专题01-阅读理解题-【大题小卷】冲刺2022年高考英语大题限时集训（全国卷通用）

  专题01-阅读理解题-【大题小卷】冲刺2022年高考英语大题限时集训

阅读理解试题按照设题方式主要分为四种：细节理解题；推理判道题；词义猜测题；主旨大意题。

1. 细节理解题

细节理解题考查考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节的理解,特点是题干针对原文提到的某事物、现象或理论进行发问。有些问题考生可以直接从文中找到明确的答案,有些则需要我们在理解的基础上将有关信息进行处理,如计算、排序、判断、比较等。细节理解类题在高考试卷中占很大的比例,特别是在应用文、说明文和记叙文中,更是侧重对细节理解题的考查。

2. 推理判断题

推理判断题是高考阅读理解试题中的重要题型之一,它属于主观题,是阅读理解中层次较高的题目,因此也是考生失分率较高的题型。学生需要在理解原文字面意义的基础上。通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示,做出一定的判断和推理,从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义。

推理判断题的设题方式

1.对文章的观点或结论进行推测

(1 ) From the passage we can learn that        .

(2)Which of the following can be inferred?

(3) From the passage we can draw a conclusion that        .

2.对作者的意图、观点、态度进行推测

( 1 ) What is the author's attitude towards the experts mentioned in the passage?

(2)Which of the following best describes Turin's work?

3.对文章隐含的意义进行推测

(1 )The author implies       .

( 2 ) What do you think would happen after       .

(3)This event probably took place in        .

4.对文章的出处进行推测

(1)This passage can be found in       .

(2)This passage would be likely taken from        .

3. 词义猜测题基本上是阅读理解每年必考的题型。阅读文章时,常常会遇到一些过去未见过的词,但这类生词的词义大都可以通过上下文推断出来,这是阅读理解中经常检测的一种能力。此类题型要求学生根据阅读材料提供的信息,结合学习中积累的常识和经验对生词的含义、熟词生义和短语、句子的含义加以猜测,以及对代词的指代对象准确定位。命题人要求猜测词义的词一般是实词及其词组。

4. 主旨大意题

主旨大意题考查考生对文章内容的深层次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象,既考查细节理解能力,又考查深层次的推理、概括能力,难度较大。

 例1 (2021·全国卷甲)Paul Beer,head of rhino section at Port Lympne,said:"Obviously we're all absolutely delighted to welcome another calf to our black rhino family. She's

healthy,strong and already eager to play and explore. Her mother, Solio, is a first-time mum and she is doing a fantastic job. It's still a little too cold for them to go out into the open, but as soon as the weather warms up,I have no doubt that the little one will be out and about exploring and playing every day.”

25.What does Paul Beer say about the new-born rhino? A. She loves staying with her mother. B. She dislikes outdoor activities. C. She is in good condition. D. She is sensitive to heat.

答案：C

解析 细节理解题

根据题干关键词:What,Paul Beer say,the new born rhino定位到原文第二段中引号中的第二句话；归纳事实She's healthy, strong and already eager to play and explore.她很健康,很强壮,已经渴望玩耍和探索了。由此可知PaulBeer认为新生的犀牛身体状况很好。故选C项。

例2 （2021年·新高考全国I卷）Mr Titterton is chairman of the Omega Ensemble but has been the group’s official page turner for the past four years. His job is to sit beside the pianist and turn the pages of the score so the musician doesn’t have to break the flow of sound by doing it themselves. He said he became just as nervous as those playing instruments on stage.

 “A lot of skills are needed for the job. Yo u have to make sure you don’t turn two pages at once and make sure you find the repeats in the music when you have to go back to the right spot.” Mr Titterton explained.

 Being a page turner requires plenty of practice. Some pieces of music can go for 40 minutes and require up to 50 page turns, including back turns for repeat passages. Silent onstage communication is key, and each pianist has their own style of “nodding” to indicate a page turn which they need to practise with their page turner.

 But like all performances, there are moments when things go wrong. “I was turning the page to get ready for the next page, but the draft wind from the turn caused the spare pages to fall off the stand,” Mr Titterton said, “Luckily I was able to catch them and put them back.”

 25. Which of the following best describes Titterton’s job on stage?

A. Boring.     B. Well-paid.    C. Demanding.    D. Dangerous.

答案：C

解析 推理判断题

根据题干关键词: describes Titterton's job on stage原文定位 Tittertonsjob第一次出现在原文第二段。第三、四段是对第二段的补充说明，分析得答案: 根据第三段中的Alotof skills are needed for the job 和第四段中的 Being a page turner requires plentyofpractice可知,乐谱翻页这份工作需要很多技能，也需要大量的练习。由此可判断出,提特顿作为乐谱翻页者,这项工作是“难度大的，要求高的”。A项“单调泛味的”和B项“工资高的”,从文章中找不到相关的依据；D项“危险的”与第五段中的 there are moments when things gowrong不相符,表演中也有出错的时候,但并不能得出它是“危险的”。故选C项。

例3 (2021·全国卷甲)...We spoke our own language. And my favorite: Safe. Safe meant cool. It meant hello. It meant don't worry about it. Once, when trying a certain

trick on the beam(横杆),I fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve in my hand,and Toby came over, helping me up: Safe, man, Safe. A few minutes later,when I landed the trick,my friends beat their boards loud, shouting:“Safe! Safe! Safe!"And that's what mattered-landing tricks, being a good skater.

29. What do the underlined words“Safe! Safe! Safe!” probably mean?

A. Be careful! B. Well done!

C. No way! D. Don't worry!

答案 B

解析 词义猜测题。

根据画线词后文“And that's what mattered-landing tricks,beingagood skater”可知:真正重要的是滑板的落地技巧掌握了才能算一名好的滑板玩家。再根据上句中的“when I landed the trick,my friends beat their boards loud,shouting...”可知:作者掌握了滑板落地技巧,因此他的朋友大声欢呼,夸赞他干得漂亮。因此可以推出本句的Safe是赞美的含义。故选B。

例4 (2021·新高考全国卷I)Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives(视角)from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence,with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.

35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence?

A. Its appeal to the public.

B. Expectations for future studies.

C. Its practical application.

D.Scientists with new perspectives.

答案B

解析 段落大意题。

根据最后一段中的Although the emotional intelligence is desirable,we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in thescientific and scholarly study of emotion. 可知,虽然情商的持续流行吸引力是可取的，但我们希望这种关注能引起人们对情感的科学和学术研究的更大的兴趣。又根据下文的Itis our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives(视角)from which to study how people manage their lives.可知，我们希望在未来的数十年后,科学的进步提供新的视角来研究人们如何管理他们的生活。由此可知，这些是对未来研究的期望。故选B项。

细节理解题考查考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节的理解,特点是题干针对原文提到的某事物、现象或理论进行发问。有些问题考生可以直接从文中找到明确的答案,有些则需要我们在理解的基础上将有关信息进行处理,如计算、排序、判断、比较等。细节理解类题在高考试卷中占很大的比例,特别是在应用文、说明文和记叙文中,更是侧重对细节理解题的考查。

推理判断题是高考阅读理解试题中的重要题型之一,它属于主观题,是阅读理解中层次较高的题目,因此也是考生失分率较高的题型。学生需要在理解原文字面意义的基础上。通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示,做出一定的判断和推理,从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义。

主旨大意题六技巧：

(1)着重理解首末段,首末句。有时需要把文中每段的首句串起来考虑。若是仅问其中某一段的中心思想,则可将该段的首、尾句加起来考虑。

(2)主旨在文章中间的情况(非文首文尾),遇到文章前后段意思转折,提高警惕，

(3)段落中出现转折时,该句很可能是主题句。

(4)作者有意识地反复重复的观点通常是文章主旨。

(5)首段出现疑问句时,对该问题的解答就是文章主旨。

(6)提出文章主旨时常伴有文字提示:therefore,thus,but however,in short,等等。

（湖南省长郡中学2020-2021学年高三）When a child is choking, it means that an object is stuck in the trachea. When this happens, air can't flow normally into or out of the lungs, so the child can t breathe properly.

The trachea is usually protected by epiglottis(喉头盖) . It allows food to pass down and go into our stomach and it also prevents food from going down the trachea. But every once in a while, the epiglottis doesn't close fast enough and an object can slip into the trachea. This is what happens when something goes down the wrong pipe. 

Most of the time, the food or object only partially blocks the trachea. If coughed up, breathing returns to normal quickly. Kids who seem to be choking and coughing but still can breathe and talk usually recover without help. It can be uncomfortable for them, but they're generally fine after a few seconds.

Sometimes, an object can get into the trachea and completely block the airway. If airflow into and out of the lungs is blocked and the brain will become short of oxygen, choking can become a life-threatening emergency. A child may be choking and need help right away if he or she can’t breathe or can’t talk or make noise.

If you have kids, it’s important to get trained in both CPR（心肺夏苏）and the technique of abdominal thrusts (腹部施压). Even if you don't have kids, knowing how to perform these first-aid procedures will let you help if someone is choking.

All kids are at risk for choking, but those younger than 3 are especially at risk. Young kids tend to put things in their mouths, have smaller airways that are easily blocked, and don't have a lot of experience chewing, so they might swallow things whole.

Take the time now to become prepared CPR and first-aid courses are a must for parent, other caregivers, and babysitters. To find one in your area, contact your local American Red Cross, YMCA, or American Heart Association, or check with hospitals and health departments in your community.

1．When does choking take place?

A．An object gets down into the trachea.

B．An object gets down into the stomach.

C．Children eat too much food.

D．An object chokes the trachea partly.

2．A child will need first aid when______.

A．he or she doesn't feel comfortable B．he or she is short of food

C．the child cannot breathe D．the child coughs badly

3．Whom is the text written for?

A．American parents. B．Japanese volunteers.

C．British doctors. D．Australian visitors.

4．What does the text mainly tell us?

A．Different ways of first aid. B．How choking takes place.

C．When to offer first aid. D．The necessity of learning first aid.

【答案】 1．A   2．C  3．A  4．D

本文是说明文。文章通过说明窒息是怎样发生的以及窒息可能会危及生命，呼吁照顾孩子的人学习一些急救知识。

1．【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第一段中“When a child is choking, it means that an object is stuck in the trachea.”（当一个孩子窒息时，这意味着有东西卡在气管里了。）可知，当有物体卡在气管，孩子就可能会窒息。故选A。

2．【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第四段中“If airflow into and out of the lungs is blocked and the brain will become short of oxygen, choking can become a life-threatening emergency. A child may be choking and need help right away if he or she can’t breathe or can’t talk or make noise. （如果进出肺部的气流受阻，大脑会出现缺氧，窒息就会危及生命。如果他或她不能呼吸、不能说话或不能发出声音，孩子可能会窒息，就立即需要帮助。）”可知，当孩子不能呼吸时，需要马上进行急救。故选C。

3．【解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Take the time now to become prepared CPR and first-aid courses are a must for parent other caregivers, and babysitters.（现在花点时间学习CPR，急救课程是父母、照顾孩子的人和保姆所必须的。）”可知，这篇文章是写给父母看的。故选A。

4．【解析】主旨大意题。文章第一、二段提到如果东西卡进孩子的气管，就会引起窒息；第四段提到“choking can become a life-threatening emergency.”（窒息会成为危及生命的紧急情况。）说明窒息可能会危及生命；第五段提到“If you have kids, it’s important to get trained in both CPR and the technique of abdominal thrusts”（如果你有孩子，接受心肺复苏和腹部按压技术的培训是很重要的）说明父母学习一些急救知识的重要性；第七段中提到“first-aid courses are a must for parent，other caregivers, and babysitters.”（急救课程是父母、其他照顾者和保姆必须参加的课程。）说明急救课程是照顾孩子的人所必学的。因此文章是告诉我们学习一些急救知识的必要性。故选D。

（甘肃省嘉峪关市第一中学2021届高三上学期二模）Most kids can walk into a library or bookstore and find hundreds of books to read. But it’s not that simple for kids who are blind. They read in a different way. Jenny Lee and other braille (盲文) transcribers take the printed words of a book and change them into a code of raised dots. Blind people can read these dots with their fingers. To know what braille feels like, take a ballpoint pen and press hard onto a piece of paper. Now turn the paper over and touch the raised dot made by the pen point.

When Lee first saw the dots of the braille alphabet, she wondered if she’d ever be able to read and write them easily. She took a class and practised hard for about six months before she passed the final exam: she had to convert 35 pages of a book into braille. Today, Lee works for a publisher. One of her jobs is to change children’s books into braille.

To do this, Lee first types the story into a computer and then uses a computer program to translate it into the braille code. Next, she looks over the translation several times to make sure it’s mistake-free. After that, a copy of the braille story is printed with a special printer. Then Lee and a proofreader work together to find and correct any mistakes. When a book is ready, many copies of it are printed. Afterwards, some are sold through websites and others are sent to libraries.

Sometimes, going over a story again and again gets tiring. That’s when Lee takes a break. Several of Jenny Lee’s co-workers, who are blind, use guide dogs. When the animals aren’t working, Lee likes spending a few minutes with them. To her, playing with dogs “is always a pick-me-up in the middle of the day”.

“I love this mission,” Lee says. “Through my brain power and my fingers, I am putting the dots into some kid’s hands.”

1．How does the writer explain what braille feels like?

A．By explaining what braille words look like.

B．By describing how blind people read books.

C．By asking readers to experience it themselves.

D．By giving examples of different braille words.

2．What was Lee’s first reaction to braille?

A．She was excited to get a new skill.

B．She was amazed at the clever idea.

C．She realized she could teach it herself.

D．She believed it would be difficult to learn.

3．What does the underlined word “pick-me-up” in paragraph 4 most probably mean?

A．A discussion to release work stress.

B．Something to improve one’s appetite.

C．Something to help restore one’s spirit.

D．A free ride accompanied with a guide dog.

4．What does Lee think of her job?

A．Profitable and hopeful. B．Tiring but meaningful.

C．Relaxing and helpful. D．Boring but challenging.

【答案】1．C   2．D  3．C   4．B

【分析】这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了Jenny Lee和其他盲文转录员成功使用电脑程序将故事文字转换为盲文的经历。

1．【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中“To know what braille feels like, take a ballpoint pen and press hard onto a piece of paper. Now turn the paper over and touch the raised dot made by the pen point.”要了解盲文的感觉，请拿一支圆珠笔并用力压在一张纸上。现在，将纸张翻转过来，然后触摸笔尖产生的凸起点。可知作者通过让读者亲身感受的方式解释盲文是什么。故选C项。

2．【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段中“When Lee first saw the dots of the braille alphabet, she wondered if she’d ever be able to read and write them easily.”当Lee第一次看到盲文字母的点时，她想知道自己是否能够轻松阅读和书写它们。可知意在表明Lee对盲文的第一反应是觉得很难学会。故选D项。

3．【解析】词义猜测题。根据倒数第二段中“Sometimes, going over a story again and again gets tiring. That’s when Lee takes a break.”有时，一次又一次地重复一个故事会很累。 Lee会休息一下。以及“When the animals aren’t working, Lee likes spending a few minutes with them.”当动物不工作时，Lee喜欢和他们玩几分钟。可推知，对她来说，和狗一起玩一直是中午时段能令人放松的时刻。C项“Something            to help restore one’s spirit.”意为可以帮助恢复精力的东西。切合语境。故选C项。

4．【解析】 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Sometimes, going over a story again and again gets tiring. ”有时，一次又一次地重复一个故事会很累。 以及最后一段中“Through my brain power and my fingers, I am putting the dots into some kid’s hands.”通过我的脑力和手指，我将盲文的圆点送到了一些孩子的手中。意在表明作者认为她的工作是累人但有意义的。故选B项。

Passage 1（2021年高考全国甲卷）

Port Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding (繁育) programme, has welcomed the arrival of a rare black rhino calf (犀牛幼崽). When the tiny creature arrived on January 31, she became the 40th black rhino to be born at the reserve. And officials at Port Lympne were delighted with the new arrival, especially as black rhinos are known for being difficult to breed in captivity (圈养).

Paul Beer, head of rhino section at Port Lympne, said: “Obviously we're all absolutely delighted to welcome another calf to our black rhino family. She's healthy, strong and already eager to play and explore. Her mother, Solio, is a first-time mum and she is doing a fantastic job. It's still a little too cold for them to go out into the open, but as soon as the weather warms up, I have no doubt that the little one will be out and about exploring and playing every day.”

The adorable female calf is the second black rhino born this year at the reserve, but it is too early to tell if the calves will make good candidates to be returned to protected areas of the wild. The first rhino to be born at Port Lympne arrived on January 5 to first-time mother Kisima and weighed about 32kg. His mother, grandmother and great grandmother were all born at the reserve and still live there.

According to the World Wildlife Fund, the global black rhino population has dropped as low as 5500, giving the rhinos a “critically endangered” status.

1．Which of the following best describes the breeding programme?

A．Costly. B．Controversial. C．Ambitious. D．Successful.

2．What does Paul Beer say about the new-born rhino?

A．She loves staying with her mother. B．She dislikes outdoor activities.

C．She is in good condition D．She is sensitive to heat.

3．What similar experience do Solio and Kisima have?

A．They had their first born in January. B．They enjoyed exploring new places

C．They lived with their grandmothers. D．They were brought to the reserve young

4．What can be inferred about Porn Lympne Reserve?

A．The rhino section will be open to the public.

B．It aims to control the number of the animals.

C．It will continue to work with the World Wildlife Fund.

D．Some of its rhinos may be sent to the protected wild areas.

【答案】1．D  2．C   3．A   4．D

【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在Port Lympne保护区的部分黑犀牛现状。

1．【解析】推理判断题。通过文章第一段“she became the 40th black rhino to be born at the reserve (她成为该保护区出生的第40头黑犀牛)”以及文章倒数第二段“His mother, grandmother and great grandmother were all born at the reserve and still live there. (他的母亲、祖母和曾祖母都出生在保护区，至今仍住在那里)”可知，保护区的繁育计划使很多黑犀牛成功存活，可推知，这计划是成功的。故选D项。

2．【解析】细节理解题。通过文章第二段“She's healthy, strong and already eager to play and explore. (她很健康，很强壮，已经渴望玩耍和探索了)”可知，Paul Beer认为新生的犀牛身体状况很好。故选C项。

3．【解析】细节理解题。通过文章第一段“When the tinv creature arrived on January 31, she became the 40th black rhino to be born at the reserve. (1月31日，当这头小犀牛来到保护区时，她成为了第40头在保护区出生的黑犀牛)”以及文章倒数第二段“The first rhino to be born at Port Lympne arrived on January 5 to first-time mother Kisima and weighed about 32kg. (1月5日，犀牛妈妈Kisima分娩的第一头小犀牛，同时也是第一个出生在Port Lympne，体重约为32公斤)”可知，Solio和Kisima的第一个孩子都是在一月份出生的。故选A项。

4．【解析】推理判断题。通过文章倒数第二段“it is too early to tell if the calves will make good candidates to be returned to protected areas of the wild (要判断这些小犀牛是否会成为返回野生保护区的好的候选者还为时过早)”可推知，Pon Lympne保护区的一些犀牛可能会被送到野生保护区。故选D项。

Passage 2（2021年新高考全国Ⅱ卷）

When almost everyone has a mobile phone, why are more than half of Australian homes still paying for a landline（座机）?

An Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing cattle, a development that could bring big changes to a profession that's relied largely on a low-tech approach for decades but is facing a labor shortage.

Salah Sukkarieh, a professor at the University of Sydney, sees robots as necessary given how cattlemen are aging. He is building a four-wheeled robot that will run on solar and electric power. It will use cameras and sensors to monitor the animals. A computer system will analyze the video to determine whether a cow is sick. Radio tags (标签) on the animals will measure temperature changes. The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the shape, color and texture (质地) of grass. That way, cattlemen will know whether they need to move their cattle to another field for nutrition purposes.

Machines have largely taken over planting, watering and harvesting crops such as com and wheat, but the monitoring of cattle has gone through fewer changes.

For Texas cattleman Pete Bonds, it's increasingly difficult to find workers interested in watching cattle. But Bonds doesn't believe a robot is right for the job. Years of experience in the industry - and failed attempts to use technology - have convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a man on a horse. Bonds, who bought his first cattle almost 50 years ago, still has each of his cowboys inspect 300 or 400 cattle daily and look for signs that an animal is getting sick.

Other cattlemen see more promise in robots. Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president of the Oklahoma Cattlemen's Association, said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concerns about cattle theft. Cattle tend to be kept in remote places and their value has risen, making them appealing targets.

1．What is a problem with the cattle-raising industry?

A．Soil pollution. B．Lack of workers.

C．Aging machines. D．Low profitability.

2．What will Sukkarieh's robot be able to do?

A．Monitor the quality of grass. B．Cure the diseased cattle.

C．Move cattle to another field. D．Predict weather changes.

3．Why does Pete Bonds still hire cowboys to watch cattle?

A．He wants to help them earn a living. B．He thinks men can do the job better.

C．He is inexperienced in using robots. D．He enjoys the traditional way of life.

4．How may robots help with cattle watching according to Michael Kelsey?

A．Increase the value of cattle. B．Bring down the cost of labor.

C．Make the job more appealing. D．Keep cattle from being stolen.

【答案】1．B   2．A   3．B  4．D

【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测放牧牛的健康状况。

1．【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第一段“An Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing cattle, a development that could bring big changes to a profession that's relied largely on a low-tech approach for decades but is facing a labor shortage.（澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测放牧牛的健康状况，这一开发可能会给畜牧业带来重大变化。几十年来，畜牧业主要依靠低技术手段，但目前正面临劳动力短缺的问题。）”可知，畜牧产业面临劳动力短缺的问题。故选B。

2．【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the shape, color and texture (质地) of grass.（通过监测草的形状、颜色和质地来跟踪草地的质量。）”可知，Sukkarieh的机器人可以监测草的质量。故选A。

3．【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第四段“But Bonds doesn't believe a robot is right for the job. Years of experience in the industry - and failed attempts to use technology - have convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a man on a horse.（但邦兹认为机器人并不适合这份工作。多年的行业经验——以及使用技术的失败尝试——使他确信，检查牛的最好方法是让一名男子骑在马上。）”可知，皮特·邦兹仍然雇佣牛仔看牛是因为他认为人能做得更好。故选B。

4．【解析】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president of the Oklahoma Cattlemen's Association, said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concerns about cattle theft.（俄克拉荷马州养牛人协会副会长迈克尔·凯尔西·帕里斯说，鉴于人们对偷牛的担忧不断上升，机器人可能会非常有用。）”可知，机器人帮助照看牛，可以防止牛被偷。故选D。