2021学年Grammar and usage优质学案

这是一份2021学年Grammar and usage优质学案，共11页。学案主要包含了定义，连接词的用法，表语从句中应注意的问题等内容，欢迎下载使用。
Period Three　Grammar and usage
Learning Aims(学习目标)
1．Learn grammar—Predicative clauses(重点难点)
2．Learn the following language point：available(重点难点)

Activity 1　读文探究
阅读下列句子，认真感悟加黑部分，并完成方框下的小题
1．Learning and travelling were exactly what helped him in his later career as a historian.
2．His father’s dream was that one day he could write a great masterpiece recording what had happened in history.
3．His chief concern was whether he could do his job more effectively and efficiently.

1．我们可以使用名词性从句作为句子的表语。
2．当从句是陈述句时，我们可以用that引导表语从句，如句2；
当从句是一般疑问句时，我们可以用whether引导表语从句，如句3；
当从句是特殊疑问句时，我们可以用what，why，when，where等疑问词引导表语从句，如句1。
Activity 2　语法精析
一、定义
在主从复合句中充当表语的从句，叫作表语从句。它常位于系动词之后，用来说明主语是什么或怎么样。
China is no longer what she used to be.
今日的中国不再是过去的中国了。
二、连接词的用法
连接词：that/whether/as if/as though/because
连接代词：who/whom/whose/which/what
连接副词：when/where/why/how
1．连接词
当名词性从句主干齐全，又不缺少状语时，用连接词引导。
(1)that引导的表语从句
that引导表语从句本身没有词义，在句中只起连接作用，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。
The fact is that more than seventy percent of the earth’s surface is covered by water.
事实是，超过70%的地球表面被水覆盖着。
The drawback of the popularity of cars is that it brings about so much air pollution.
汽车流行的缺点是它造成了太多的空气污染。
(2)whether引导的表语从句
whether引导表语从句意为“是否”，但不充当句子成分；if不可引导表语从句。
The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow evening.
问题是我们能否在明晚以前完成我们的工作。
What the doctor really doubts is whether my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.
医生真正怀疑的是我母亲的重病是否能很快康复。
(3)as if/though引导的表语从句
as if/though引导表语从句意为“好像”，引导表语从句时要注意时态。
如果句中的情况与事实不相符，从句多用虚拟语气。
如果从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时；
如果从句表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词要用“had＋过去分词”；
如果从句表示将来发生的可能性不大，用would/might/could＋动词原形。
Li Lei is now in a new jacket.He looks as if he were an American boy.(与现在事实相反)
李雷现在穿着一件新夹克。他看起来像个美国男孩。
The girl is giving us a vivid description of the moon.It seems as if she had been to the moon many times.(与过去事实相反)
那个女孩正在给我们生动地描述月亮。就好像她去过月球很多次。
He looks very sad as if he would depart for another world.(与将来事实相反)
他看起来很伤心，好像要到另一个世界去了。
但是，如果as if/though引导的表语从句所述与事实相符，那么从句用陈述语气。
The clouds are gathering.It looks as if it is going to rain.
乌云密布。看来要下雨了。
2．连接代词
连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which等不但起连接作用，也在从句中作名词或代词所作的成分，如主语、表语、宾语、定语等。缺少连接代词，从句不完整。
What worries us most is who let out the secret.
最令我们担忧的是谁泄漏了秘密。
The problem is whose work is the best among the mechanics.
问题是在这些技工中间谁的工作最好。
I read about it in some book or another，but what I don’t know is which (book) it is.
我在某本书或另一本书上看到过这件事，但我不知道是哪一本了。
温馨提示：
what 在表语从句中充当主语、宾语或表语，表示“什么，什么样子，或所……的(人或事)”。

The question is what caused the accident.
问题是是什么造成了这次事故。
To my surprise，the church is no longer what it used to be.
令我惊讶的是，这座教堂已经不是以前的样子了。
Patience is a good virtue and that’s what it takes to do anything well.
耐心是一种美德，这是做好任何事情所需要的。
A ship in harbor is safe，but that’s not what ships are built for.
船停放在海港里是安全的，但这并非造船的目的。
3．连接副词
连接副词when，where，why，how等不但起连接作用，也在从句中作状语，表示时间、地点、原因和方式等。
Grandma pointed to the hospital and said，“That’s where I was born.”
奶奶指着医院说：“那是我出生的地方。”
With the number of cars increasing rapidly in cities，a major problem is where the cars can be parked.
随着城市中汽车数量的快速增长，一个主要问题是汽车可以停在哪里。
What puzzles Lily’s friends is why she always has so many crazy ideas.
使莉莉的朋友们困惑的是她为什么总有那么多疯狂的想法。
温馨提示：
(1)That’s why...那就是为什么……(why 从句表示结果)
(2)That’s because...那是因为……(because 从句表示原因)
(3)The reason why...is /was that...……的原因是……(表语从句常用that引导，而不用because

English has many borrowed words；that’s why it is rather confusing to learners.
英语有很多外来词；那就是为什么它会让学习者感到非常困惑。
—I called your office at about ten this morning，but there was no reply.
—Oh，that was probably because I was paying a visit to a friend in hospital.
——我今天上午10点左右给你办公室打电话，但是没有人接。
——噢，那可能是因为我去探望一位住院的朋友了。
The reason why Tom came late for the meeting was that he was ill.
汤姆开会迟到的原因是他病了。

三、表语从句中应注意的问题
1．当句子的主语是：advice，demand，desire，idea，instruction，order，proposal，recommendation，request，requirement，suggestion，wish等名词时，表语从句须用虚拟语气，即：should do，should可省掉。
My advice is that you (should) go to apologize to him.
我的建议是你应该去向他道歉。
The students’ request is that the school library (should) provide more books on popular science.
学生们的请求是学校的图书馆应该提供更多关于大众科学的书。
2．表语从句一定要用陈述语序。
What I want to know is which road we should take.(　√　)
What I want to know is which road should we take.(　×　)
我想知道的是我们应走哪条路。

However，his work proved difficult，because sorting out all the available resources and checking facts of historical materials required painstaking efforts(教材P34)
available adj.可获得的，可找到的；有空的
(1)available的基本含义是在一定的时间或场合是“可以使用的”。修饰物时，可指“现成可用的；在手边的；闲着的”，也可指“可获得的；易得到的；可找到的；可购得的”；修饰人时，意为“有空的”，即“可会见的，可与之交谈的”。
(2)available用作表语时，其后可接动词不定式，即：
be available to do sth.可用来做某事；可提供给某事
(3)available用作定语时，放在被修饰的词前或词后均可。

[佳句赏读]　感悟句意·背诵
①(应用文写作之运动方式)In conclusion，walking is a cheap，safe，enjoyable and readily available form of exercise.
总之，散步是一种廉价、安全、有趣而又随时可以开展的运动形式。
②Funds are available to assist students who want to attend the competition.
想参加比赛的学生可获得资助。
[写出下列句子中available的含义/单句语法填空/单句写作]
①(应用文写作之邀请信)With the Dragon Boat Festival approaching，I’d like to invite you to my family get­together on 14th June if you are available.有空的
②We live in an age when more information is available with greater ease than ever before.
易得到的
③Worried about the time available，the crew had made a list of the sites they wanted to see in London.可以使用的
④Leave the door open when you’re available to talk (talk) and close it when you’re not.
⑤(应用文写作之社会发展)几乎每个地区的人们都可以乘坐便捷的交通工具。
Convenient transportation is available to people from nearly every district.

Ⅰ.用适当的连词填空
1．However，the fact is that forests play a vital role in keeping a balanced ecosystem.
2．This is what my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best.
3．I have a good command of English and am easy to get along with.That’s why I’m writing to apply for the job.
4．He didn’t attend the meeting and that’s because he had an urgent thing to deal with.
5．I got wet all through；that’s because I didn’t take an umbrella.
6．He told us his request was that his complaint should be dealt with as soon as possible.
7．The reason why she couldn’t have come to the meeting was that she had not been invited.
8．There is no doubt about her ability but the question is whether she has such experience as a tutor.
9．With wonderful views of mountains and beaches，Lovers Point Park is where many people get married.
10．Compared to other forms of sharing bike，the greatest advantage of Mobike is that you can easily find one and never worry about where to park it.
11．If you are passionate about something，pursue it no matter what anyone else thinks.That’s how dreams are achieved.
12．If you often feel tired and can’t focus your attention，that is when you have to stop working too hard and to have a rest.
Ⅱ.完成教材P35 B 部分
课时跟踪练三
基础巩固
Ⅰ.用适当的连接词填空
1．The best moment for the football star was when he scored the winning goal.
2．Don’t be sad.The most important thing is that we must learn from our mistakes and move on.
3．It is estimated that 12.79 million new urban jobs have been created this year，which almost doubles what it was last year.
4．I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella；that was why I got wet through.
5．What your father wants to know is how you are getting on with your studies.
6．The question is where/whether we will have our sports meeting next week.
7．The reason why he failed was that he was too careless.
8．The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.
9．I know that you are now having trouble communicating with others，and you may feel lonely.That’s because you are new here and people don’t know about you.
10．Here you are.This is what you were asking for.
Ⅱ.单句写作
1．找个合适的机会和你的同班同学交流，那是因为它是消除你们之间误会的一个好办法。
Finding a proper chance to communicate with your classmates；that’s because it is a great way to clear up the misunderstanding between you and your classmates.
2．我精通英语口语，那就是我能够与游客顺利交流的原因。
I have a good command of spoken English and that’s why I can communicate with visitors smoothly.
3．重要的是广泛的阅读可以开阔我们的视野，丰富我们的生活。
What’s important is that a wide range of reading can broaden our horizons and enrich our life.
4．这个太极拳俱乐部是我们可以享受运动和了解中国文化的地方。
The Tai Chi Club is where we can enjoy sports and learn about Chinese culture.
5．问题是你是否能腾出时间考虑这个建议。
The question is whether you can spare time to consider the suggestion.
能力提升
Ⅲ.阅读理解
A
Born in Philadelphia the youngest of five children，Ruiz grew up in a loving household in suburban South Jersey.But that is not her full story.Ruiz’s father passed away when she was three，leaving her mother to raise the five children.The family moved more than she’d like to remember—three times when she was in the 5th grade alone.
Though her mother was a working single parent trying to support her own family，she didn’t hesitate to help others.Friends arrived needing a temporary place to crash and stayed indefinitely.Ruiz’s aunt，diagnosed with cancer，moved in with the family after her graduation from high school and they cared for her through the end.
Ruiz became an EMT and worked nights in Philadelphia，eventually enrolling in Rowan College at Gloucester County，where she sought to develop her skills as a storyteller.Ruiz got such good grades at RCGC that she was offered a partial scholarship to study journalism at the University of Miami but realizing she could not get enough to cover everything the scholarship wouldn’t，so she didn’t go to Miami.She applied to Rowan.She graduated with two degrees—Journalism and Radio，Television & Film—from the College of Communication & Creative Arts.
Last fall，Ruiz joined the staff of Rowan Radio 89.7 WGLS­FM where she quickly became news director and this spring began an internship with the Elvis Duran and the Morning Show，a nationally syndicated radio program in New York City.The Duran program exposed her to a world of career possibilities，from behind­the­scenes production to on­air talent.
“I know what it’s like to feel isolated，to feel like your story is not getting heard，”she said.“Rowan provided me the tools to give a voice to the voiceless.My goal is to share powerful stories so that I can inspire as many people as possible to love themselves and to follow their dreams.”
语篇解读　本文为一篇记叙文。文章讲述了Ruiz的成长、求学经历以及她鼓励他人去追寻梦想的事迹。

1．What can we learn from the first two paragraphs?
A．Ruiz had a happy childhood.
B．The family enjoyed moving around.
C．It was hard for her mother to raise them.
D．Ruiz’s childhood was not easy but full of love.
答案　D
解析　推理判断题。由第一段中的“Ruiz’s father passed away when she was three，leaving her mother to raise the five children.”可知，Ruiz的童年生活不易；由第二段中的“Though her mother was a working single parent trying to support her own family，she didn’t hesitate to help others.”可知，她们家是充满爱的。由此可知，Ruiz的童年虽然不容易，但充满了爱。故选D。
2．Why didn’t Ruiz go to the University of Miami?
A．It was too far away.
B．Her aunt needed her care.
C．She couldn’t afford the fee.
D．Her mother didn’t want her to go.
答案　C
解析　细节理解题。由第三段中的“Ruiz got such good grades at RCGC that she was offered a partial scholarship to study journalism at the University of Miami but realizing she could not get enough to cover everything the scholarship wouldn’t，so she didn’t go to Miami.”可知，Ruiz 没有去迈阿密上大学是因为她负担不起费用。故选 C。
3．Which of the following best describe Ruiz?
A．Brave and kind.
B．Generous and helpful.
C．Determined and modest.
D．Strong­willed and caring.
答案　D
解析　推理判断题。根据第三段的内容可知，Ruiz 的求学经历体现了她有坚定的信念和强大的毅力；由最后一段她说的话“My goal is to share powerful stories so that I can inspire as many people as possible to love themselves and to follow their dreams.”可以看出她关爱他人。由此可知，Ruiz意志坚强，关爱他人。故选D。
4．What can be the best title for the text?
A．Ruiz—a Famous Woman
B．Ruiz—an Inspiring Woman
C．Ruiz—a Woman of Achievements
D．Ruiz—a Woman with Two Degrees
答案　B
解析　标题归纳题。根据文章内容，特别是最后一段中的“Rowan provided me the tools to give a voice to the voiceless.My goal is to share powerful stories so that I can inspire as many people as possible to love themselves and to follow their dreams.”可知，文章讲述了Ruiz希望通过她自己的成长、求学经历来鼓励他人去追寻梦想，所以她是个鼓舞人心的女性。故选B。
B
Singapore researchers say they have developed a form of electronic skin that can create a sense of touch.They hope their invention will give people with prosthetic(假体的) hands the ability to identify different objects.
The skin device measures 1 square centimeter.The system contains 100 small sensors that attempt to recreate things like texture(质地)，temperature and even pain.The researchers call the device Asynchronous Coded Electronic Skin(ACES)，which can process information faster than the human’s nervous system.Machine learning methods trained the device to recognize 20 to 30 different textures.It can even correctly read Braille letters(布莱叶盲文) most of the time.
The system does not require the users’ movement to work.They just need to slide to feel texture.But in this case the skin，with just a single touch，is able to detect textures of different roughness.
A demonstration showed that the device could identify the difference between a soft ball and a solid plastic one.“When you lose your sense of touch，you essentially become numb and prosthetic limb users face that problem，”said Benjamin Tee，leader of the research team.“So by recreating an artificial version of the skin for their prosthetic devices，they can hold a hand and feel the warmth and feel that it is soft.”
Tee said his idea for the device came from the movie Star Wars，when character Luke Skywalker loses his right hand and it is replaced with a robotic one.In the film，the new hand is able to experience touch sensations just like the real one.
The artificial skin technology is still going through experiments and development.But Tee said there had already been a lot of interest in the system，especially from the medical community.Tee said similar inventions that his team has developed include see­through skin that can repair itself when torn and a material for wearable electronic devices that gives off light.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲了新加坡研究人员已经开发出一种可以产生触觉的电子皮肤。这种人造皮肤就像真的皮肤一样。

5．What can we learn about the artificial skin in Paragraph 2?
A．It is sensitive to high temperature.
B．It reacts faster than our nervous system.
C．It can recognize different objects.
D．It helps the users memorize Braille letters.
答案　B
解析　细节理解题。根据第二段第三句“...which can process information faster than the human’s nervous system.”可知，人造皮肤的反应速度比我们的神经系统快。故选B。
6．What can be inferred from Benjamin Tee’s words?
A．The artificial skin feels like a real thing.
B．People with the artificial skin feel warm.
C．People don’t want to lose the sense of touch.
D．He is sympathetic towards the prosthetic limb users.
答案　A
解析　推理判断题。根据第四段尤其是最后一句话“So by recreating an artificial version of the skin for their prosthetic devices，they can hold a hand and feel the warmth and feel that it is soft.”可推知，这种人造皮肤就像真的皮肤一样。故选A。
7．What inspired Benjamin Tee to create the artificial skin?
A．The desire to help those in need.
B．The life of the disabled.
C．A dream of earning more money.
D．A scene from a famous movie.
答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据第五段第一句“Tee said his idea for the device came from the movie Star Wars，when character Luke Skywalker loses his right hand and it is replaced with a robotic one.”可知，这个装置的想法来自电影《星球大战》中的场景。故选D。
8．Which word can best describe the artificial skin technology?
A．Profitable. B．Stable.
C．Promising. D．Challenging.
答案　C
解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段第二句“But Tee said there had already been a lot of interest in the system，especially from the medical community.”可知，已经有很多人对该系统感兴趣，尤其是医学界。所以说人造皮肤这项技术是很有前途的。故选C。
Ⅳ.语法填空
If you have ever seen an alpaca(羊驼)，you might 1. (simple) be fascinated with their furry and cute appearance.But now chances are that these animals might help scientists find a vaccine for COVID­19.
As the Australian scientists studying alpacas report，these animals have 2. unique immune response.Scientists used to use them to do research on viruses like HIV.Up to now they 3._____ (find) that when infected with COVID­19，alpacas react in a special way.
“Alpacas actually create two different types of antibodies.One bears striking similarities 4.______ the type we humans make，and the other is 5. is called nanobodies(纳米抗体)，” said Michael James，a researcher 6. (involve) in the study.
The alpacas produced these nanobodies after researchers put a COVID­19 viral spike protein(棘突蛋白) into their 7. (body)．It is this protein that allows COVID­19 to infect our cells.The nanobodies，however，stop 8. (infect) from happening by blocking the protein.
Although the results look good，it will take some time 9. (produce) a vaccine based on the findings.Since the nanobodies are new，more research is required to make sure they are both 10. (effect) and safe when they are tried on humans，according to James.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。据研究羊驼的澳大利亚科学家报告，这些动物有一种独特的免疫反应。这些发现可能会帮助科学家找到COVID­19的疫苗。

1．答案　simply
解析　考查副词。修饰动词fascinate应用副词。故填simply。
2．答案　a
解析　考查冠词。“unique immune response”在此处第一次提及，所以是泛指，应用不定冠词，且unique的发音以辅音音素开头。故填a。
3．答案　have found
解析　考查动词的时态。根据“Up to now”可知，此处应用现在完成时，主语they是复数。故填have found。
4．答案　to
解析　考查介词。名词similarity应与介词to搭配，表示“与……的相似性”。故填to。
5．答案　what
解析　考查表语从句。表语从句中缺少主语，且是指事物，所以应用what引导。故填what。
6．答案　involved
解析　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，设空处在句中作定语修饰researcher，动词involve意为“使参与”，和逻辑主语researcher构成被动关系，所以应用过去分词作后置定语。故填involved。
7．答案　bodies
解析　考查名词的复数。body意为“身体”，为可数名词，在their后应用复数形式。故填bodies。
8．答案　infection
解析　考查名词。在动词stop后应用名词作宾语，stop...from doing意为“阻止……做某事”，名词infection意为“感染”，是抽象概念，不可数。故填infection。
9．答案　to produce
解析　考查非谓语动词。It takes...to do sth.意为“做某事需要花费……”，为固定句式，此处to do不定式为真正的主语，it为形式主语。故填to produce。
10．答案　effective
解析　考查形容词。根据空后的“and safe”可知，此处应用形容词effective(有效的)作表语。故填effective。