外研版高考英语一轮总复习语法专项突破板块1第2讲非谓语动词课时学案

这是一份外研版高考英语一轮总复习语法专项突破板块1第2讲非谓语动词课时学案，共12页。学案主要包含了语篇解读等内容，欢迎下载使用。
第2讲　非谓语动词考点1　非谓语动词的形式及意义非谓语动词主动语态被动语态意义不定式一般式to doto bedone表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生进行式to bedoing 表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生完成式to havedoneto havebeendone表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词的动作之前现在分词/动名词一般式doingbeingdone表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或基本上同时发生完成式havingdonehavingbeen done表示的动作先于句中谓语动词的动作发生过去分词一般式done 与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系，表完成(2020·天津卷)Completed in 1931, the Empire State Building, the highest skyscraper until 1954, inspired the imagination of the world.1931年完工的帝国大厦是1954年之前最高的摩天大楼，它激发了全世界的想象力。Having been fired by the company, the man now has difficulties in supporting his family.被公司解雇了，这位男士现在难以养活他的家庭。There are still many problems to be solved before we are ready for a long stay on the moon.在我们准备在月球上长住之前，还有很多问题仍需要解决。考点2　非谓语动词作状语1. 不定式作状语(1)作目的状语，可用so as to/in order to替换，但 so as to一般不可置于句首，意为“为了；想要”。(2020·天津卷)To help us prepare for the exam, the teacher suggested reading through our notes.为了帮助我们准备考试，老师建议通读我们的笔记。(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Chang'e­4 to find and study areas of the South Pole­Aitken basin.中国的研究者希望使用嫦娥四号上的设备来发现和研究南极­艾特肯盆地。(北京卷)To make it easier to get in touch with us, you'd better keep this card at hand.为了便于联系我们，你最好将这张卡片放在身边。(2)作结果状语，常表示出乎意料的结果，常用于下列结构中：only to do；enough to do(足够做……)；too... to do... (太……而不能……)；so/such... as to... (如此……以至于……)等。Tom took a taxi to the airport, only to find his plane high up in the sky.汤姆乘出租车去了机场，结果发现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。(3)作原因状语，常用在“主语＋系动词＋形容词＋to do”结构中。这类形容词有easy, difficult, hard, cheap，expensive，fit，comfortable，dangerous，heavy，good，important，impossible，surprised，astonished, delighted, disappointed 等。We were astonished to find the temple still in its original condition.令我们吃惊的是，这座寺庙仍保持着最初的样子。语法填空中常考查 “主语＋be＋形容词＋不定式”结构，句子的主语和不定式构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且此时不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义。另外需注意的是在该结构中，不定式中的动词必须是及物动词；若为不及物动词，则要在其后加上适当的介词，使之构成及物动词短语。2. 分词作状语分词作状语时，其逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语。现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。(2020·浙江卷)Later, they learned to work with the seasons, planting at the right time and, in dry areas, making use of annual floods to irrigate (灌溉) their fields.后来，他们学会了因地制宜，在适当的时间播种，在干旱地区，利用每年的洪水来灌溉农田。(2020·江苏卷)Technological innovations, combined with good marketing, will promote the sales of these products.技术创新与良好的市场营销相结合，将促进这些产品的销售。Ordered over a week ago, the books are expected to arrive any time now.这些书是一个多星期以前订购的，现在有望随时到货。Like ancient sailors, birds can find their way using the sun and the stars.像古代的船员一样，鸟类可以利用太阳和星星找到它们的路。部分过去分词作状语时不表示被动，也不表示完成，而表示一种状态。常见的：located (坐落于), lost(迷路的), seated(坐着的), hidden(躲着的), lost/absorbed/buried in(沉溺于), dressed in(穿着), tired of(厌烦的), faced with(面对着)。3. 独立成分作状语有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常考的有generally/frankly/roughly/strictly speaking, talking of, speaking of, judging from/by, taking everything into consideration, compared to/with, to be frank，to tell(you)the truth, to be honest, to make things worse 等。Judging from his accent, he is from Hong Kong.从口音判断，他来自香港。To tell you the truth, I am a little tired.说实话，我有点累。4. 独立主格结构非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语，在句子中作状语，我们称之为独立主格结构。(1)独立主格结构的特点：①独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。②独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词或不定式是逻辑上的主动或被动关系。③独立主格结构一般用逗号与句子分开。(2)独立主格结构的构成：①名词/代词＋分词；②名词/代词＋不定式；③with/without＋名词/代词＋分词/不定式。Weather permitting, we shall play the match tomorrow.明天如果天气好，我们就进行比赛。The test finished(＝When the test was finished)，we began our holiday.考试结束后，我们就开始放假了。考点3　非谓语动词作定语1. 不定式作定语(1)不定式作定语通常放在所修饰词之后，表示将来的动作。不定式与其所修饰的词之间往往是动宾关系，若该不定式是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。Suddenly a good idea occurred to her，but she couldn't find any paper to write on.突然她想到了一个好主意，但是她找不到纸把它写下来。(2)序数词，形容词最高级，the last, the only 等后或被这些词修饰的名词/代词后，常用不定式作定语。He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.他总是第一个到校，最后一个离校。(3)被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作定语。常见名词：ability, chance, idea, hope, wish, fact, excuse, promise, attempt, way 等。And the best way to strengthen willpower is to make it into a habit.增强意志力最好的方法就是让意志力成为一种习惯。The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。2. 分词作定语(1)作定语的及物动词的分词形式：现在分词、“being＋过去分词”、过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时，用现在分词；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示正在进行时，用“being＋过去分词”；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示完成时，用过去分词。(2)作定语的不及物动词的分词形式：现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示动作正在进行；过去分词只表示动作已完成，不表示被动。(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)They represent the earth coming back to life and best wishes for new beginnings.它们代表着大地的复苏和对新开端的美好祝愿。To return to the problem of water pollution，I'd like you to look at a study conducted in Australia in 2012.为了再讨论一下水污染的问题，我想让你们看一项2012年在澳大利亚进行的研究。Last night, there were millions of people watching the opening ceremony live on TV.昨天晚上，有几百万人观看了开幕式的电视直播。非谓语动词作定语的解题思路表示被动、完成用过去分词(done)；表示主动、进行用现在分词(doing)；表示被动、进行用being done；表示主动、尚未进行用to do；表示被动的动作尚未进行用to be done。试比较：①The bridge built recently was designed by a local company.②Today there are more airplanes carrying more people than ever before in the sky.③The bridge being built now was designed by a local company.④The question to be discussed at tomorrow's meeting is very important. 考点4　非谓语动词作宾语1. 只接不定式作宾语的动词：agree, plan, demand, promise, prepare, decide, refuse, choose, wish, hope, expect, fail (未能), pretend, manage, determine, beg, arrange, threaten, claim, hesitate, wait, happen (碰巧)等。She seated herself at a small table in the restaurant, waiting to be served.她坐在餐馆里的一张小桌子旁等着服务员。2. 只接动名词作宾语的动词及短语：admit, avoid, consider, escape(避开), imagine, mind, miss, practise, suggest, feel like, give up, put off, object to, look forward to等。此外，have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth. ；have fun (in) doing sth. 等结构中也用动名词作宾语。I avoided mentioning the subject in case he should be offended.我回避提及这个话题，以免冒犯他。It's quite hot today. Do you feel like going for a swim?今天很热。你想去游泳吗？3. 接不定式与动名词作宾语意义不同的动词：—That would mean wasting a lot of labour.——那将意味着浪费许多劳动力。—Really？I don't mean to waste any labour.——是吗？我并没打算浪费劳动力。Was she worried about how I would react or that I would stop buying the groceries if I found out?她是担忧如果我发现这件事情后的反应还是担忧我不再给她买食品杂货呢？(1)动词want, need, require作“需要”讲时，其后要用v.­ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语。与此用法相同的动词还有deserve(值得)。(2)不定式作动词(短语)learn, decide, know, wonder, show, tell, understand, explain, teach, advise, find out 等的宾语时，前面常带引导词how, what, whether, where, when, who等。(3)介词后一般要接v.­ing形式作宾语，但介词but/except后接不定式作宾语时，若前有实义动词do，不定式要省略to。考点5　非谓语动词作宾补1. 不定式作宾补不定式作宾补时，宾语和不定式之间在逻辑上是主谓关系，不定式表示将要发出的主动动作。常接不定式作宾补的动词(短语)：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, intend, invite, order, persuade, prefer, require, remind, tell, want, warn, wish, call on, depend on等。If we expect people to give up the habit of driving，we must give them an alternative they can rely on.如果我们期望人们放弃开车的习惯，我们必须给他们可以依赖的选择。Having finished her project, she was invited by the school to speak to the new students.完成项目之后，她被学校邀请去给新生讲话。(1)有些动词，如think, consider, believe, suppose, feel, find, understand等后常用to be作宾补或主补。Chinese people are considered to be the most hard­working people in the world.中国人被认为是世界上最勤劳的人民。(2)在sb. be said/believed/known/reported/considered/thought＋to do/to have done结构中，不定式用作主语补足语。The president was reported to have visited China.据报道，那位总统已经访问了中国。2. 分词作宾补(1)现在分词作宾补时，动词与宾语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，且强调正在进行的主动动作。可接现在分词作宾补的常见动词：感官动词(see, watch, observe, notice, hear, listen, feel)，使役动词(have, get), find, leave, keep, catch等。Listen! Do you hear someone calling for help?听！你听到有人正在呼喊救命吗？(2)过去分词作宾补时，动词与宾语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，且表示被动动作。可接过去分词作宾补的常见动词：感官动词(see, watch, observe, notice, hear, listen, feel)，使役动词(have, make, let, get), find, leave, keep等。(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)They make great gifts and you see them many times decorated with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.它们是很好的礼物，你会经常看到它们装点着红包和祝福好运的信息。(3)使役动词have, get后接非谓语动词作补语的异同点：①have sth. done＝get sth. done让别人做某事；②have sb./sth. doing让……一直做某事；get sth./sb. doing 使……开始做某事；③have sb. do sth. ＝get sb. to do sth. 让某人做某事。Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car washed.在开车进城之前，你需要洗洗车。(4)with的复合结构：①with＋宾语＋doing表示主动，说明动作正在发生或经常发生；②with＋宾语＋done表示被动或完成；③with＋宾语＋to do表示将要发生的动作。The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog following them.这老两口常常在晚饭后到公园里散步，他们的宠物狗则在后面跟着。With such a short time left before the deadline, it doesn't seem likely that John will finish the job.截止日期之前只剩下很短的时间，约翰似乎不可能完成工作了。With a lot of work to do, she wasn't allowed to leave her office.由于有许多工作要做，她不被允许离开办公室。考点6　非谓语动词作主语和表语1. 不定式作主语和表语(1)不定式作主语时，一般表示具体某一次的动作。若不定式太长，常用it作形式主语而将不定式后置。No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when it's better to remain silent.不论你多么能说会道，有些时候保持沉默会更好。(2)不定式作表语时，①表示预定要发生的动作；②当主语是aim, purpose, idea, plan, wish, decision, choice等词时，常用不定式作表语；③主语为what引导的名词性从句时，表语多用不定式。His wish is to be a doctor in the future.他的愿望是将来当一名医生。What I want to do most in senior high school is to improve my English.我在高中最想做的事就是提高我的英语水平。2. 动名词作主语和表语(1)动名词作主语常表示抽象的、泛指的概念，也可用it作形式主语，把作真正主语的动名词短语放在句末。常用于固定句型：It's a waste of time doing...; It's no use/good doing...; It is useless doing...; There is no point doing... 等。Facing up to your problems rather than running away from them is the best approach to working things out.直面你的问题而不是逃避它们，是解决这些问题最好的方法。It's no use complaining without taking action.不采取行动而只是抱怨是没用的。(2)动名词作表语时相当于名词，用于解释主语的内容，表语和主语常常可以互换位置。My job is cleaning the house three times a week(＝Cleaning the house three times a week is my job)．我的工作是每星期打扫三次房子。(3)remain作系动词时，意为“仍然是”时，后可接现在分词或过去分词作表语；但作不及物动词时，意为“尚待……；留待……”时，后常接to be done。She remained standing though we repeatedly asked her to sit down.虽然我们三番五次地请她坐下，但她还是站着。It remains to be seen whether the newly­formed committee's policy can be put into practice.新成立的委员会提出的方针能否实行还有待观察。Ⅰ. 单句语法填空1. (2020·江苏省连云港市赣榆区高三高考仿真训练)One afternoon, as I was sitting with a book in my hand, my eyes, raised (raise) in abstraction to the window, caught sight of a figure just passing.2. (2020·江苏省南通等苏北七市高三三模)The project that we are working hard to see completed (complete) next month will relieve the traffic pressure.3. (2020·天津市河东区高三学习检测)Adapted (adapt) from Why Do Cats Love Bookstores by Jason Diamond, the article was chosen as a part of the test paper.4. (2020·天津市河西区高三总复习质量调查)If the project to be completed (complete) before the end of this month is delayed, the construction company will be made fully responsible for the financial losses.5. (2020·天津市河西区高三总复习质量调查)Seeing (see) her mother after being separated for 20 years, she couldn't help, even though she tried not to, crying.6. (2020·天津市河东区高三学习检测)What do you feel when left (leave) talking to yourself after your mobile phone battery runs out in the middle of a call?7. First published in 1791, A Dream of Red Mansions, also known (know) as The Story of the Stone, is to Chinese people as William Shakespeare's famous plays to westerners. 8. Although these robots cannot go up and down stairs, they know how to press (press) a button of an elevator.9. “Let's get one，” Bush declared, pulling (pull) me into the frame.10. Just looking at his bench loaded (load) with tools and pieces of leather, I knew the craftsman was rather skilled.11. The national park has a large collection of wildlife, ranging (range) from butterflies to elephants. 12. I was the first Western TV reporter permitted (permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.13. Though disappointed (disappoint) to know he wouldn't get the job after the interview, Frank thanked us politely.14. Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier to break (break) into small pieces.15. Having finished (finish) the painting intended to be a gift for his girlfriend, he had a deep sigh of relief.Ⅱ. 语篇语法填空(2020·湖北襄阳三中月考)When you read a book, you've probably noticed that a brand­new book has a rather special smell, 1.        differs from that of an older book. Where does 2. ________ come from？Three sources — the paper, the ink and the glue.The Chinese first came up with paper, one of the greatest 3. ________ (invent) in the world. It is made 4. ________ wood. The wood must be processed with various chemicals 5. ________ (add) to change its structure, to remove acid and to whiten the paper. Then comes the ink — there are many kinds. Some fade with time, while others get 6. ________ (dark) than years ago. Finally, different glues are used to join the sheets together and attach the covers, whether hardcover 7. ________ paperback. Therefore, you can smell different chemicals 8. ________ (come) out of your new book.Today, the forms of books 9. ________ (change) dramatically since the birth of e­books. They might be 10. ________ (convenience), but you can't give your copy to others as a present, and they don't smell as nice.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。当你读一本新书的时候，你可能会注意到它有一种相当特别的味道，一种不同于旧书的味道。1. which　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，设空处引导非限制性定语从句，关系词在从句中作主语，先行词是a rather special smell，指物，故填which。2. it/that　考查代词。句意：这种味道来自哪里？分析句意可知设空处指代前文的a rather special smell，是单数形式，故填it/that。3. inventions　考查名词的单复数。“one of＋the＋形容词的最高级＋可数名词复数”是固定结构，故填inventions。4. from　考查介词。be made from是固定短语，意为“由……制作而成”，故填from。5. added　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，设空处考查的是with的复合结构，add和其逻辑主语various chemicals之间为被动关系，应用过去分词作宾语补足语，故填added。6. darker　考查形容词的比较级。根据设空后的than可知要用形容词的比较级，故填darker。7. or　考查固定搭配。whether... or... 为固定短语，意为“不管……还是……”，故填or。8. coming　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，设空处为非谓语动词，作chemicals的定语，chemicals和come之间是逻辑上的主动关系，应用现在分词形式，故填coming。9. have changed/have been changing　考查动词的时态。根据句中的时间状语“since the birth of e­books”可知，要用现在完成时或现在完成进行时，故填have changed/have been changing。10. convenient　考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知，设空处作表语，表示“方便的”，故填其形容词形式convenient。