专题47.推理判断题——据文推理慎甄选---2023届高三英语总复习（通用版）

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推理判断题——据文推理慎甄选

推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题。解答该类型题目时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。在进行推断时，要据文推理、合情推理，不可脱离原文主观臆断。
推理判断能力的考查主要体现在以下几个方面：(1)根据所提供的事实和证据得出结论。(2)对语段的深层含义进行推理判断。(3)对语段的言外之意进行推理判断。(4)对文段的背景进行推理判断。

一、题型特点要知晓
(一)推理判断题题干常用词
一般来说，推理判断题题干中主要包括下面的词语：know about, learn from, infer, imply, suggest, conclude, purpose, attitude, probably, most likely等。

(二)推理判断题正确选项特征
推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或证据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点，正确选项一般具有以下特征：
1．“立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。
2．选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念。如only, never, all, absolutely等，正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇，如often, usually, sometimes, some, may, might, can, could, possibly, probably等。

(三)推理判断题干扰选项特征
1．曲解文意：即推测意义与文章表层意义有区别。推理判断题中有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话，命题者可能会利用里面的词设计出干扰项，看似表达文章的意思，其实是借题发挥，是对原文意思的曲解。
2．张冠李戴：即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起。题干问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是其他人的观点；题干问的是其他人的观点，选项中却出现了作者的观点。
3．偷梁换柱：干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词，却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词，造成句意的改变。
4．无中生有：这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点，但在文章中并无相关的信息支撑点。其次，这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干。
5．鱼目混珠：鱼目混珠类型的干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中，即利用某个词或句子的字面含义代替其在文章特定语境中的具体含义。
6．扩缩范围：为了准确、严密地表达文章内容，命题者特别注意对文意范围的限定，有时通过加上almost, all, nearly, more than, normally, usually等词语对文意加以限制。“扩缩范围”干扰法就是在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语，将信息的范围、程度、感情色彩等改变，从而给考生解题造成干扰的命题方法。

二、方法技巧要用好

A.根据所提供的事实和证据得出结论
1．判定信息源的要素——题干特征
这类题型的常见提问方式是：
By mentioning ..., the author indicates that ________.
The story/example in the second paragraph is meant to ________.
What can we learn from the ... study?
What is most likely to ...?
What can we infer about ...?
The first two paragraphs suggest that ________.
Which of the following statements does the passage support?
What does the author think of ...?
How would the author feel about ...?
What is special about ...?

2．信息源在不同文体中的查找比对方法
这类题型类似于细节理解题，需要考生根据题干的关键词定位到文中相关的事实或者作者提供的证据，理解其含义并得出结论。这类题型的提问方式并不固定，在不同的文体中会有不同的体现，但是通常题干中会提到相关的事例、情节等，解题时应根据题干的提示确定答题方向。
议论文
关注所举事例的段落的主题句，因为作者举例是为了证明观点，所以寻找主题句就是解题关键。
说明文
关注文中关于说明对象的关键信息，有时候信息不一定在某一段出现，可能出现在不同的段落，需要细心查找，再进行组合，综合考虑得出结论。
科技说明文
通常是考查对文中某个调查、实验、例子或数据的理解，根据题干中的信息定位到文中相关信息，读懂调查或实验的目的和结果非常关键。
记叙文
大多会涉及事情的结局、某种情况的原因等，解题的关键是读懂故事情节，理清事情发展态势，关注细节。

做这类题目时，容易用自己的理解和观点替代文章的真正含义和作者的观点，或者由文中其他事实和证据得出结论，并非由题干相关的证据所得，因此，解题时一定要认真分析题干信息，着眼文章，准确定位。
[例1]
We may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices (装置) well after they go out of style. That's bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.
…
32．What does the author think of new devices?
A．They are environmentfriendly.
B．They are no better than the old.
C．They cost more to use at home.
D．They go out of style quickly.
[解题示范]
题干信息
What does the author think of：作者态度
new devices：新设备
文体特点
科技说明文：一项研究新旧设备耗能的报告。
原文查找
That's bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.
信息整合
①做同样的事情旧设备耗能高(consume much more energy)
②旧设备不利于环境保护(bad news for the environment)
③旧设备更浪费钱财(our wallets)
信息推断
上面旧设备的缺点是在和新设备相比较(than the newer ones)得出的结论，故新设备可以克服以上缺点。
选项分析
A．新设备是环保的(They are environmentfriendly)；属于正确信息推断。
B．新设备并不比旧设备好(They are no better than the old)；属于“无中生有”型错误。
C．新设备在家中使用的费用更高(They cost more to use at home)；属于“无中生有”型错误。
D．新设备很快就过时了(They go out of style quickly)；属于“曲解文意”型错误。
得出结论
由以上信息分析可知，A项正确。

2022年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（全国甲卷）B篇节选
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
26. What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos?
A. How far they are able to see. B. How they track moving objects.
C. Whether they are smarter than monkeys. D. Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.
D【解析】推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues, or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections. (根据研究人员的说法，下一步是尝试弄清楚凤头鹦鹉是完全依靠视觉线索，还是也使用触觉来选择它们的形状)”可推知，后续测试的目的是了解凤头鹦鹉在测试中是否使用触觉。故选D。

B.对语段的深层含义进行推理判断

1．据题干特点初步断定推理类型
对语段的深层含义推断能力的考查常常结合文中的细节进行设问，提问方式主要有：
It can be inferred from the text that ________.
According to ..., we can infer that ________.
From the text we can learn/conclude that ________.
What can we learn from the last paragraph?
这类题干常含有infer, suggest, imply, conclude, learn等关键词，干扰项的设置通常是文中直接用于说明细节的信息，无关紧要或片面推出的结论，与文章内容完全相反的结论，或是不合常理、不合逻辑的结论等。考生在做此类题目时，很容易误选说明直接信息的选项或片面结论项，一般是因为未能做出正确推断或未能把握文章深层含义所致。
2．深层推断5注意
(1)严格按照阅读材料中所提供的信息进行推断，切忌掺杂自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。
(2)有些选项中的内容是阅读材料的简单重复，而非推断出来的结论。
(3)注意文中的虚拟语气和情态动词，这些往往能流露出作者的弦外之音。
(4)有时作者只是客观地叙述事实，并未做评论，考生阅读时如果主观地进行推断就容易出错。如文中提到一样东西贵，并不意味着就买不起。
(5)某些细节看似在原文中出现过，但与原文不符，或断章取义，或因果倒置等。
[例]　
We've all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence.
…
32．What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph?
A．Addiction to smartphones.
B．Inappropriate behaviours in public places.
C．Absence of communication between strangers.
D．Impatience with slow service.
[解题示范]
细研题干定题型
由题干可知本题是对文章局部(第一段)进行深层理解的考查。
细读语段明大意
地点
公共场合：①电梯中；②在银行排队中；③飞机上
人物
①专注地盯着自己的手机；②苦苦挣扎于令人不自在的沉默中
甄别选项定答案
细研干扰项
A项为原文中的事实，不是推断出的内容。
B项，文中提及的这些行为是否“合适”原文中没有提及，属于“无中生有”型错误。
D项在原文中没有提及，属于“无中生有”型错误。
断定
答案
该段提到在公共场合中，周围都是人的情况下，人们只是专注地盯着自己的手机，或者苦苦挣扎于令人不自在的沉默中，从中可以推断出文章首段描述了陌生人之间缺少交流的现象。故选择C项。

2022年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（全国甲卷D篇节选）
Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and progress are the watchwords (口号), and traditions are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. “Sydney is confused about itself,” she said. “We can’t seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one. It’s a conflict that we aren’t getting any better at resolving (解决).”
On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. “Many people say that we lack culture in this country,” he told me. “What people forget is that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2000 years of their culture, the Greeks some 3000 years, and the Chinese more still. We’ve got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young country. It’s a pretty hard combination to beat.”
He is right, but I can’t help wishing they would keep those old ferries.
33. What can we learn about Andrew Reynolds?
A. He goes to work by boat. B. He looks forward to a new life.
C. He pilots catamarans well. D. He is attached to the old ferries.
34. What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney?
A. It is losing its traditions. B. It should speed up its progress.
C. It should expand its population. D. It is becoming more international.
35. Which statement will the author probably agree with?
A. A city can be young and old at the same time.
B. A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic.
C. Modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance.
D. Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign.
34A【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. (悉尼的官方历史学家Shirley Fitzgerald告诉我，在20世纪70年代奔向现代化的过程中，悉尼把很多它的过去都抛在了一边，包括许多最漂亮的建筑)”可推知，Shirley Fitzgerald认为悉尼匆忙奔向现代化，正在失去它的传统。故选A项。
35A【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. (另一方面，同时既年轻又古老也有它的魅力。当我遇到一位深思熟虑的年轻商人Anthony时，我考虑到了这一点)”以及最后一段“He is right (他说得没错)”可推知，作者赞同Anthony的观点，认为一座城市可以同时既年轻又古老。故选A项。

C.对语段的言外之意进行推理判断

1．“言外之意”题的三种提问方式
有时作者使用某些字、词、句，不是要表达字面意思，而是有深层意义，即通常所说的“言外之意”。阅读理解常涉及这一类题型，提问方式有：
When the writer talks about ..., what he/she really means is ________.
By “...”， the writer suggests that ________.
What does the underlined sentence “...” in Paragraph ... indicate?
“言外之意”常用来表达作者对事情的看法和态度，作者的措辞表达的并不是字面上的意思，想要表达的可能是另外一层、甚至相反的意思。这类题目常用于考查对夹叙夹议类文章的理解。
2．“言外之意”题的两种题型
第一种题型类似于词义猜测题，题干会明确指出文中的某句话或某段文字，问作者通过这些语句想表达什么。这种题型一定要关注这部分的上下文，根据上下文理解其含义。
第二种题型常常是考查作者对某个事件的态度和想法，这种题型一定要关注作者叙述时的口吻。①有时作者描述自己某种并不愉快但又搞笑的经历来娱乐读者，是一种自嘲；②有时作者以貌似调侃的口吻描述对某种社会现象进行抨击；③有时作者描述某个或几个事件表达自己的情感，可能是不满、讽刺或感激等。
这两种题型，解题的关键都是要把握文章主旨，正确选项一定是与文章主旨紧密相关的。
[例]　
[1] I began reading words when I was eight months old. By the time I was two, I had read Charlotte's Web. My parents thought it was odd, but because I didn't have any siblings for them to compare me with, they didn't realize just how odd.
[2] At preschool in Northport, New York, I quickly overtook everyone. At seven, I was going into high school for my classes but still doing all my social activities with kids my age. But when I was nine, the public school administration said that I had to go to high school fulltime with 16yearolds. I didn't want to, because some kids there were always teasing me. It was pretty horrible when they called me a knowitall and tried to grab my homework.
[3] My parents tried to find me another school but, in the end, because I was so advanced, the only place that was on the same level as me was State University of New York at Stony Brook.
[4] The admissions people said that if I thought I could manage I could have a place, as long as my mother accompanied me to classes.
[5] So, aged 10, I started an undergraduate degree in applied mathematics. I was frightened on my first day, but I was also excited that I was going to attend my first real physics class. Most of the teachers were nice but one or two didn't like me. One professor said that just because I did as well as the other male students, it didn't mean I was as good as them. But the students were supportive and my parents always made sure that I had a group of friends of my own age; they didn't want me to be a social misfit.
[6] I graduated summa cum laude (with the highest honor) when I was 14 — the youngest student ever to do so in the US.
[7] I was a perfectionist; I don't think I would have settled for less than that. I went on to Drexel University and, at 17, I was awarded a Master's and continued to study for a PhD.
[8] But_that_was_when_I_grew_disillusioned_with_the_science_world. I saw bad conduct and realised that some professors weren't motivated by a love of science. I fell out with the adviser who was supervising my PhD. I charged Drexel University in a civil lawsuit and the case has now gone into private, binding arbitration (仲裁)．
[9] I believe my adviser applied for grants and patents using my ideas, and took credit for them. He denies this and has accused me of stealing his work. Even though the university has cleared me of plagiarism (剽窃) it has still refused to award me my PhD.
[10] At the time I was fully expecting to receive my PhD, I applied for a post teaching advanced technology fusion at Konkuk University in Seoul. When I was appointed, I was just under 19, so I made it into Guinness World Records.
[11] In South Korea, I was treated as a minor celebrity. People stared at me wherever I went on campus, and I was asked to give inspirational talks to teenagers. But I didn't renew my contract: I'd had a great year, but I wanted to come home.
[12] I still don't have my PhD and I am angry and disappointed about that. I worked so hard all my life and my research ended up going nowhere.
[13] There's always hope, but the experience at Drexel has derailed me. If a university gave me a place to complete my studies, I would take it. But I am someone who is suing her former university, so a lot of colleges are afraid to touch me.
[14] For now, I'm enrolled in law school and training to be a lawyer. I want to combine legal and science knowledge so that I can protect people's research rights.
[15] It's strange being back at school: I'm 21 years old and for the first time in my life, I'm the same age as the other students.
1．The underlined sentence “But that was when I grew disillusioned with the science world.” suggests that the author ________.
A．felt disappointed with what some scientists do
B．grew old enough to be a scientist
C．was treated as a real scientist
D．became motivated by a love of science
[解题示范]
细研题干定题型
由题干可知，该题属于第一种题型，类似词义猜测题。
通读全文定基调

细读出处推答案
读画线部分的上下文，尤其是下文中“I saw bad conduct ...binding arbitration (仲裁)．”提到她发现学校里不好的做法，意识到有些教授不是出于对科学的热爱，所以感到失望，故选A项。
2．How does the writer feel when she was writing this passage?
A．Proud and frustrated.
B．Excited and angry.
C．Calm and satisfied.
D．Excited and disappointed.
[解题示范]
细研题干定题型
由题干可知，该题属于第二种题型，需要通过作者的描述和措词来推断作者态度。
关注细节
1.关注几个年龄段

2.关注第六段“highest”和“youngest”→再次凸显自豪之情
3.关注第八段中作者的挫折→开始失望
4.关注第十二段中作者因未拿到博士学位而“angry”和“disappointed”→遭遇不顺利
5.关注第十五段用词，“21岁”又和“同龄人”一起学法律→无奈→挫败感
确定答案
由以上可看出作者在字里行间对自己天赋的一种肯定和自豪，同时也有着一连串的挫折和无奈，故选A项。

2022年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（全国乙卷）B篇节选
They moved in with a local family, the Harrisons, and, like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning. Some mornings, Rosamond and Dorothy would arrive at the schoolhouse to find the children weeping from the cold. In spring, the snow was replaced by mud over ice.
25. What can we learn about the girls from paragraph 3?
A. They enjoyed much respect. B. They had a room with a bathtub.
C. They lived with the local kids. D. They suffered severe hardships.
D【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段“They moved in with a local family, the Harrisons, and like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning.(他们和一个当地家庭，哈里森一家一起搬进去，和他们一样，几乎没有隐私，很少洗澡，早上醒来时被子上覆盖着一层雪。)”以及“In spring, the snow was replaced by mud over ice.(在春天，雪被泥替代覆盖在冰上。)”可知，女孩们的生活条件非常艰苦，她们饱受磨难。故选D项。

In Wickenden’s book, she expanded on the history of the West and also on feminism, which of course influenced the girls’ decision to go to Elkhead. A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which entailed (牵涉) drilling through the Rockies, often in blinding snowstorms. The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothy’s return to Auburn.
27. What is the text?
A. A news report. B. A book review. C. A children’s story. D. A diary entry.
B【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothy’s return to Auburn.(这本书以Rosamond和Dorothy回到奥本结束。)”以及最后一段“Wickenden is a very good storyteller. The sweep of the land and the stoicism of the people move her to some beautiful writing.( Wickenden是个很好的讲故事的人。大地的辽阔和人们的坚忍使她创作出了一些美丽的作品。)”可知，本文简要介绍了Wickenden的书籍内容，并对其进行了评价，所以文本是一篇书评。故选B项。

D对文段的背景进行推理判断

1．三种提问方式
文章的写作背景是指所描述的事件发生的背景等，如文章的出处、事件发生的特定环境或原因等。这类题目要求能根据文中关键细节和细节之间的逻辑关系对相关背景进行推理判断，常见的三种提问方式有：
In which section of the newspaper would you most probably find this passage?
The ... above is probably provided by ...
From which is the text probably taken?
2．解题关键
这类题目常以文章出处为命题方式，要求通过阅读文章内容来推断文章的写作背景。理解文章的写作目的、作者的措辞、语气和文章所涉及的具体内容等是这类题的解题关键。以环保类文章为例：
(1)如果作者的目的是呼吁人们保护环境，措词比较主观，而语气以激励吸引为主，这样的文章往往会出现在报纸上，也许会是某个环保活动的广告；
(2)如果是为了说明某个方面存在的问题，措辞比较严谨客观，语调较严肃，那么文章很可能出现在比较正式的媒体上，很可能出现在关于社会问题的版块上；
(3)如果是为了告诉读者有关新发现，在文中提到了调查研究及其结果，则文章很可能出现在报纸或杂志的科学发现版块上。
[注意]　一定要关注文章的措词、语气和写作目的，仅关注文章大意是不够的。
[例]
[1]Many of us love July because it's the month when nature's berries and stone fruits are in abundance. These colourful and sweet jewels from British Columbia's fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection.
[2]Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein (蛋白质), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein). Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物质). The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C.
[3]When combined with berries or slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat “ice cream”. For this purpose, select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter. Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze. If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown. Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depending on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer.
[4]If you have a_juicer,_you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a “softserve” creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a children's party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.
27．From which is the text probably taken?
A．A biology textbook.　 B．A health magazine.
C．A research paper. D．A travel brochure.
[解题示范]
细研题干定题型
文章出处题。
文章内容
本文介绍了丰收的七月给我们带来的多种浆果和核果，并告诉我们这些果实富含的营养成分和可以制作成各种美食。
文章语气
第一段介绍了七月是水果丰富的季节；第二段介绍了各种莓类所含的营养成分；第三、四段介绍各种水果搭配的食用方法。在这一过程中作者使用了客观的语气，通俗易懂的方法，形象地说明了水果搭配的技巧。
确定答案
本文是向大众介绍饮食方法，跟健康有关，应该出自健康杂志。所以B项正确。

2022年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（全国乙卷）C篇节选
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient (高效) across the board.
28. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible?
A. The use of drones in checking on power lines. B. Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes.
C. The reduction of cost in designing drones. D. Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas.
A【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points.(无人机已经被用于检查高压电线。他们完全可以做同样的事情来检查铁路线路和铁路基础设施的其他重要方面，如铁路轨道和换乘点的正确位置)”可推知，无人机在高空工作的能力使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能。故选A。

By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
30. What function is expected of the rail drones?
A. To provide early warning. B. To make trains run automatically.
C. To earn profits for the crews. D. To accelerate transportation.
A【解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段 “Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.(带有先进传感器和人工智能的非常小的无人机可以像副驾驶一样在火车前面行驶。凭借他们的预见能力，他们可以发出任何问题的信号，以便快速行驶的火车能够及时做出反应。)”可知对于无人机期待的功能是提前发现问题。故选A。

三、系统归纳谨记牢
推理判断题除因题型不同，解题方法稍有不同外，其推理判断的原则是一致的，那就是依据原文，合理推断、适度推断，而不是妄加推断、过度推断。无论何种类型推断题，其推断的出发点是一致的，均应该掌握以下技巧和防范以下错误。
[推断6技巧]
技巧1　理解通篇大意，把握写作意图
做推理判断题时，考生应对整篇文章有完整、准确的理解，从总体上把握文章的主题，善于抓住文中的关键词或关键句子。对文章的引申含义进行分析，整合与题目相关的信息，综合起来去把握写作意图，确定最佳结论。
技巧2　关注特定措辞，推断作者态度
作者的态度、倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不定，对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨、反对、批评、怀疑、悲观、客观、中立。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。
技巧3　利用语境褒贬，进行逻辑推断
几乎每篇文章的语境都有一定的褒贬性，这种褒贬性反映了故事人物的特定心理、情绪状态及作者的写作意图。因此，考生阅读文章时一定要找出反映语境褒贬性的标志性词汇或句子，掌握文章主旨大意，了解人物的心理特点及发展变化，从而正确地进行逻辑推断。
技巧4　抓住有效信息，逆向或正向推理
逆向推理的推理方式和正向推理相反，它是由结论出发，去验证结论的正确性并寻找论据。做此类命题要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理和判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。
技巧5　结合已知常识，进行逻辑推理
阅读理解命题通常源于材料，略高于材料，但一般不会离开所给材料。但有时，命题者会巧妙地把人们所知的常识融入命题。如果考生忽略了常识或不知道这一常识，这样的命题就很难处理。
技巧6　根据文章体裁和内容推断文章出处
判断文章出处的题目应从文章的体裁和内容来着手。一般来说，报纸上的新闻前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称等；广告类文章因其格式特殊，容易辨认；产品说明类文章，如器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式；药品有服用时间、次数、药量等；来自网络的文章一般比较新颖、时效性强。
[谨防4失误]
解答推理判断题一定要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据，即立足已知，推断未知，不能主观臆想，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。推理判断题难度大，主要在于它的干扰项极具迷惑性，极易转移考生视线，使他们掉入陷阱。考生常出现的典型错误有：
张冠李戴
命题人把文章作者的观点与他人的观点混淆起来，粗心的考生往往会不知不觉地中了圈套。
以偏概全
考生做题往往忽略了文章的主体，把注意力过度集中在某一点，最终得出“以偏概全”的结论。
浮于表面
每篇文章都有一个特定的写作目的，或是向读者传递某个信息，或是娱乐读者，或是阐述某个观点。这些信息通常以叙述的形式展现出来，作者并不发表自己的观点，因此主题往往比较含蓄。但是许多考生会分不清现象与本质，把现象等同于作者的意图。
推己及人
很多时候作者的态度倾向一般不会明确表明，往往隐含其中。考生易脱离原文而进行主观臆断，用自己的观点代替作者的观点。

随堂练习
2021年英语高考全国甲卷D
Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us? And who are they?
In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别)are “really, really smart.” Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.” Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not.
Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors(因素)like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance(毅力), and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.”
12. What does the author think of victors' standards for joining the genius club?
A. They're unfair. B. They're conservative.
C. They're objective. D. They're strict.
13. What can we infer about girls from the study in Science?
A They think themselves smart.
B. They look up to great thinkers.
C. They see gender differences earlier than boys.
D. They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs
14. Why are more geniuses known to the public?
A. Improved global communication.
B. Less discrimination against women.
C. Acceptance of victors' concepts.
D. Changes in people's social positions.
15. What is the best title for the text?
A. Geniuses Think Alike B. Genius Takes Many Forms
C. Genius and Intelligence D. Genius and Luck
【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章由问题“谁是天才？”引入，论述了世人对天才的狭隘定义，提出事实上“天才”有很多种形式，不要让思维限制了我们的“天才”能力。
12A【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段的“It is said that history is written by victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club-women, or people of a different color or belief-they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.( 据说历史是由胜利者书写的，而那些胜利者为进入天才俱乐部设定了标准。当俱乐部以外的天才——女性或不同肤色或信仰的人——做出贡献时，他们不会被承认并且被其他人拒绝)”可推知，作者认为那些“胜利者”对进入“天才俱乐部”设置的标准是不公平的，因为女性或者不同肤色或信仰的人做出的成就是得不到承认的。故选A。
13D【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段的“Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief. Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.”(更糟糕的是，研究发现女孩们是按照这个信念行事的。六岁左右，她们开始避免那些据说是“非常非常聪明”的孩子参加的活动)”可推知，女孩容易受到社会信仰的影响，认为自己在六岁左右就不适合做“聪明孩子”做的事情。故选D。
14A【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段的“In a wired world with constant global communication, we’re all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear.( 在一个全球通讯不断的有线世界里，我们随时随地都能看到天才的闪现)”可知，进步的全球通讯让更多的天才被公众所知道。故选A。
15B【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，结合文章第一段提出问题“Who is a genius?（谁是天才）”和最后一段的“As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance, and simple geniuses, who are able to change the world.”(正如一位作家所说，未来的天才来自那些具有“智慧、创造力、毅力和那些能够改变世界的简单天才。”)”可知，天才不一定是那些有巨大贡献的人，他们也可以是某一方面比较突出的普通人。由此可知B项“天才有多种形式”可以作为本文最佳标题。故选B。

2021年全国高考乙卷英语试题
D
During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often. Annoyed by the level of distraction（干扰）in his open office, he said, “That’s why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street — so I can focus”. His comment struck me as strange. After all, coworking spaces also typically use an open office layout（布局）. But I recently came across a study that shows why his approach works.
The researchers examined various levels of noise on participants as they completed tests of creative thinking. They were randomly divided into four groups and exposed to various noise levels in the background, from total silence to 50 decibels（分贝）, 70 decibels, and 85 decibels. The differences between most of the groups were statistically insignificant; however, the participants in the 70 decibels group — those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee shop — significantly outperformed the other groups. Since the effects were small, this may suggest that our creative thinking does not differ that much in response to total silence and 85 decibels of background noise.
But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background noise — not too loud and not total silence — may actually improve one’s creative thinking ability. The right level of background noise may interrupt our normal patterns of thinking just enough to allow our imaginations to wander, without making it impossible to focus. This kind of “distracted focus” appears to be the best state for working on creative tasks.
So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The problem may be that, in our offices, we can’t stop ourselves from getting drawn into others’ conversations while we’re trying to focus. Indeed, the researchers found that face-to-face interactions and conversations affect the creative process, and yet a coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing freedom from interruptions.
32. Why does the interviewer prefer a coworking space?
A. It helps him concentrate. B. It blocks out background noise.
C. It has a pleasant atmosphere. D. It encourages face-to-face interactions.
33. Which level of background noise may promote creative thinking ability?
A. Total silence. B. 50 decibels C. 70 decibels. D. 8 5 decibels.
34. What makes an open office unwelcome to many people?
A. Personal privacy unprotected. B. Limited working space.
C. Restrictions on group discussion. D. Constant interruptions.
35. What can we infer about the author from the text?
A. He’s a news reporter.
B. He’s an office manager.
C. He’s a professional designer.
D. He’s a published writer.
【分析】这是一篇说明文。作者通过自身经历讲述人们为什么不喜欢开放性办公室以及有关多少分贝的噪音最有利于人们的创造性思维的研究。
32A【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段“That’s why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street - so I can focus.（这就是为什么我在街对面的公用办公空间有会员资格——这样我就可以集中精力了。）”可知，采访者喜欢共享办公空间的原因是那里可以帮助他集中精力。故选A项。
33C【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段“The differences between most of the groups were statistically insignificant; however, the participants in the 70 decibels group - those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee shop - significantly outperformed the other groups.（大多数组之间的差异在统计学上是不显著的；然而，音量为70分贝的那组参与者（置身于类似于咖啡店背景噪音的环境中）的表现明显好于其他组。）”和第三段“But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background noise - not too loud and not total silence - may actually improve one's creative thinking ability.（但由于70分贝的结果很显著，该研究还表明，适当的背景噪音——不要太大声，也不要完全安静——实际上可能会提高一个人的创造性思维能力。）”可知，70分贝的那组参与者表现好于其他组，所以70分贝的噪音背景环境更有可能促进创造性思维能力。故选C项。
34D【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段“So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The problem may be that, in our offices, we can't stop ourselves from getting drawn into others' conversations while we're trying to focus. Indeed, the researchers found that face-to-face interactions and conversations affect the creative process, and yet a coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing freedom from interruptions.（那么，为什么我们中有那么多人讨厌开放式办公室呢？问题可能是，在我们的办公室里，当我们试图集中注意力时，我们无法阻止自己卷入别人的谈话中。的确，研究人员发现，面对面的互动和对话会影响创作过程，然而，共同工作空间或咖啡馆在提供一定程度的噪音的同时，也提供不受干扰的自由。）”可知，开放式办公室不受人们欢迎的原因是让我们不断地卷入别人的谈话中，受到很多干扰。故选D 项。
35D【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段“During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often.（在一次采访我的一本书时，我的采访者说了一些我至今还经常想起的话。）”可知，作者提到有人采访自己的书，所以可以推断，作者是一位作家。故选D项。

2021 年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（新高考 I 卷）
D
Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感的) intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.” Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.
We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person.
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.
32. What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence?
A. It can be measured by an IQ test. B. It helps to exercise a person’s mind.
C. It includes a set of emotional skills. D. It refers to a person’s positive qualities.
33. Why does the author mention “doctor” and “cheater” in paragraph 2?
A. To explain a rule. B. To clarify a concept.
C. To present a fact. D. To make a prediction.
34. What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?
A. Favorable. B. Intolerant.
C Doubtful. D. Unclear.
35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence?
A. Its appeal to the public. B. Expectations for future studies.
C. Its practical application. D. Scientists with new perspectives.
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了情商的定义以及对有关于情商未来研究的期望。
32D【解析】细节理解题。通过文章第一段“Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities (研究表明，情商技巧可能有助于这些品质的形成)”可知，情商指的并不是一个人的积极品质。故选D项。
33B【解析】推理判断题。通过文章第二段“The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. (医生可能利用这种准确理解他人感受的能力来找到最好的帮助病人的方法，而骗子可能利用这种能力来控制潜在的受害者)”可推知，作者在文章第二段中提到“医生”和“骗子”是举例子来阐明下文的观点——情商高并不一定能使一个人成为有道德的人。故选B项。
34A【解析】推理判断题。通过文章第三段“the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. …The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers (宣传的总体效果一直是利大于弊。这种普及最积极的方面是雇主、教育者和其他对促进社会福利感兴趣的人对情感进行了新的、迫切需要的强调。情商的普及帮助了公众和研究人员)”可推知，作者认为情商普及是对人们有利的。故选A项。
35B【解析】推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives from which to study how people manage their lives. (我们希望这种关注将激发人们对情感科学和学术研究的更大兴趣。我们希望在未来的几十年里，科学的进步将为研究人们如何管理自己的生活提供新的视角)”可推知，本段主要谈了对未来关于情商研究的期望。故选B项。