，保留原文重现和同义改写
长难句拓展训练例一：While there are almst as many definitins f histry as there are histrians, mdern practice mst clsely cnfrms t ne that sees histry as the attempt t recreate and explain the significant events f the past.