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第2讲 构词法 精讲精练 2022届准高三高考英语语法暑假专练
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这是一份第2讲 构词法 精讲精练 2022届准高三高考英语语法暑假专练,共30页。试卷主要包含了毫”,单句改错等内容,欢迎下载使用。
构词法
重点词缀讲解
派生法
(1)前缀
① 表示否定意义的前缀:
a. 纯否定前缀:
un-: unable, unemployment(失业), unload(卸载), uncover(揭开), unhappy, untrue, unlike(不像), unrest(不安的,动荡的), unfair, unknown, unhealthy, unusual, uncertain, unclear(不清楚的), unequal, unlucky, unreal, unkind, uncomfortable, uneasy(心情不安的), uninteresting, unimportant, unnecessary, unpleasant, undivided, unreserved(无保留的)
dis-: dislike(不喜欢), disarm, disconnect, disagree, disappear, disadvantage, dishonest, disability, discover(发现), disobey
in-, im-, il-, ir-: incapable, inability, incomplete, incorrect, inconvenient, inexpensive, impossible, immoral(不道德的), illegal(非法的), illogical(不合乎逻辑的), irregular, irrelative
non-: non-smoker, non-stop, non-violent(非暴力的), nonwhite, non-member, nonparty(无党派), nonsense(无意义)
b. 表示错误的意义:
mis-: mistake, mislead(误导), misunderstanding, misuse, mis-spell, mistrust, mistreat
c. 表示“反、防、抗”的意义:
anti-: antiknock(防震), antiforeign(排外的), anti-war, antitank(反战车的), anti-pollution
② 表示空间位置、方向关系的前缀:
a- 表示“在……之上”,“向……”:aboard, aside
de- 表示“在下,向下”:decrease(下降), degrade
en- 表示“在内,进入”:encage(入笼), enbed(上床)
ex- 表示“外部,外”:exit, expand(扩张), export
fore- 表示“在前面”:forehead, foreground, foreleg, forefoot
in-, im- 表示“向内,在内,背于”:inland, inside, indoor(s), import
inter- 表示“在……间,相互”:international, interaction, internet, interview
mid- 表示“中,中间”: midposition
out- 表示“在外部,在外”:outline, outside, outward(s), outdoor(s)
over- 表示“在上面,在外部,向上”:overlook, overhead, overboard, overcoat, overdress, oversea(s)(海外)
post- 表示“向后,在后边,次”:postscript(附言)
pre- 表示“在前,在前面,提前”:prefix(前缀), preface(前言), preposition(介词)
super- 表示“在…..之上,超级”:superstructure, supernatural, superpower, superman
trans- 表示“移上,转上,在那一边”:translate, transform(转移), transplant(移植), transportation(交通)
under- 表示“在…..下面,下的”:underline, underground, underwater, undershirt
up- 表示“向上,向上面,在上”:upward(s), uphold, uphill(上坡)
auto- 表示“自己,独立,自动”:automobile(自动车), autobiography(自传)
tele- 表示“远离”:television, telephone , telegram(电报), telegraph(电报,抽象名词), telescope(望远镜)
③ 表示时间,序列关系的前缀:
fore- 表示“在前面,先前,前面”:foreword(前言), forecast(预报), foretell(预言), foresee(预见), foreknow(先知), foreknowledge(先知)
mid- 表示“中,中间”:midnight, midsummer, mid-day, mid-autumn
post- 表示“在后,后”:postwar, postgraduate(研究生), postdate
pre- 表示“在前,事先,预先”:preheat, prewar, prehistory(史前), preview(预习), prebattle, prepay
re- 表示“再一次,重新”: retell(复述), rewrite, renew(续借), reconsider, reuse, remarry, recycle(回收利用), rebuild
④ 表示比较程度差别关系的前缀:
by- 表示“副,次要的”:byproduct(副产品), bywork(副业)
extra- 表示“超越,额外”:extraordinary
over- 表示“超过,过度,太”:overeat(吃过多), oversleep(睡过头), overpraise(过奖), overwork, overact(行为过分), overdo
under- 表示“低劣,低下”:undersize, undergrown, underproduction(生产不足)
vice- 表示“副,次”:vice-president, vice -chairman
⑤ 表示共同,相等意思的前缀:
co- 表示“共同,一起”:coexist(共同生存), co-operate, co-worker, coactions(合作行动), coauthor(合作作者)
⑥ 表示某种状态,构成形容词、副词或动词:
a- afraid, alive, alone, asleep, ashamed, aloud, ahead, aside, alike, awake
⑦ 表示分离,离开意思的前缀:
a- 表示“分离,离开”:away, apart
de- 表示“离去,处去”:depart, decolour
⑧ 表示“自我”:
self- self-protect(ion), self-made, self-knowledge
⑨ 表示变换词类作用的前缀:
be- befriend
en- enslave, enable, enrich, enlarge, encourage
⑩ 表示数量关系的前缀:
a. 表示“单一”,“一”:
uni- uniform(统一服装), unicellular(单细胞)
b. 表示“二,两,双”:
bi- bicycle
twi- twilight
c. 表示“半,一半”:
semi- semiconductor(半导体), semicircle(半圆), semimonthly(半月刊), semifinal(半决赛)
d. 表示“百,百分之一”:
centi- centimeter
e. 表示“千,千分之一”:
kilo- kilometer, kilogram, kilowatt
f. 表示“微小”:
micro- microvolt(微伏特), microcomputer(微机), microscope(显微镜)
g. 表示“许多,复,多数”:
multi- multimedia(多媒体), multicolored, multiform, multinatural
h. 表示“千分之一、毫”:
milli- millimeter, milligram
i. 表示“微小、微型”:
mini- minibus, miniskirt, minipark
(2)后缀
① 名词后缀:
a. 具有某种职业或动作的人:
-an, -ian, -ician 表示“……地方的人,精通……的人”:American, Asian, Australian, Russian, Italian , historian, librarian, electrician, magician(魔术师), technician, musician, politician(政客), physician(内科医生),
-ant,-ent 表示“……人”:merchant, servant, assistant, agent, student,
-ee 表示“动作承受者”:employee(雇员), examinee, payee(收款人), interviewee
-eer 表示“从事于……人”:engineer, volunteer(志愿者)
-er 表示“从事某种职业的人, 某地区,地方的人”:banker, observer, Londoner, villager singer, driver, writer, speaker, traveller, buyer
-or 表示“……者”:author, doctor, operator, actor, visitor, inventor, educator
-ar, -ary 表示“……的人, 从事……的人”:scholar, liar, beggar, secretary, missionary
-ese 表示“ ……国人,……地方的人”:Chinese, Japanese, Cantonese(广东人)
-ess 表示“阴性人称名词”:actress(女演员), hostess(女主人), manageress(女经理)
-ist 表示“从事……研究者,信仰……主义者”:pianist, communist, dentist, artist, chemist, socialist, typist, receptionist
-icist 表示“……家, ……者, ……能手”:physicist, phoneticist(语音学家), technicist
-logist 表示“……学家,研究者”:biologist, geologist(地质学家)
b. 构成具有抽象名词的含义:
-age 表示“状态,行为,身份及其结果,总称”:courage, storage, marriage, percentage
-al 表示“事物的动作,过程”:refusal, arrival, survival, denial, approval, trial, burial
-ance, -ence 表示“性质,状况,行为,过程,总量,程度”:importance, distance, avoidance, appearance, performance, diligence, difference, obedience, absence, presence(出席), existence
-ancy, -ency 表示“性质,状态,行为,过程”:frequency(频繁), urgency(紧急), efficiency(高效率),
-ity 表示“性质,状态,程度”:purity, reality, equality
-bility 表示“动作,性质,状态”:ability, possibility, probability, responsibility
-dom 表示“等级,领域,状态”:freedom, kingdom, wisdom
-ery, -ry 表示“行为,状态,习性,性质”:bravery, slavery
-hood 表示“资格,身份, 年纪,状态”:childhood, girlhood, boyhood, manhood
-ice 表示“行为,性质,状态”:notice, justice, service
-ing 表示“动作的过程,结果”:building, writing, learning
-ion, -ation, -ition, -sion 表示“行为的过程,结果,状况”:suggestion, action, solution, invention, direction, correction, collection, instruction, destruction, introduction, congratulation, dictation, invitation, pronunciation, examination, graduation, operation, education, information, translation, starvation, satisfaction, relation, irrigation, determination, preparation, imagination, explanation, opposition, competition, description, decision, division, conclusion, explosion, impression, expression, admission, permission, discussion
-ment 表示“行为,状态,过程,手段及其结果”:disappointment, treatment, movement, judgment, punishment, argument, agreement, government, development, improvement, requirement, astonishment, encouragement
-ness 表示“性质,状态,程度”:goodness, kindness, tiredness, friendliness, business, illness, happiness, goodness, willingness, weakness, fairness
-ism 表示“制度,主义,学说,信仰,行为”:socialism, criticism, heroism, tourism, communism(共产主义) , Marxism(马克思主义)
-ship 表示“情况,性质,技巧,技能及身份,职业”:hardship, relationship, membership, friendship, seamanship, ownership, scholarship, professorship
-th, 表示“动作,性质,过程,状态”:strength, length, width, depth, wealth, truth, growth, warmth, youth
-ure 表示“行为,结果”:exposure(暴露), pressure, failure, procedure(手续), mixture
-craft 表示“工艺”:aircraft, needlecraft, woodcraft
c. 带有场所,地方的含义:
-age 表示“住所,地点”:village, cottage
-ary 表示“住所,场地”:library, granary (谷仓)
-ory 表示“工作场所,住处”:factory, dormitory, laboratory, observatory
② 形容词后缀:
a. 带有“属性,倾向,相关”的含义:
-able, -ible: movable, comfortable, eatable, enjoyable, acceptable, reasonable, applicable, visible, responsible, terrible, horrible
-al: natural, additional, educational, national
-ant, -ent: distant, important, excellent
-ing(表示特征:令人觉得): moving, touching, daring, interesting, exciting, disappointing , astonishing, boring, amazing
-ed(表示情绪:觉得): pleased, interested, surprised, worried, excited, bored, determined, delighted
-ish: foolish, bookish, selfish
-ive: active, impressive, decisive, active, instructive, expensive, progressive
b. 表示“相象,类似”的含义:
-ish: boyish, childish
-like: manlike, childlike
-some: troublesome, handsome
-y: milky, cloudy sunny, windy, rainy, foggy, healthy, wealthy, worthy, bloody, funny, dirty, lucky, noisy, salty, smelly, hilly
-ly: manly, fatherly, motherly, sisterly, brotherly, daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, yearly,friendly, lonely, orderly, lovely, lively, likely, scholarly
c. 表示“充分的”含义:
-ful: beautiful, wonderful, helpful, truthful, successful, harmful, useful, careful, forgetful, merciful
-ous: dangerous, courageous, nervous, mountainous, humorous, various
d. 表示由某种物质形成,制成或生产的含义:
-en: wooden, golden, woolen
e. 表示方向的含义:
-ern: eastern, western, southern, northern, southeastern, northwestern
-ward: downward, forward
f. 表示“数量关系”的含义:
-teen: thirteen
-ty: fifty
-th: fourth, fiftieth
g. 表示国籍,语种,宗教的含义:
-an: Roman, European
-ese: Chinese, Japanese
-ish: English, Spanish
h. 表示否定:
-less: countless, stainless(不锈的), wireless, useless, endless, priceless(无价的,贵重的), hopeless
③ 动词后缀:
-ize, ise 表示“做成,变成,……化”:modernize(现代化), democratize(民主化), organize, apologize, realize
-en 表示“使成为,引起,使有”:quicken, weaken, soften, harden
-fy 表示“使……化, 使成”:beautify, purify(净化), intensify, signify, simplify(简化), satisfy
④ 副词后缀:
-ly: possibly, swiftly, simply
-ward(s): downward, inwards, upward
-ways: always, sideways
-wise: otherwise, clockwise
注意:有的单词有双重后缀,如:
use(用途)→useless(无用的)→uselessness(无用)
self(自己)→selfish(自私的)→selfishness(自私)
有的单词则是前后缀同时使用,如:
important→importance→unimportance
regular(有规律的,有规则的)→irregular(无规律的,不规则的)→irregularity(无规律,不规则)
2.合成法
(1)合成名词
boyfriend, girlfriend, bus-driver, necklace, playground, radioactive, headmaster, sunshine, notebook, armchair, wheelchair, postcard, football, spaceship, blackboard, firefighter, fireman, gateman, chairman, weatherman, businessman, armyman, postman, sportsman, bedroom, reading-room, classroom, newspaper, pickpocket(扒手), she-goat(雌性山羊), editor-in-chief(主编), daybreak(破晓), handshake(握手), silkworm(蚕), outbreak(爆发)
(2)合成形容词
名词+动词过去分词:man-made, homemade
副词+动词过去分词:well-known, newly-built(新建的)
形容词+名词ed:kind-hearted, cold-blooded
数词+名词ed:five-storeyed(五层楼的), four-legged(四条腿的)
名词+动词现在分词:English-speaking, Chinese-speaking, brainwashing(洗脑的)
由三个词构成的合成形容词:face-to-face, heart-to-heart, two-year-old, eight-metre-long
其他合成形容词:everyday(日常的), faraway(遥远的), snow-white(雪白的), lay-off(下岗的)
3.转化法
(1)名词→动词
hand(手→传递) back(背部,后面→支持,后退)
charge(费用→收费) copy(抄本,复印件→抄写,复印)
flood(洪水→淹没) heat(热量→加热)
paint(油漆→刷漆) phone(电话→打电话)
pin(别针→装订) waste(废物→浪费)
face(脸→面对) use(用途→使用)
interest(兴趣→使兴趣) surprise(惊讶→使惊讶)
taste(味道→品尝) smell(气味→闻)
break(短暂休息→折断) present(礼物→赠送)
(2)形容词→动词
clean(干净→使干净,打扫) clear(清楚→清理)
dirty(脏→弄脏) dry(干燥→烘干,晒干)
empty(空的→倒空) free(自由→使自由,释放)
slow(慢的→放慢) warm(暖和→使暖和)
cool(凉的→冷却) quiet(安静→使安静)
名词
名词+ce 后缀变形容词confidence→confident 自信的difference→different 不同的evidence 证据→evident 明显的independence→independent 独立的intelligence 智力→intelligent 聪明的patience→patient 有耐心的silence→silent 沉默的violence→violent 暴力的
名词+•ency 后缀变形容词
emergency →emergent 紧急的fluency →fluent 流利的;流畅的frequency 频率→frequent 频繁的efficiency→efficient 有效率的tendency→tend 趋向;趋势
名词+•y 后缀变形容词anger→angry 生气的cloud→cloudy 多云的dirt→dirty 脏 的dust→dusty 布满尘土的ease→easy 容易的;安易的fog→foggy 有雾的
frost→frosty 结霜的;严寒的greed→greedy 贪吃的;贪婪的guilt→guilty 内疚的;有罪的health→healthy 健康的hunger→hungry 饥饿的ice→icy 结冰的
mess→messy 杂乱的
mist→misty 有雾的
noise→noisy 吵闹的;嘈杂的
salt→salty 咸的sleep→sleepy 困的snow→snowy 有雪的storm→stormy 暴风雨的sun→sunny 晴朗的taste→tasty 可口的;好吃的thirst→thirsty 渴的;渴望的wealth→wealthy 富有的wind→windy 有风的year→yearly 每年的
名词+•ly 后缀变形容词brother→brotherly 兄弟般的day→daily 每天的friend→friendly 友好的month→monthly 每月的
quarter→quarterly 每季的
week→weekly 每周的
以 t 结尾的形容词变名词convenient→convenience 方便;便利different→difference 不同;差异important→importance 重 要 ( 性 ) significant→significance 重大意义intelligent→intelligence 智力
名词+•al 后缀变形容词agriculture→agricultural 农业的benefit→beneficial 有益的commerce→commercial 商业的
convention→conventional 传统的culture→cultural 文化的environment→environmental 环境的face→facial 表面的music→musical 音乐的nation→national 国家的nature→natural 自然的;天然的office→official 官方的origin→original 原来的profession→professional 专业的
season→seasonal 季节的;季节性的society→social 社会的tradition→traditional 传统的
名词/动词+•ous 后辍变形容词adventure→adventurous 冒险的continue→continuous 连续的danger→dangerous 危险的humour→humorous 幽默的mountain→mountainous 多山的poison→poisonous 有毒的
动词+•er 后缀指物的名词小结
cooker 炊 具counter 柜 台drawer 抽 屉receiver 听筒;话筒speaker 扬声器typewriter 打字机
•ician 后缀高频词汇electrician n.电工magician n.魔术师
musician n.音乐家
physician n.内科医生politician n.政治家technician n.技术员
以•ist 为后缀的高频名词全接触art→artist 艺术家biology→biologist 生物学家
journal→journalist 新闻工作者;记者physics→physicist 物理学家piano→pianist 钢琴家psychology→psychologist 心理学家science→scientist 科学家social→socialist 社会主义者special→specialist 专家
tour→tourist 游客
后缀“•ology ”高频名词一览archaeology 考古学biology 生物学
ecology 生态学geology 地质学psychology 心理学sociology 社会学technology 技术;工艺
名词+•ic 后缀形容词drama→dramatic 戏剧(性)的energy→energetic 精力充沛的enthusiasm→enthusiastic 热情的romance→romantic 浪漫的science→scientific 科学的sympathy→sympathetic 同情的
名词+•hood 后缀变名词
adult→adulthood 成年
boy→boyhood 少年时代brother→brotherhood 手足之情child→childhood 童年man→manhood 男子气概
neighbour→neighbourhood 邻里;街坊
•ship 后缀高频名词championship 冠头军衔friendship 友谊hardship 困苦;苦难
leadership 领导地位;领导才能membership 成员资格relationship 关系
scholarship 奖学金
动词+•y 后缀变名词
deliver→delivery 运送
discover→discovery 发现
recover→recovery 康复;恢复
动词+•ing 后缀变名词begin→beginning 开始;开端build→building 建筑(物)
cross→crossing 十字路口end→ending 结局;结尾engine→engineering 工程feel→feeling 感觉hear→hearing 听力market→marketing 促销meet →meeting 会议paint→painting 绘画;油画spend→spending 花销suffer→suffering 苦难
train→training 训练;培养
动词+•ment 后缀变名词acquire→acquirement n. 取得accomplish→accomplishment 成就achieve→achievement 成就adjust→adjustment 调整;调节amuse→amusement 愉快;快乐;消遣announce→announcement 宣告;述说appoint→appointment 约会;预约;任命argue→argument 争论arrange→arrangement 安排assess→assessment 评估assign→assignment 分配;任务astonish→astonishment 惊讶develop→development 发展disappoint→disappointment 失望embarrass→embarrassment 尴尬employ→employment 雇用enjoy→enjoyment 享受;欢乐entertain→entertainment 款待;娱乐equip→equipment 设备establish→establishment 建立govern→government 统治;政府improve→improvement 提高judge→judgement 判断move→movement 运动;移动punish→punishment 惩罚settle→settlement 定居;解决state→statement 陈述;说明
•ive 后缀变形容词
act→active 积极的
attract→attractive 吸引人的
cooperate→cooperative 合作的impress→impressive 给人印象深刻的protect→protective 保护的relate→relative 相关的sense→sensitive 敏感的
negative 消极的objective 客观的passive 被动的positive 积极的subjective 主观的
动词+•able 后缀变形容词accept→acceptable 可接受的adjust→adjustable 可调节的admire→admirable 令人钦佩的afford→affordable 负担得起的change→changeable 易变的comfort→comfortable 舒服的
consider→considerable 重要的;相当大的desire→desirable 值得做的;可取的enjoy→enjoyable 令人愉快的favour→favourable 赞成的;有利的forget→forgettable 健忘的honour→honourable 可敬的;光荣的reach→reachable 可获得的;可达到的reason→reasonable 合理的
rely→reliable 可靠的;可信赖的remark→remarkable 不平凡的suit→suitable 合适的understand→understandable 可理解的value→valuable 宝贵的
动词+•ed 变形容词
absorb→absorbed 专心的;聚精会神的accustom→accustomed 习惯的balance→balanced 平衡的bury→buried 专心的complicate→complicated 复杂的
determine→determined 坚定的;有决心的devote→devoted 忠实的experience→experienced 有经验的learn→learned 博学的
limit→limited 有限的organize→organized 有组织的suppose→supposed 应该的relate→related 相关的skill→skilled 熟练的unit→united 联合的;统一的
动词+•ing/ +•ed 变形容词
amuse→amusing 好笑的;有趣的→amused 愉快的
astonish→astonishing 令人惊讶的→astonished 感到惊讶的
bore→bored 厌烦的→boring 令人厌烦的
confuse→confusing 令人迷惑的→confused 感到迷惑的
convince→convincing 令人信服的→convinced 坚信不移的
depress→depressing 令人沮丧的→depressed 沮丧的
disappoint→disappointed 失望的→disappointing 令人失望的
disturb→disturbing 令人不安的;引起烦恼的
→disturbed 扰乱的;精神失常的
embarrass→embarrassing 令人尴尬的→embarrassed 尴尬的
excite→excited 兴奋的→exciting 令人兴奋的
frighten→frightened 害怕的→frightening 令人害怕的
relax→relaxing 使人放松的→relaxed 轻松的
satisfy→satisfying 令人满意的→satisfied 对……满意的
shock→shocked 震惊的→shocking 令人震惊的surprise→surprised 吃惊的→surprising 令人吃惊的tire→tired 疲劳的→tiring 令人疲劳的
动词+•tion 后缀变名词accelerate→acceleration 加速accumulate→accumulation 积累adapt→adaptation 适应;改编addict→addiction 沉溺;嗜好admire→admiration 羡慕advocate→advocation 拥护apply→application 申请appreciate→appreciation 感激;欣赏assume→assumption 假定;设想celebrate→celebration 庆祝classify→classification 分类;归类combine→combination 联合congratulate→congratulation 祝贺construct→construction 建筑物consume→consumption 消费contradict→contradiction 反驳contribute→contribution 贡献cooperate→cooperation 合作correct→correction 改正;纠正create→creation 创造;创建declare→declaration 宣言;公告decorate→decoration 装饰decorate→decoration 装饰
determine→determination 决心digest→digestion 消化elect→election 竞选;选举erupt→eruption 火山爆发evaluate→evaluation 评估exhibit→exhibition 展览;展览会expect→expectation 期望;期待fascinate→fascination 魅力;入迷graduate→graduation 毕业graduate→graduation 毕业hesitate→hesitation 犹豫;踌躇imagine→imagination 想象immigrate→immigration 迁移;移居indicate→indication 指示;暗示infect→infection 传染interrupt→interruption 中断object→objection 反对occupy→occupation 占领;占据organize→organization 组织pollute→pollution 污染predict→prediction 预言prepare→preparation 准备protect→protection 保护
recommend→recommendation 推荐;介绍
reflect→reflection 思考;反映regulate→regulation 规则;规章reject→rejection 拒绝;抛弃relax→relaxation 放松satisfy→satisfaction 满意;满足starve→starvation 挨饿;饿死
substitute→substitution 代替;取代
translate→translation 翻译transport→transportation 交通动词+•ure 后缀变名词press→pressure 压力please→pleasure 乐事;快乐expose→exposure 暴露;揭发fail→failure 失败mix→mixture 混合物
动词+•sion 后缀变名词admit→admission 容许;承认permit→permission 允许impress→impression 印象express→expression 表情;表达revise→revision 复习possess→possession 拥有conclude→conclusion 结论confuse→confusion 困惑;混淆decide→decision 决定
动词/形容词+•ance 后缀变名词guide→guidance 指导tolerate→tolerance 宽容ignore→ignorance 无知;愚昧appear→appearance 出现important→importance 重要(性) elegant→elegance 优雅大方assist→assistance 援助resist→resistance 抵抗guide→guidance 指导annoy→annoyance 恼怒
形容词+•ity 后缀变名词
electric→electricity 电;电流;电学equal→equality 平等major→majority 大多数popular→popularity 受欢迎;流行real→reality 现 实secure→security 安全similar→similarity 相似点
以“•ity ”结尾的高频名词荟萃
cruelty 残忍
diversity 多样性necessity 必需品;需要possibility 可能性security 安全
similarity 相似(性)
形容词+•en 后缀变动词bright→brighten 使愉快;使明亮broad→broaden 加宽;拓宽dark→darken 使变暗deep→deepen 加深;使变深fright→frighten (使)惊吓hard→harden 使变硬light→lighten 使变轻long→lengthen 加长
loose→loosen (使)变松;放松;松开quick→quicken 加快
ripe→ripen 变成熟;使成熟sharp→sharpen 磨快;使锋利short→shorten 变短;缩短soft→soften 使变软strong→strengthen 加强weak→weaken 使变弱
wide→widen 加宽;拓宽
形容词+•th 变名词deep→depth 深;深处grow→growth 成长long→length 长;长度strong→strength 力量true→truth 真理warm→warmth 温暖wide→width 宽度
形容词+•ness 后缀变名词aware→awareness 意识careless→carelessness 粗心大意conscious→consciousness 知觉dark→darkness 黑暗eager→eagerness 渴望happy→happiness 幸福;高兴kind→kindness 仁慈;好意lonely→loneliness 孤独rude→rudeness 粗鲁sad→sadness 悲哀;悲伤sick→sickness 疾病weak→weakness 弱点;虚弱willing→willingness 愿意
含•ious 的形容词一览
ambitious 有雄心的;野心勃勃的cautious 小心的;谨慎的conscious 有意识的
envious 忌妒的;猜忌的
mysterious 神秘的
religious 宗教上的;信奉宗教的;虔诚的
以“•ical ”结尾的形容词一览
economical 经济的;节约的electrical 与电有关的historical 与历史有关的logical 逻辑的
magical 神奇的;像变魔术似的musical 音乐的;悦耳的political 政治的
形容词+•ly 后缀变副词
fluent→fluently 流利地frequent→frequently 频繁地;经常地actual→actually 实际上entire→entirely 完全;全部地gradual→gradually 逐渐地fortunate→fortunately 幸运地final→finally 最后extreme→extremely 极其
反义词
动词+dis•前缀变否定词
agree→disagree 不同意
appear→disappear 消失
appoint→disappoint 使失望
approve→disapprove 反对;不赞成
comfort→discomfort 使不舒适cover→discover 发现like→dislike 不喜欢
形容词+in• 前缀变否定词accurate→inaccurate 不精确的adequate→inadequate 不充分的appropriate→inappropriate 不合适的expensive→inexpensive 不贵的;便宜的experienced→inexperienced 经验不足的
形容词+im•前缀变否定词patient→impatient 不耐心的polite→impolite 没礼貌的possible→impossible 不可能的practical→impractical 不实用的proper→improper 不合适的
形容词+un• 前缀变否定词able→unable 不能的aware→unaware 不知道的
believable→unbelievable 不可相信的certain→uncertain 不确定的clear→unclear 不清楚的comfortable→uncomfortable 不舒服的common→uncommon 不常有的conscious→unconscious 失去知觉的fair→unfair 不公平的forgettable→unforgettable 难忘的fortunate→unfortunate 不幸的fit→unfit 不合适的friendly→unfriendly 不友好的happy→unhappy 不高兴的;不幸福的known→unknown 无名的likely→unlikely 不可能的lucky→unlucky 不幸的necessary→unnecessary 不必要的pleasant→unpleasant 不愉快的unfortunate 不幸的
unimportant 不重要的
usual→unusual 不寻常的
willing→unwilling 不情愿的
后缀•less 构成的形容词集锦aim→aimless 无目的的care→careless 粗心大意的count→countless 无数的doubt→doubtless 无疑的end→endless 无尽的harm→harmless 无害的help→helpless 无助的home→homeless 无家可归的hope→hopeless 无希望的job→jobless 失业的limit→limitless 无限的rest→restless 不安的use→useless 无用的
含 mis•前缀的动词集锦
mistake 误会misunderstand 误解misuse 误用;滥用mislead 误导mistrust 不信任
其他
使动用法“前缀 en•+形容词/名词”变动词rich→enrich 使充实
able→enable 使能够large→enlarge 使扩大sure→ensure 确保;担保danger→endanger 使……遭遇危险title→entitle 给……起题目/命名courage→encourage 鼓励
含 fore•前缀的单词
forecast vt. 预报;预测foresee vt. 预见;预料;预知foreword n. 前言
forehead n. 额头forearm n. 前臂forehead n. 额头forearm n. 前臂forecast vt. 预报foresee vt. 预见;预知foreword n. 前言foretell v. 预言;预示
“•ward ”后缀方位词
southward 向南northward 向北eastward 向东westward 向西upward 向上backward 向后
以后缀•ify 结尾的动词simple→simplify 简化beauty→beautify 美化pure→purify 净化identity→identify 鉴定;识别出class→classify 分类
动词+re•前缀变动词
cycle→recycle 再利用;回收利用use→reuse 重新使用build→rebuild 重 建write→rewrite 重写
tell→retell 复述
男女有别
ìïsteward 乘务员;服务员
í
ïîstewardess 女乘务员
ìïwaiter 男服务员
í
ïîwaitress 女服务员
ìïactor 男演员
í
ïîactress 女演员
ìïhost 男主人
í
ïîhostess 女主人
现在分词/过去分词用作介词或连词小结assume→assuming 假设;假定include→including 包含;包括suppose→supposing 假设;假如provide→provided/providing 假设;如果consider→considering 鉴于;考虑到concern→concerning 关于
give→given 鉴于;考虑到
真题加强练52道
1.(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)Landing on the moon's far side is ________ (extreme) challenging.
答案:extremely 句意:登陆月球的背面是极其有挑战性的。设空处修饰形容词challenging,应使用extreme的副词形式,故填extremely。
2.(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)As the small boat moved, ________ (gentle) along the river he was left speechless by the mountains being silently reflected in the water.
答案:gently 句意:当小船缓缓地沿着江面移动时,山在水中的倒影使他说不出话来。此处修饰动词moved应用副词gently作状语,表示“缓缓地”。
3.(2020·江苏高考)The outbreak of COVID-19 has meant ________ (abruptly) change in our life and work.
答案:abrupt 句意:新冠肺炎疫情的爆发,给我们的生活和工作带来了突然的变化。此处作定语修饰名词change,用形容词形式。
4.(2019·浙江高考)School uniforms are ________ (tradition) in Britain, but some schools are starting to get rid of them.
答案:traditional 此处形容词作表语,用来说明主语school uniforms的特点。
5.(2019·北京高考)It's never too early to make necessary preparations for a healthy and ________ (meaning) college experience.
答案:meaningful 此处用形容词修饰名词college experience。
6.(2019·江苏高考)Unlike traditional gyms, appbacked gyms offer people ________ (flexibly) options to exercise.
答案:flexible 设空处应用形容词修饰名词options,所给词的形容词形式为flexible。
7.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years ________ (long) than nonrunners.
答案:longer 此处指跑步的人比不跑步的人多活3年。根据后面的than可知,设空处要使用比较级形式,故填longer。
8.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Running is cheap, easy and it's always ________ (energy).
答案:energetic 此处应该用形容词作表语。energetic “精力充沛的”。
9.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)A taste for meat is ________ (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle.
答案:actually 根据语境可知,此处用副词修饰谓语动词is,故填actually。
10.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes we're not aware how ________ (cheap) we can make this food ourselves.
答案:cheaply how后面跟形容词或者副词,设空处修饰后面的动词make,用副词作状语,故填cheaply。
11.(2018·天津高考)________ (responsible) use of a fire extinguisher can create a dangerous situation for other residents and could result in damage to personal property.
答案:Irresponsible 根据语境可知,不负责任的使用灭火器会造成危险的情况。故将responsible变成反义词irresponsible。
12.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total ________ (globe) fertilizer consumption.
答案:global 根据语境,此处表示中国几乎占了世界化肥消耗量的30%,应使用形容词作后面名词的定语。故填global。
13.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)That makes her baby scream, and then a 400pound male appears. He screams the ________ (loud) of all.
答案:loudest 由设空后的“of all”可知,他(雄性大猩猩)喊叫的声音最大。因此填最高级形式loudest。
14.(2018·浙江高考)The obvious one is money; eating out once or twice a week may be ________ (afford) but doing this most days adds up.
答案:affordable may be后面应接形容词affordable,作表语。
15.(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)It's a real whodunit and the frustration when you realise what's going on is horribly ________ (enjoy).
答案:enjoyable 设空处作表语,故用形容词形式。
16.(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Randall Flagg is one of the ________ (scary) characters ever.
答案:scariest 根据设空前的one of the可知,设空处应用最高级,故填scariest。
17.(2019·北京高考)________ (regard) of the weather or the distance, Paul Wilson will make sure lowincome students in his neighbourhood arrive at their college classes on time.
答案:Regardless 此处是固定短语regardless of,意为“不管;不顾”。
18.(2019·北京高考)Since he first started volunteering his car to the young people, Wilson has covered an ________ (astonish) 64,000 miles.
答案:astonishing 设空处应填形容词修饰指物的名词64,000 miles,故填astonishing。
19.(2019·天津高考)In my husband's hand was my wallet, with not a penny ________ (miss).
答案:missing 此处表示“一分钱都没有少”,形容词missing“丢失的”作后置定语,修饰a penny。
20.(2020·天津高考)According to Professor Johnson, we don't have to read the book if we don't want to, as it is ________ (option).
答案:optional 句意:根据约翰逊教授的说法,如果我们不想读这本书,就不必读,因为这是可选择的。作表语,用形容词形式。
21.(2019·江苏高考)The crane was raised by human caretakers. This led to an ________ (expect) consequence, though it had a wonderful time there.
答案:unexpected 设空处修饰其后的名词,应用其形容词形式。though前后两个句子间为转折关系,后面提到她过得开心,那么前文应表示“这导致了出乎意料的结果”。unexpected意为“出乎意料的;想不到的”。
22.(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Bamboo: Chinese love their “Lucky Bamboo” plants and you will see them often in their homes and office. ________ (certain) during the holiday period, this plant is a must.
答案:Certainly 句意:当然在假期期间,这种植物是绝不可少的事物。此处应用副词作状语。
23.(2020·山东高考)In the 18th and 19th centuries, ________ (wealth) people travelled and collected plants, historical objects and works of art.
答案:wealthy 句意:在18和19世纪,富人旅行并收集植物、历史物品和艺术品。此处修饰名词people,应使用形容词作定语。
24.(2020·山东高考)Historical ________ (accurate) is important but so is entertainment.
答案:accuracy 句意:历史的准确性很重要,但娱乐也很重要。此处作主语,位于形容词historical之后,应使用名词,意为“历史的准确性”。
25.(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Branches of Plum Blossoms (梅花): The ________ (beauty) long branches covered with pinkcolored buds (蓓蕾) make fantastic decorations.
答案:beautiful 句意:美丽的长枝上覆盖着粉红色的花蕾,做成漂亮的装饰。修饰名词branches,应用形容词形式。
26.(2019·天津高考)And I've found that the possibilities that lie within books are ________ (limit).
答案:limitless 句意:我发现读书可以带给我们的东西是无限的。故填形容词形式limitless。
27.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The most ________ (hope) data shared in the report shows clear evidence of parents serving as examples and important guides for their kids when it comes to reading.
答案:hopeful 句意:报告中所分享的最令人鼓舞的数据是:在阅读方面,父母是孩子的榜样和重要的楷模。使用形容词,修饰后面的名词data,作定语。
28.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down, and when they heard there were new gold ________ (discover) in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come.
答案:discoveries 句意:城里到处都是不想安家定居的失望的人们,并且当他们听说在阿拉斯加发现了金子的时候,他们像来的时候那样,迅速地离开了道森城。结合前面的“new gold”可知,后面跟名词形式,根据were是复数可知填discoveries。
29.(2018·天津高考)Despite recent ________ (advance) in 3D food printing, the industry has many challenges to overcome.
答案:advancements 结合前面的形容词“recent”可知,后面跟名词,故填advancements。
30.(2018·浙江高考)Cooking food can be fun. You might also begin to notice the effects not only on your ________ (healthy) but in your pocket.
答案:health 句意:烹饪食物是一件有趣的事。你可能开始注意到它对你的健康和你的钱包的影响。根据前面的形容词性物主代词your可知,后面跟名词,故填health。
31.(2018·天津高考)Being the coach of the new team, I was excited because I knew we were going to win, but to my ________ (disappoint) we were defeated.
答案:disappointment 句意:作为新队的教练,我非常兴奋,因为我知道我们队要赢,但是令我失望的是,我们输了。根据设空前的my可知,应填名词形式,故填disappointment。
32.(2018·江苏高考)The sustainable success of small farmers, though, won't happen without ________ (fundament) changes to the industry.
答案:fundamental 句意:不过,如果产业没有发生基本变化的话,小农场主的可持续发展不会发生。结合后面的名词changes可知,前面使用形容词作定语。
33.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to ________ (strength) your leg muscles (肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes.
答案:strengthen 在不定式符号to后面用动词原形。
34.(2018·天津高考)The ________ (possible) that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.
答案:possibility 定冠词the后面接名词,故填possibility。
35.(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)I guess that there's probably some ________ (demand) work schedule, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport.
答案:demanding 设空处需要填形容词,修饰名词work schedule, demanding “要求高的;需要高技能(或耐性等)的;费力的”。
答案:majority 该设空前有the,后有介词of,因此需用名词形式majority。
36.(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)The ________ (connect) between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research.
答案:connection 句意:人与植物之间的联系一直是科学研究的主题。此处应用名词作主语。
二、单句改错
37.(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)Today I tried cooking a simply dish myself.
________________________________________________________________
答案:simply→simple 根据名词dish可知,此处应用形容词作定语,故将simply改为simple。
38.(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)Put into words why you feel unworthy, why you don't feel better enough.
________________________________________________________________
答案:better→good 句意:用语言表达为什么你觉得自己不值得,为什么你感觉不够好。根据前面的feel unworthy可知此处表示“不够好”。故将better改为good。
39.(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Best of luck with your learning kung fu in China. See you sooner.
________________________________________________________________
答案:sooner→soon see you soon意为“希望尽快见到你”,是固定表达。此处不需用比较级。
40.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Immediate, I raised my hand.
________________________________________________________________
答案:Immediate→Immediately 根据语境,此处修饰整个句子,使用副词,作状语。
41.(2019·江苏高考)Human beings took it for granted that their brains held all the solutions, but maybe their hearts can be a good guide.
________________________________________________________________
答案:good→better 句意:人类理所当然地认为他们的大脑拥有所有的解决方案,但也许他们的心可以成为一个更好的向导。根据句意可知,hearts和brains构成比较关系,表示“更好的”,故将good改为better。
42.(2019·江苏高考)Chris and Tim work at a zoo, helping endangering cranes with their reproduction.
________________________________________________________________
答案:endangering→endangered 句意:克里斯和蒂姆帮助濒危的白枕鹤繁殖。endangered “濒临灭绝的”;endangering不是形容词,而是动词endanger的现在分词形式。
43.(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)A row of reflected boards on a nearby mountainside were put to use.
________________________________________________________________
答案:reflected→reflective 句意:附近山坡上的一排反光板被派上了用场。reflective这里表示“反光的”。
44.(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)Many stations have wheelchair access from the car park or enter to the station platforms.
________________________________________________________________
答案:enter→entrance 句意:许多车站有从停车场或车站站台入口的轮椅通道。此处与car park并列,应用名词形式。
45.(2019·北京高考)Armed with this knowledge, they are able to carry out individual targeted campaigns to cheat people.
________________________________________________________________
答案:individual→individually 本句中individually作副词修饰形容词targeted。
46.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Morning or Afternoon, this bike tour is the perfect tour for DC. newcomers and locals looking to experience Washington, D.C. in a health way with minimum effort.
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答案:health→healthy 句意:无论上午还是下午,无论是初来乍到还是当地居民,如果想要一种健康舒适的方式感受华盛顿,骑车游览都是最佳选择。 根据语境可知,使用形容词修饰后面的way,故将health改为healthy。
47.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)It's more likely that none of us start a converse because it's awkward and challenging, or we think it's annoying and unnecessary.
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答案:converse→conversation 句意:我们没有人开始交谈,很可能因为觉得尴尬和具有挑战性,或者我们认为交谈令人感到厌烦和没有必要。结合前面的冠词a可知,后面使用名词,故将converse改为conversation。
48.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I keep practicing even when I'm extremely tired. I find it hard to stop! Dancing reminds me I'm live.
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答案:live→alive 句意:我不断地练习跳舞,甚至当我非常累的时候。我发现很难停下来了。跳舞提醒我还活着。根据前面的系动词am可知,后面跟形容词alive。
49.(2018·北京高考)The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out selfdriving cars, and for companies to operate driver taxi services.
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答案:driver→driverless 句意:这个州已经为公司出售或者出租自动驾驶汽车,并且为公司运营无人驾驶汽车业务清除了道路。结合前面的“selfdriving cars”可知,driver应改为driverless。
50.(2018·江苏高考)Today, scholars have generated large amounts of instruct research about restaurants.
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答案:instruct→instructive 句意:如今,学者们关于餐馆进行了大量的有意义的研究。instruct是一个动词,修饰后面的research,需要使用形容词,故将instruct改为instructive。
51.(2018·天津高考)False fire alarms are illegal and may lead to imprison.
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答案:imprison→imprisonment 句意:错误地使用火警是非法的并且可能导致坐牢。前面lead to中to是介词,后面跟名词作宾语,故将imprison改为imprisonment。
52.(2018·浙江高考)People had been writing novels for a century—most experts date the first novel to Robinson Crusoe in 1719—but nobody wanted to do it profession.
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答案:profession→professionally 句意:一个世纪以来,人们一直在写小说——很多专家认为第一本小说追溯到1719年的《罗宾逊·克鲁索》——但是没有人想把写小说当作职业。修饰前面的do,使用副词,作状语,故将profession改为professionally。
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