高考英语题型突破：概要写作

概要写作

一．Directions：Read the following passage.Summarize the main idea and the main point（s）of the passage in no more than 60words.Use your own words as far as possible.

Would you believe that your diet can make a big difference in keeping a youthful appearance？It seems strange to think that the food we take in could result in fewer wrinkles.Wouldn't it be better to put things on our skin rather than in our mouths？

Well，according to one scientific theory，our body starts aging because of oxidation.This means the certain oxygen containing molecules in our cells，called free radicals，have the capability to attach to and damage parts of our cells，including our DNA．Our bodies can repair this damage，but as we get older，these repair mechanisms start to break down，resulting in the signs of aging. Free radicals are actually reduced by our bodies，but their numbers can also increase because of the food we eat.

Besides avoiding foods which could potentially produce more free radicals，eating foods which contain certain vitamins and micro nutrients can also contribute to keeping us looking young.These vitamins help produce molecules called antioxidants，which actually help reduce the production of free radicals. Even better，foods containing antioxidants are not rare.Common antioxidants like vitamins A and E can be found in many dark-colored vegetables，For example，carrots，seaweed，spinach，and broccoli are excellent sources of these helpful vitamins，Also，you can eat orange-colored fruits like apricots and peaches.Vitamins A and E are particularly good for helping your skin remain young-looking. These nutrients strengthen your skin and make it soft.However，if you really want to stock up quickly on nutrients that benefit your skin，you should eat cow's liver.One small piece of cooked cow's liver contains twice as much vitamin A as half a cup of cooked carrots.

More recently，green tea has also been tentatively added to the list of youth promoting substances.Although research about green tea's effects on our bodies is.at an early stage，scientists certainly believe that it is good for us. Scientists，however，are still cautious about predicting its capability to keep us looking youthful.But from recent experiments，its antioxidant properties seem to be able to repair cell damage already sustained as well as prevent damage in the future. In fact，green tea works even better if you apply it directly to your skin as an ingredient in facial cream.

You are what you eat.This old proverb certainly seems to be true，the more we find out about how our body works.Think about that the next time you sit down at the table.

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二．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.

Hosting the Olympics

Today, the Olympic Games are one of the most popular and most watched events on earth. Every four years, many countries bid for the Games. Why do they do this? What are the advantages of hosting such an event?

A world-class event demands world-class facilities from the host city, and any which do not already exist will have to be built. These will remain for the local population to enjoy after the Games are over. An example of this is the accommodation which will have to be built, not only for the athletes in their Olympic village, but also for visitors. Later this can be transformed into permanent accommodation for tourists and students. The transport system must also be taken into consideration. Hosting the Olympics means having an effective wide-reaching system, which is essential to carry people safely and efficiently to their destinations. Such a transport system is a great advantage for any city and will be in service for the years to come.

Funding any great event is a costly business, but many companies fiercely compete to become sponsors of such global events as it is an ideal platform for advertising. This means that advertising profits can easily cover a large proportion of the cost involved. In addition, the broadcasting rights can be a source of finance. For example, the national American TV company NBC paid $3.5 billion to broadcast the Olympic Games between 2000 and 2008.

Another consideration is employment. High-tech video cameras are already common in most of our big cities today, and increasing the manpower necessary to guarantee the safety of all concerned provides valuable employment opportunities. Indeed, the organization of such an event gives rise to a large number of jobs in a variety of sectors including security, catering and hospitality.

It’s universally agreed that the host city gains overall in terms of improvements in facilities and infrastructure. But this is not all. Not only do the improved facilities remain after the Games have gone, but the city also becomes a significant place in its own right.

三．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.

Birdsong and Mental Health

People often turn to nature as a healthy way to cope with stress. People also consider it relaxing to listen to audio recordings of running water, waves or singing birds. Sound can have an extensive effect on our sense of well-being. Accordingly, scientists have long sought to understand the effects of certain sounds on people.

In a recent study, scientists evaluated the effect that hearing birdsong had on hikers. They monitored a number of hiking trails in a public park with audio recording devices. This helped them create a bird count in the area. They then surveyed visitors to those trails about their impression of bird diversity. They also asked for a report on the visitors' sense of well-being.

The next part of the study took place on the same trails. But the scientists used hidden speakers to play recordings of birds singing. That gave the impression that there were more birds in the area. They then surveyed visitors who had heard the recordings.

The results of the study indicated that there was a direct relationship between hearing birdsong and an increased sense of well-being. This result builds on prior investigations into the effects of listening to recordings of natural sounds on people. Those studies have shown that recordings of natural sounds can help with stress relief and the ability to focus. However, the reason behind the benefit is not totally clear.

Perhaps listening to birdsong is connected to a sense of calm. After all, we encounter birdsong in the peaceful part of the morning or following a storm. Or it might relate to a sense of safety projected by singing birds. They sing when there are no predators nearby. Whatever the reason, listening to birdsong can improve our mental health.

The authors of the hiking study had an interesting observation. It was the perception of being in nature with a diversity of singing birds that helped. Therefore, they suggested that park managers encourage visitors to enjoy nature quietly as that provided the greatest benefit.

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四．Directions：Read the following passage.Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrate.Use your own words as far as possible.

Hacking our senses to boost learning power

Was your school noisy or peaceful？It might not seem important，but a growing body of research suggests that sounds can have an impact on learning，performance and creativity.There is certainly some well-established research to suggest that some noises can have a harmful effect on learning.Numerous studies over the past 15 years have found that children attending schools under the flight paths of large airports lag behind in their exam results.

But general noise seems to have an effect too. Bridget Shield，a professor of acoustics at London South Bank University，and Julie Dockrell，now at the Institute of Education，have been conducting studies on the effects of all sorts of noises，such as traffic and sirens，as well as noise generated by the children themselves.When they recreated those particular sounds in an experimental setting while children completed various cognitive tasks，they found a significant negative effect on exam scores.“Everything points to a harmful impact of the noise on children's performance，in numeracy（计算能力），in literacy，and in spelling，”says Shield.The noise seemed to have an especially harmful effect on children with special needs.

Shield says the sound of"babble"---the chatter of other children，is particularly distracting in the classroom.“People are very distracted by speech---particularly if it's understandable，but you're not involved in it."This phenomenon is also known as the irrelevant speech effect，she says，adding that“it's a very common finding in open-plan offices as well."

Whether background sounds are beneficial or not seems to depend on what kind of noise it is and the volume. In a series of studies published last year，Ravi Mehta from the College of Business at Illinois and colleagues tested people's creativity while exposed to a soundtrack made up of background noises---such as coffee-shop chatter and construction-site drilling---at different volumes.They found that people were more creative when the background noises were played at a medium level than when volume was low. Loud background noise，however，damaged their creativity.

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五．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.

Much time and effort has been devoted to researching the mental health benefits of flexible work environments, but can the ability to leave work early to watch your son’s soccer game, or arrive at the office a bit later in the morning in order to see to some personal matters, have physical health benefits besides making you feel a bit relaxed?

According to new research published in the Cochrane Library Database of Systematic Reviews, it seems so. In a review of 10 previous studies examining the health effects of unfixed work conditions for more than 16,000 people, researchers from the U.K.. Durham University and University of Newcastle, as well as the University of Montreal, found that flexible work schedules, for instance, when employees can shift their starting times, were associated with improvements in a person’s overall health. In addition, perhaps, unsurprisingly, in all of the studies included in the review, researchers found no evidence for negative effects of more flexible work schedules.

This initial analysis was intended to throw light on the potential health benefits of flexible work options, which are increasingly popular throughout Scandinavia, and have recently gained some ground in the U.K. For example, last April, the British government implemented a policy that allowed parents of children aged six and under to request flexible work arrangements to include parents of children aged 16 and younger. In the U.S., the phenomenon is a bit slower to catch on. Yet, the economic slowdown of recent years may have contributed to growth in workplace flexibility—as companies unable to reward employees with bonuses or raises may turn to other forms of compensation, Reuters reported early last year.

Original analysis too, of course, indicated the benefits of flexible work environments toward positive mental health outcomes. And while these latest findings are promising, the researchers stress that more study is vital to understanding the detailed relationship between flexible work and improved health outcomes. To truly grasp the benefits of flexible working conditions, the researchers say, additional study analyzing health outcomes among a wide range of workers—from high-ranking executives to hourly employees – is critical, which helps to gain a deeper understanding of the issue, and to shape future workplace policy.

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参考答案

一．One possible version:

The passage mainly tells that what you eat can have a big impact on your appearance. To look young, we can avoid eating foods which produce more free radicals. Besides, eat more dark-colored or orange-colored fruits and vegetables containing Vitamin A and E. Lastly, cow’s liver and green tea can also help. Be careful about what we eat.

本文是一篇说明文。这篇文章主要告诉我们，你吃什么对你的外表有很大的影响。为了看起来年轻，我们可以避免吃那些产生更多自由基的食物。此外，多吃含有维生素A和E的深色或橙色水果和蔬菜。最后，牛肝和绿茶也有帮助。注意我们吃的东西。

1 要点摘录

①Would you believe that your diet can make a big difference in keeping a youthful appearance？

②Free radicals are actually reduced by our bodies，but their numbers can also increase because of the food we eat.

③Besides avoiding foods which could potentially produce more free radicals，eating foods which contain certain vitamins and micro nutrients can also contribute to keeping us looking young.

④Common antioxidants like vitamins A and E can be found in many dark-colored vegetables，For example，carrots，seaweed，spinach，and broccoli are excellent sources of these helpful vitamins.

⑤One small piece of cooked cow's liver contains twice as much vitamin A as half a cup of cooked carrots.   

⑥ More recently，green tea has also been tentatively added to the list of youth promoting substances.

⑦You are what you eat.

2.缜密构思

将第1、4、7三个要点进行重组，将第2、3和5、6四个要点进行整合。

3.遣词造句

The passage mainly tells that what you eat can have a big impact on your appearance.

To look young, we can avoid eating foods which produce more free radicals.

Besides, eat more dark-colored or orange-colored fruits and vegetables containing Vitamin A and E. Lastly, cow’s liver and green tea can also help.

Be careful about what we eat.

二．Hosting the Olympics brings various benefits. Firstly, infrastructures, like accommodation and transport, will remain for citizens to enjoy afterwards. Besides, companies can make profit from advertising or broadcasting during the Games, so they compete to sponsor it. Finally, job opportunities are created to ensure the Games go on smoothly. Above all, the host city benefits greatly, gaining a significant place.

本文是一篇说明文。文章阐述举办奥运会带来各种好处。主要有以下几点：住宿和交通等基础设施将留待公民在事后享用，主办城市获得了重要地位；公司竞争赞助奥运会，可以从奥运会期间的广告或广播中获利；创造就业机会。

1 要点摘录

①What are the advantages of hosting such an event

②These will remain for the local population to enjoy after the Games are over.

③Funding any great event is a costly business, but many companies fiercely compete to become   sponsors of such global events as it is an ideal platform for advertising.

④Indeed, the organization of such an event gives rise to a large number of jobs in a variety of   sectors including security, catering and hospitality.

⑤It’s universally agreed that the host city gains overall in terms of improvements in facilities   and infrastructure.

2.缜密构思将第2、5两个要点进行重组，将第1、3、4三个要点进行整合。

3.遣词造句

It’s beneficial to host the Olympics.

Citizens can enjoy infrastructures, like accommodation and transport after the Olympics.

The host city has benefited a lot and gained worldwide attention.

三．Version 1

Scientists lately conducted a study on the effect of birdsong on mental health. They asked people how they felt after hearing birds singing. They concluded that hearing birdsong could improve mental health, probably because birdsong leads to a sense of calm and safety. Anyway, scientists suggested people get closer to nature for it is beneficial to our sense of well-being.

Version 2

A study has found that hearing birdsong improves people's sense of well-being after surveying people exposed to recordings of birds' singing. The reasons may be that listening to birds singing helps us feel calm or safe. Anyway, the suggestion is that we should enjoy nature quietly for the sake of mental health.

本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说鸟鸣可以提升人的幸福感。

【详解】

1 要点摘录

①In a recent study, scientists evaluated the effect that hearing birdsong had on hikers.

②The results of the study indicated that there was a direct relationship between hearing birdsong and an increased sense of well-being.

③Perhaps listening to birdsong is connected to a sense of calm.

④Or it might relate to a sense of safety projected by singing birds.

⑤Therefore, they suggested that park managers encourage visitors to enjoy nature quietly as that provided the greatest benefit.

2.缜密构思

将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3、4两个要点进行整合。

3.遣词造句

A study has found that hearing birdsong improves people's sense of well-being after surveying people exposed to recordings of birds’ singing.

The reasons may be that listening to birds singing helps us feel calm or safe.

Anyway, the suggestion is that we should enjoy nature quietly for the sake of mental health.

四．One possible version:

Recent studies have found that general noises can affect learning performance and creativity in addition to certain noises. All kinds of noises can be distracting and influence exam scores. Depending on their type and volume, background noises can be good or bad. Noises played at a medium level is thought to be better for people.

这是一篇说明文。主要讲述了噪音对学习的影响主要取决于类型和音量大小。中等音量的噪音被认为对人是有好处的。

1. 要点摘录

（1）It might not seem important，but a growing body of research suggests that sounds can have an impact on learning，performance and creativity.

（2）But general noise seems to have an effect too.

（3）Whether background sounds are beneficial or not seems to depend on what kind of noise it is and the volume.

（4）They found that people were more creative when the background noises were played at a medium level than when volume was low.

2. 缜密构思

将（1）,（2）,（3）,（4）点按照顺序，通过连接词及其他过渡短语有条理地结合起来。

3. 遣词造句

Besides certain noises, recent studies find that general noises can have some effect on learning performances.

Noises can have positive or negative effect based on their type and volume.

When exposed to medium noises, people can perform better.

五．By reviewing previous studies, researchers find flexible work schedules benefit people’s overall health. Workplace flexibility is more popular in some European countries than in US, where the phenomenon may catch on because it helps companies reward employees during recession. Additional studies among a wider range of workers are needed to better understand the relationship and design future workplace policy. (59 words)

本文是一篇说明文。研究表明很多时间和精力都花在研究弹性工作环境对心理健康有很多好处，更多的研究对于理解弹性工作和改善健康结果之间的详细关系至关重要。研究人员说，要真正掌握灵活工作条件的好处，对从高级管理人员到钟点工等各类员工的健康状况进行分析的额外研究至关重要，这有助于加深对这一问题的理解，并制定未来的工作场所政策。

1 要点摘录

①Much time and effort has been devoted to researching the mental health benefits of flexible work environments,

②…for instance, when employees can shift their starting times, were associated with improvements in a person’s overall health.

③In the U.S., the phenomenon is a bit slower to catch on. Yet, the economic slowdown of recent years may have contributed to growth in workplace flexibility—as companies unable to reward employees with bonuses or raises may turn to other forms of compensation.

④…additional study analyzing health outcomes among a wide range of workers—from high-ranking executives to hourly employees – is critical, which helps to gain a deeper understanding of the issue, and to shape future workplace policy.

2.缜密构思将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第2、3两个要点进行整合。

3.遣词造句

①By reviewing previous studies, researchers find flexible work schedules benefit people’s overall health.

②Workplace flexibility is more popular in some European countries than in US, where the phenomenon may catch on because it helps companies reward employees during recession.

③Additional studies among a wider range of workers are needed to better understand the relationship and design future workplace policy.