上海市交大附中2018-2019学年高三上学期摸底英语试题（解析版）

这是一份上海市交大附中2018-2019学年高三上学期摸底英语试题（解析版），共26页。试卷主要包含了 as 2， are screened， if 5， being damaged， that 8， hw 10， which 13， buying 19等内容，欢迎下载使用。
2018-2019学年交大附中高三英语第一学期摸底考试卷
I. Listening Comprehension(略)
II. Grammar and Vocabulary (20分)
Section A
(A)
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Space is a dangerous place, not only because of meteors (流星) but also because of rays from the sun and other stars. The atmosphere again acts ___1___ our protective blanket on earth. Light gets through, and this is essential for plants ___2___(make) the food which we eat. Heat, too, makes our environment endurable. Various kinds of rays come through the air from outer space, but enormous quantities of radiation from the sun ___3___ (screen) off. As soon as men leave the atmosphere, they are exposed to this radiation but their spacesuit or the walls of their spacecraft,___4___ they are inside, do prevent a lot of radiation damage.
Radiation is ___5___(great) known danger to explorers in space. The unit of radiation is called "rem". Scientists have reason to think that a man can put up with far more than 0.1 rem without ___6___(damage); the figure of 60 rems has been agreed on. The trouble is ____7____ it is extremely difficult to be sure about radiation damage - a person may feel perfectly well, but the cells of his or her sex organs may be damaged, and this will not be discovered ___8___ the birth of deformed children or even grandchildren. Missions of the Apollo flights have had to cross belts of high radiation and, during the outward and return journeys, the Apollo crew accumulated (积累) a large amount of rems. So far, no dangerous amounts of radiation have been reported, but the Apollo missions have been quite short. We simply don't know yet ___9___ men are going to get on when they spent weeks and months outside the protection of the atmosphere, working in a space laboratory. Drugs might help to decrease the damage ___10___(do) by radiation, but no really effective ones have been found so far.
【答案】1. as 2. to make
3. are screened
4. if 5. the greatest
6. being damaged
7. that 8. until
9. how 10. done
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。太空是一个很危险的地方，不仅仅是因为有流星，更因为来自于太阳和其它星星的辐射。这些辐射对身体造成的伤害不容易发现，甚至要到生育几代人后才能发现。宇航服及宇航船也不能为宇航员挡住所有的辐射。
【1题详解】
考查介词。句意：在地球上，大气层起到保护伞的作用。“充当、起……作用”可翻译为act as，故填as。
【2题详解】
考查不定式。句意：光透过来，这对于植物生产我们所吃的食物是必需的。“对某人来说是必要的”应翻译为be essential for sb. to do sth.，故填to make。
【3题详解】
考查一般现在时被动语态与主谓一致。句意：各种各样的光线从外太空穿过空气，但是大量的太阳辐射被屏蔽掉了。“screen off”意为“关闭，屏蔽”，分析句子成分可知，but后这个分句缺少谓语动词，并且主语radiation与screen off之间是被动关系，所以用这句话应用被动语态。由于主语radiation被量词quantities of所修饰，表达复数意义，所以谓语动词用复数形式。根据全文的时态可知，这篇文章使用的是一般现在时。故填are screened。
【4题详解】
考查状语从句的连词。句意：人们一离开大气层，他们就暴露在各种辐射中，但是他们的宇航服和飞船的舱体，如果他们在里边，的确可以为他们减少很多辐射伤害。根据句意，如果人们在飞船内部，飞船的舱体才能为他们减少辐射伤害。这是一个条件状语从句，“如果”可翻译为if，故填if。
【5题详解】
考查形容词最高级。句意：辐射是太空中探险者已知的最大的危险。known是一个过去分词，修饰danger，表示已知的危险。空格处单词修饰这个名词短语，所以用形容词。句中有表范围的“在太空中”，所以空格处填形容词最高级。故填the greatest。
【6题详解】
考查动名词的被动语态。句意：科学家们有理由认为人可以忍受远超过0. 1雷姆的辐射而不受伤害。这是一个宾语从句，与damage相关的逻辑主语是a man，a man与damage之间是被动关系，所以空格处使用被动形式。又由于空格位于介词后，所以空格处使用动名词。所以空格处填动名词的被动形式。故填being damaged。
【7题详解】
考查表语从句。句意：麻烦的是确定辐射伤害是非常困难的。位于系动词后这是一个表语从句，从句部分it is extremely difficult to be sure about radiation damage是一个完整的句子，不缺句子成分，所以使用连接词that。故填that。
【8题详解】
考查固定句型。句意：一个人可能感觉很好，但是她/他的细胞或者性器官已经被损伤，这要到畸形的孩子或者甚至是孙子出生才能被发现。空格前有not，“not…until”可翻译为“在……之前，直到……才”，符合句意。故填until。
【9题详解】
考查宾语从句。句意：我们还不知道当人们在太空实验室里工作时，需要在大气层外度过几周或几个月，会怎么样。根据句意，“get on”在这里意为“融洽相处、生活”，根据句意，我们还不知道人们在太空度过几周或几个月后会怎么样，所以使用连接词how。
【10题详解】
考查过去分词。句意：药物可能会帮助减少辐射伤害，但是目前还没有找到真的有效的药物。but前小分句中谓语动词为might help，所以空格处填非谓语动词。the damage与do之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词作定语。故填done。
(B)
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Living Jewels
Before I went to the British Koi Keepers Annual Show, I didn’t understand ____11____ people could take fish so seriously. However, the more I learned about koi, the more interested became. As one expert told me, "Collecting koi is far more addictive than you might think. They’re as beautiful as butterflies and very calming to watch." Freddie Mercury, the lead singer of Queen, would have agreed the pool in his specially-built Japanese garden was home to 89 koi,___12___ cost up to $10,000 each.
At the show I met koi enthusiast Jean Kelly. “Koi are getting more and more expensive” she told me. “One recently sold for $250,000.” I was shocked that's almost as much as I paid for my house. Well, that was a record,___13___(admit) Jean. The normal price is nowhere near as high as that.
Nevertheless, serious collectors can pay up to $15,000 for a fully ___14___(grow) koi, which is nearly as expensive as a new luxurious car, and the bigger they are, the more they cost. The cheapest I ___15___ find was $75 each, but they were only about twice as big as my goldfish.
Jean wasn’t impressed by one of the koi on sale either. “Actually, these koi aren’t any nicer than ___16___,” she commented. “___17___ they are slightly bigger than the ones I’ve got, I paid considerable less than this.”
I wasn’t quite as enthusiastic as Jean, but I did consider___18___(buy) one. Then I remembered that all but 5 of Freddie Mercury's koi died when someone accidentally turned off the electricity supply to their pool. Jean assured me that with all the new equipment available the survival rate was getting better and better, and that looking ___19___koi was no harder than taking care of any other pet. However, in the end I decided to stick with my goldfish. They’re not nearly as beautiful as koi ——but they’re a great deal cheaper ___20___(replace) !
【答案】11. why
12. which 13. admitted
14. grown 15. could
16. mine 17. Although
18. buying 19. after
20. to replace
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇记叙文。作者讲述了他去参加英国锦鲤饲养员年度表演时，通过与别人的交谈，对锦鲤的价格以及人们对锦鲤的热情有了一定的了解，但是作者最终还是买了一条相比便宜很多旳金鱼。
【11题详解】
考查宾语从句。句意：在我参加英国锦鲤饲养员年度表演之前，我不理解为什么人们把鱼这么当回事。这是一个宾语从句，空格后句子是一个完整的句子，所以空格处填连接副词。由下句However, the more I learned about koi, the more interested became.（然而，我对锦鲤了解的越多，就越感兴趣）可知，上一句作者是不理解为什么人们把鱼这么当回事。表示原因的连接词是why，故填why。
【12题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：弗雷迪·墨丘利，Queen的主唱，已经同意将他特别建造的花园中的泳池作为89条锦鲤的家，每一条都高达1万美金。这是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词为koi，指物，并且先行词在从句中作主语，所以关系词使用which。故填which。
【13题详解】
考查一般过去时。句意：Jean勉强承认说，那是一个记录。根据句首的went to可知，文章对这件事的论述使用的是一般过去时，所以这句话也应使用一般过去时。故填admitted。
【14题详解】
考查形容词。句意：然而，真正的收藏者会花1.5万美金来买一条成年锦鲤。空格位于名词前，不定冠词后，所以用形容词。“成熟的、成年的”可翻译为grown，故填grown。
【15题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：我能找到的最便宜的锦鲤是每条75美金。空格位于人称代词与动词之间，并且动词使用的是原形，所以空格处填情态动词。根据句意，表达能力“能够”使用情态动词can，并且由上文可知，对这件事情的论述都使用的是一般过去时，故填could。
【16题详解】
考查物主代词。句意：Jean对这些在售的锦鲤都不感兴趣。她说：“实际上，这些锦鲤不比我的好。尽管它们比我的稍微大一些，但是我花的价格比这些少了很多。”空格位于介词后，所以填名词性质的词。根据句意，这些锦鲤不比我的好，可知空格处应填物主代词“我的”。故填mine。
【17题详解】
考查状语从句的连词。句意同上。根据句意，这是一个让步状语从句。“尽管”可翻译为although，故填Although。
【18题详解】
考查动名词。句意：我不是像Jean那样满腔热忱的，但是我也考虑买一条。consider作为“考虑做某事”这个意思解释时是及物动词，它后面如果要跟动词的话，要使用这个动词的动名词形式，即：consider doing something，故填buying。
【19题详解】
考查动词短语。句意：Jean向我保证说，有了新的设备，锦鲤的存活率越来越好了，并且照顾锦鲤不比照顾其它的宠物费事。“照顾、照看”应翻译为look after，故填after。
【20题详解】
考查不定式。句意：它们不是像锦鲤那么漂亮，但是它们的价格要便宜得多。由于动词replace与主语they（koi）之间是动宾关系，所以使用不定式构成形容词+不定时的结构。故填to replace。
【点睛】在“be+形容词+不定式”的结构中，不定式作状语说明表语，它的逻辑宾语或主语是句 中的主语，也称为反射不定式。不定式结构与形容词搭配，以此来构成形容词词组。但由于形容词类别的不同，形容词词组所形成的句型也就有所差异。主要有两种：1、主句主语是不定式的逻辑主语（形容词表示喜怒哀乐、运气好坏、心理状态、个人态度等）；2、主句主语是不定式的逻辑宾语（形容词一般都是静态形容词）。例如，本题中cheaper就是一个静态形容词，并且动词replace与主语they（koi）之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，符合第二种情况，所以使用“be+形容词+不定式”的结构。故填to replace。
Section B (10分)
Directions: Complete the passage with the words in the box Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

The Beatles sang that money can't buy you love. But what about happiness? Research ___21___ shows that the more money people have, the more likely they are to report being satisfied with their lives.
And that makes sense: money buys you things that make life easier and more satisfying; the easier your life, the happier you tend to be. That relationship isn't entirely linear, since there's a(n) ___22___ to how much wealth can please you; the happiness benefit of an increasing income is especially powerful among people who don't have much money to start with, and ___23___ as wealth increases. But studies also reveal that as ___24___ income levels have risen over time — in the U.S. and European nations, for example — residents of those countries have not reported being any happier than people were 30 or 40 years ago. It's a paradox that while income and happiness may be ___25___ within a population at any given moment, overall economic growth does not appear to correspond to a boost in national satisfaction over time. (See a gallery of things money can buy.)
To understand why, researchers at the University of Warwick and Cardiff University decided to break down how individual people evaluate their income. What does wealth mean to people? Previous work has suggested that people tend to value their own wealth more — and are happier — when it compares ___26___ to everyone else's. The so-called reference-income hypothesis holds that it's not simply how much money you make that ___27___ to satisfaction, but how much more money you make than, say, the national average. The higher your salary than the norm, the happier you tend to be. That could explain in part why populations as a whole do not experience sunnier dispositions with economic growth, since a majority of individuals may not fall above the national income average.
But the reference-income hypothesis is rather ___28___. The researchers wondered whether there was a more nuanced way to capture how people valued their income. They ___29___ that people tend to make specific comparisons of personal wealth, not only with the average income of the larger population, but with the individual incomes of their neighbors, colleagues at work or friends from college. And the higher their rank, the greater their sense of happiness and self-worth would ___30___ be. "For example, people might care about whether they are the second most highly paid person, or the eighth most highly paid person, in their comparison set," write the authors, Chris Boyce, a psychologist at the University of Warwick, and Simon Moore, a psychologist at Cardiff University.
【答案】21. H 22. E
23. C 24. K
25. A 26. I
27. G 28. D
29. J 30. B
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。研究发现，在一定程度上，人们经济收入越高，越感到幸福，特别是在白手起家的时候。但是在一些欧美国家，为什么人们平均收入水平高了，却没有更幸福呢？研究人员通过分析人们如何评价他们的收入，发现决定人们幸福感的是相对收入，也就是自己的收入比国民平均收入高出多少，更具体的表现为自己与周围的人收入相比高出多少。
【21题详解】
考查副词。句意：研究一贯的表明，人们越有钱，他们就越有可能说对他们的生活满意。空格处单词修饰动词shows，所以用副词。由下文中的“That relationship isn't entirely linear（那个关系不是完全线性的）”可知，上文强调研究发现的结果总是表明两者关系是一致的。“consistently”意为“一贯地、始终如一地”，符合句意。故选H。
【22题详解】
考查名词。句意：那个关系不是完全线性的，因为多少财富能让你感到高兴是有一个界限的。空格处单词被不定冠词修饰，空格后是一个介词，所以空格处用名词性质的词。根据“the happiness benefit of an increasing income is especially powerful among people who don't have much money to start with, and ___3___ as wealth increases（在人们起初没钱的时候，收入增加带给人们的幸福感非常明显，然后随着财富的增加，这种能力慢慢下降）”可知，钱能给人们带来的幸福感是有限的。“limit”意为“界限、限制”，符合句意，故选E。
【23题详解】
考查动词辨析。句意：在人们起初没钱的时候，收入增加带给人们的幸福感非常明显，然后随着财富的增加，这种能力慢慢下降。“and”前后句意相对，根据句意，超出限定范围，财富的增加带给人们幸福感的能力就下降了。“decreases”意为“减少、降低”，符合句意，故选C。
【24题详解】
考查形容词。句意：但是研究也发现，随着平均收入水平的提高---例如，在欧美国家---那些国家的人们并没有比30或40年前的人们更幸福。空格处单词与下文中“overall economic growth（整体经济增长）”呼应，说明人们平均收入水平提高了。“average”意为“平均的”，符合句意。故选K。
【25题详解】
考查形容词。句意：尽管对于任何时候的人们来说，收入与幸福是相关的，但是整体经济的增长好像并不能随之带来整体国民满意度的提高，这貌似相矛盾的。由上文中的“Research ___1___ shows that the more money people have, the more likely they are to report being satisfied with their lives（研究一贯的表明，人们越有钱，他们就越有可能说对他们的生活满意。）”可知，收入和幸福是相关的。“be associated with”意为“与……有关、与……有关系”，符合句意，故选A。
【26题详解】
考查副词。句意：之前的工作已经说明，当其他人的收入相比明显高出很多时，人们才会认为自己的财富更有价值，随着感到更幸福。根据下文中的The higher your salary than the norm, the happier you tend to be（你的收入比正常水平越高，你越容易幸福）可知，和别人的相比，你的收入明显占有优势时，你会更幸福。“favorably”意为“有利地”，符合句意。故选I。
【27题详解】
考查动词辨析。句意：“相对收入假定”认为，不是简单地你挣多少钱会促使你幸福，而是你的钱比国民平均水平高出多少会带来幸福。“contributes to”意为“有助于、 促使”，符合句意。故选G。
【28题详解】
考查形容词。句意：但是这个“相对收入假定”是很抽象的。由下文中的“people tend to make specific comparisons of personal wealth…（人们倾向于将自己的财富做具体的对比……）”可知，这句话是说“相对收入假定”太抽象。“abstract”意为“抽象的、纯理论的”符合句意，故选D。
【29题详解】
考查动词。句意：他们推断得出结论，人们倾向于将自己的财富做具体的对比，不仅仅与更多人的平均收入水平作对比，更多的是与邻居、同事或同学的收入作对比。“reasoned”意为“推理、推论、推断”，符合句意。故选J。
【30题详解】
考查副词。句意：他们的等级越高，他们的幸福感和自我价值感可能会越高。空格处单词修饰be动词，所以用副词。“likely”意为“可能、或许”，符合句意。故选B。
III. Reading Comprehension (45 分）
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word of phrase that best fits the context.
The beauty, majesty, and timelessness of a primary rainforest are indescribable. It is impossible to ___31___ on film, to describe in words, or to explain to those who have never had the awe-inspiring experience of standing in the heart of a primary rainforest.
Rainforests have ___32___ over millions of years to turn into the incredibly complex environments they are today. Rainforests represent a store of living and ___33___ renewable natural resources that for eons, by virtue of their richness in both animal and plant species, have ___34___ a wealth of resources for the survival and well-being of humankind. These resources have included basic food supplies, clothing, shelter, fuel, spices, industrial raw materials, and medicine for all those who have lived in the majesty of the forest. ___35___, the inner dynamics of a tropical rainforest is an intricate and fragile system. Everything is so ___36___ that upsetting one part can lead to unknown damage or even destruction of the whole. Sadly, it has taken only a century of human intervention to destroy what nature designed to ___37___ forever.
The scale of human ___38___ on ecosystems everywhere has increased enormously in the last few decades. Since 1980 the global economy has tripled in size and the world population has increased by 30 percent. Consumption of everything on the planet has risen——at a cost to our ___39___. In 2001, The World Resources Institute estimated that the demand for rice, wheat, and corn is expected to grow by 40% by 2020, increasing irrigation water demands by 50% or more. They further reported that the demand for wood could double by the year 2050; ___40___, it is still the tropical forests of the world that supply the bulk of the world's demand for wood.
In 1950, about 15 percent of the Earth's land surface was covered by rainforest. Today, more than half has already gone up in ___41___. In fewer than fifty years, more than half of the world's tropical rainforests have fallen ___42___ to fire and the chain saw, and the rate of destruction is still accelerating. Unbelievably, more than 200,000 acres of rainforest are burned every day. That is more than 150 acres lost every minute of every day, and 78 million acres lost every year! More than 20 percent of the Amazon rainforest is already gone, and much more is severely threatened as the destruction continues. It is estimated that the Amazon alone is vanishing at a rate of 20,000 square miles a year. If nothing is done to curb this ___43___, the entire Amazon could well be gone within fifty years.
Massive ___44___ brings with it many ugly consequences-air and water pollution, soil erosion, malaria epidemics, the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and the ___45___ of biodiversity through extinction of plants and animals. Fewer rainforests mean less rain, less oxygen for us to breathe, and an increased threat from global warming.
31. A. present B. capture C. claim D. prove
32. A. changed B. evolved C. expanded D. existed
33. A. energizing B. healing C. isolating D. breathing
34. A. contributed B. stored C. reduced D. affected
35. A. However B. Furthermore C. Therefore D. Otherwise
36. A. active B. sensitive C. interdependent D. delicate
37. A. restore B. support C. revive D. last
38. A. pressure B. power C. concern D. strength
39. A. existence B. ecosystem C. planet D. survival
40. A. unfortunately B. consequently C. naturally D. similarly
41. A. store B. food C. smoke D. wealth
42. A. subject B. down C. apart D. victim
43. A. trend B. practice C. decrease D. attitude
44. A. destruction B. industrialization C. modernization D. deforestation
45. A. appearance B. explosion C. loss D. increase
【答案】31. B 32. B 33. D 34. A 35. A 36. C 37. D 38. A 39. B 40. A 41. C 42. D 43. A 44. D 45. C
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。雨林生态系统经过几百万年的进化变成了现在这么复杂的系统，为生活在它庇佑下的人们提供食物、衣料、住宿、燃料、工业原料等等。但是这个系统也很脆弱，环环相扣，随着人类对环境系统的破坏，它正在以惊人的速度消失。
【31题详解】
考查动词辨析。句意：用电影捕捉它、用文字描述它或向没有去过雨林深处体验过这种令人惊叹的经历的人解释它几乎是不可能的。A. present显示，表现；B. capture夺得，赢得，捕捉；C. claim宣称，声称；D. prove证明。根据句意，这句话强调电影无法捕捉到雨林的美和神秘，故选B。
【32题详解】
考查动词辨析。句意：雨林进化了几百万年才变成现在这样不可思议的复杂的环境系统。A. changed改变；B. evolved进化；C. expanded扩大，增加；D. existed存在。由“turn into”可知，这句话强调雨林几百万年间的变化，而这种自然的变化我们一般称之为进化过程。故选B。
【33题详解】
考查形容词。句意：雨林中有很多亿万年的活着的、会呼吸的可再生自然资源，由于动植物物种的丰富性，为人类的生存和幸福提供了丰富的资源。A. energizing使人充满活力的；B. healing能治愈的；C. isolating孤立的，绝缘的；D. breathing呼吸着的，活的。根据句意，“and”前后两个词都强调活着的。故选D。
【34题详解】
考查动词辨析。句意同上。A. contributed有助于，贡献；B. stored储存，容纳；C. reduced减少；D. affected影响。根据句意，雨林中丰富的动植物为人类的生存提供了资源。故选A。
【35题详解】
考查副词。句意：然而，热带雨林的内部系统是一个很复杂的，也很脆弱的系统。A. However然而；B. Furthermore此外，而且；C. Therefore因此；D. Otherwise否则，另外。由下句中的upsetting one part can lead to unknown damage or even destruction of the whole（破坏一部分就会导致不可预知的损坏或甚至整个森林的毁坏）可知，雨林是很容易被破坏的，与上文写的雨林的丰富性之间是转折关系。故选A。
【36题详解】
考查形容词。句意：一切都是如此相互依赖的，破坏一部分就会导致不可预知的损坏或甚至整个森林的毁坏。A. active活跃的，积极的；B. sensitive善解人意的，感觉敏锐的；C. interdependent相互依存的，相互依赖的；D. delicate易碎的，脆弱的。由句中的upsetting one part can lead to unknown damage or even destruction of the whole（破坏一部分就会导致不可预知的损坏或甚至整个森林的毁坏）可知，雨林中的一切都是相互依赖的。故选C。
【37题详解】
考查动词辨析。句意：令人悲伤的是，人类只花了一个世纪的时间就破坏了大自然设计的永恒。A. restore使复原，使复位；B. support支持；C. revive重新使用，使重做；D. last持续。根据句意，大自然几百万年来进化成的生态系统本是可以持续永远的，却被人类破坏了。故选D。
【38题详解】
考查名词辨析。句意：在过去的几十年间，人类对各地生态系统的压力已经大大地增加。A. pressure压力；B. power控制力，能力；C. concern忧虑，关爱；D. strength力量，强度。由下句话Since 1980 the global economy has tripled in size and the world population has increased by 30 percent（自从1980年，全球经济已经增长了三倍，世界人口也增加了30%）可知，人类对生态系统的压力也相应增加了。故选A。
【39题详解】
考查名词辨析。句意：地球上一切事物的消耗都增加了---以我们的生态环境为代价。A. existence存在；B. ecosystem生态系统；C. planet星球、地球；D. survival生存，存活。这篇文章主要讲生态系统，此空格与段落首句中的ecosystem呼应，故选B。
【40题详解】
考查副词。句意：不幸地是，依然是地球上的热带雨林来提供世界上大量的木头需求。A. unfortunately不幸地，遗憾地；B. consequently因此，所以；C. naturally顺理成章地，自然地；D. similarly相似地，类似地。根据段落内容，人口增加了，对木头需求的压力依然落在热带雨林，这是很不幸地。故选A。
【41题详解】
考查介词短语。句意：现在，一半多的雨林已经像烟一样消失了。A. store商店；B. food食物；C. smoke烟；D. wealth财富。根据句意，这句话强调一半多的雨林消失了，“go up in smoke”可以表达“像烟一样一下子就消失了”的意思，符合句意。故选C。
42题详解】
考查名词辨析。句意：在不到50年的时间里，世界上一半多的热带雨林成为了火或者锯子的牺牲品。A. subject主题，课程；B. fall down摔倒，跌倒；C. fall apart分开；D. victim受害者，牺牲品。空格处单词与句中的destruction （毁灭，破坏）呼应。fall victim to意为 “成为……的牺牲品” ，为固定搭配，符合句意。故选D。
【43题详解】
考查名词辨析。句意：如果什么都不做去控制这种趋势，整个亚马逊森林会在50年内消失。A. trend趋势；B. practice练习；C. decrease减少，降低；D. attitude态度，看法。根据上句It is estimated that the Amazon alone is vanishing at a rate of 20,000 square miles a year（预估仅仅亚马逊森林就每年在以两万平方米的速度消失）可知，如果不控制这一趋势，整个亚马逊森林会在50年内消失。故选A。
【44题详解】
考查名词辨析。句意：大量的毁林会带来严重的后果---空气和水污染、水土流失、疟疾流行、二氧化碳被释放到大气中以及动植物的灭绝会带来生物多样性的丧失。A. destruction摧毁，毁灭；B. industrialization工业化；C. modernization现代化；D. deforestation毁林，滥伐森林。空格处单词与前面多次提到的森林gone up in fire、have fallen victim to fire and the chain saw呼应，这一系列动作都是在毁坏森林。故选D。
【45题详解】
考查名词辨析。句意同上。A. appearance出现；B. explosion爆炸，爆破；C. loss丧失，损失；D. increase增加。由“extinction of plants and animals（植物和动物的灭绝）”可知，生物多样性消失了。故选C。
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
The definition of the standard kilogram is fundamentally imperfect. Getting the definition right is a challenge that has tried the patience and intelligence of scientists for decades.
Scientists use just seven basic units to define all the other quantities we use --- quantities such as speed, density, or electric power. All of those basic units except the kilogram are themselves defined in terms of natural properties that are beyond human control.
For example, the standard second (time) is defined as a specific number of vibration of a type of radiation released by atoms of a special metal. The standard meter (length), in turn, is defined as the length of the path light travels in a vacuum during a specific fraction of a second.
Not so the kilogram. This orphan of the basic unit family is simply the mass of a small platinum-iridium alloy cylinder (铂-铱合金筒) locked away by the international Bureau of Weighs & Measures in France.
Embarrassingly, the last time the copies were brought for a checkup in the 1980s, officials found that some copies had gained about 20 parts per billion in weight compared to the master cylinder since the previous checkup in the 1940s. This implies that the master cylinder itself may be an inconstant standard.
No one knows what causes the weight changes. But the uncertainty can’t be tolerated when precision(精密度) in research and some manufacturing now demands accuracy to a few parts per billion.
Several efforts in several different countries are under way to redefine the kilogram in terms of basic physical quantities such as counting the actual number of atoms of a specific substance in a kilogram or the electromagnetic force that balances a kilogram mass against gravity.
A project of the latter type at the NIST laboratories in Gaithersburg hopes eventually to define mass in terms of electrical units. So far, none of these redefinition projects has borne fruit. They require precision of measurement and control of experimental conditions. The slightest pollution, tiny vibrations, or other influences --- even changes in weather --- can ruin results. You’ve got to hand it to scientists who are willing to devote many years to such painstaking but fundamentally important research.
46. Which of the following best paraphrases the sentence “Not so the kilogram.” in paragraph 4?
A. The kilogram is not as accurate as the standard second.
B. The kilogram is not universally accepted in the world.
C. The kilogram is not defined in terms of natural properties.
D. The kilogram is not well defined as time and length.
47. Which of the following can NOT be concluded from the passage?
A. Experiments are being carried out to redefine the kilogram.
B. The uncertainty in the standard kilogram can seriously affect some research.
C. The redefinition of the standard kilogram is quite complicated.
D. Scientists will achieve success in redefining the kilogram in the near future.
48. According to the passage, to define the weight of mass in terms of electrical units _______.
A. is one of the best methods to redefine the kilogram
B. has been accepted as the only possible redefinition project
C. is not as simple as what people can understand
D. has been considered by some scientists as a better approach
49. We can know from the passage that the redefinition of the kilogram is _________.
A. more important in keeping market honesty
B. worth years of scientists’ painstaking research
C. the urgent requirement of business and manufacturing.
D. bring about important and fruitful results
【答案】46. C 47. D 48. D 49. B
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。“公斤”不像其它的单位一样，一开始就有很准确的标准。最开始，人们是以一块铂-铱合金筒的重量来定义1公斤的重量的，但是后来，人们发现这个合金筒的重量会变，科学家从基本物理学常量的角度开始研究新的方法。NIST的一个从计算使一公斤质量与重力平衡的电磁力角度出发的项目，希望我们最终能以用电子单位来定义质量，但是目前还没有取得成果。
【46题详解】
词句猜测题。题干中选出的句子是一个倒装句，意思为：公斤不是这样的。其中so指代前边已经提到的事。划线句子位于第四段段首，由第三段段首的For example可知，第三段主要是举例。再向上找一段，由第三段第二句All of those basic units except the kilogram are themselves defined in terms of natural properties that are beyond human control（除了“千克”，其余的单位都是以不受人类控制的自然属性定义的）可知，题干中选出的句子的意思是：公斤不是以不受人类控制的自然属性定义的。故选C。
【47题详解】
推理判断题。由最后一段中的So far, none of these redefinition projects has borne fruit. You’ve got to hand it to scientists who are willing to devote many years to such painstaking but fundamentally important research（到目前为止，这些重新定义项目都没有取得成果。你得把它交给愿意付出很多年从事这种辛苦的但是很有意义的工作的人）可知，重新定义公斤的研究目前还没有成果，作者并没有表示近期会有研究成果出现，而只是说这是一项任重道远的工作，所以D（不久的将来，科学家在定义公斤上会取得成果）的表述是错误的，故选D。
【48题详解】
推理判断题。根据to define the weight of mass in terms of electrical units（用电子单位来定义质量）可知此题答案定位在最后一段，由A project of the latter type at the NIST laboratories in Gaithersburg hopes eventually to define mass in terms of electrical units.（盖瑟斯堡NIST实验室的后一类项目希望最终能以电子单位来定义质量。）可知，科学家认为用电子单位来定义质量还是比较好的方法。故选D。
【49题详解】
推理判断题。由最后一段You’ve got to hand it to scientists who are willing to devote many years to such painstaking but fundamentally important research（你得把它交给愿意付出很多年从事这种辛苦的但是很有意义的工作的人）中的fundamentally important research可知，重新定义公斤值得科学家们付出辛苦的工作。故选B。
【点睛】词句猜测题在高考中有三种考查形式：生词猜测词义或熟词生义、猜测一句话的意思、指代关系猜词（代词或者名词）。从近三年考查形势看，三种考查方式同等重要。本文中考查的是句意猜测。这种题型的解法主要是，通过划线词前后句或者划线句子所在段落的首句，确定这句话所要表达的意思。再根据字面意思，结合上一步猜测的意思，共同判断出这句话的意思。例如本文第一题，考查的就是词句猜测中的猜测句子意思。首先我们根据划线句子的字面意思可知，这句话主要是需要确定so指代什么内容，然后一段一段向上找。由于上一段都是举例，我们再向上找一段就能找到so指代的内容。由此可确定答案。同学们在词句猜测时，不要忽视通过句子本身确定解题技巧，寻找解题的突破口。
(B)
Stewart Island Ferry Services
While most visitors spend at least one night on Stewart Island, it is also readily accessible by ferry as a day excursion from Invercargill and Bluff.
Experience Foveaux Strait in comfort and style on board our express catamarans. During the one-hour crossing between Bluff and Stewart Island keep a lookout for wildlife, especially seabirds. Watching mollymawks (albatross) soaring behind the ferry is a fantastic sight.
Interesting landmarks commonly seen include Dog Island Lighthouse, Ruapuke Island, Titi Islands and Mt Anglem - Stewart Island’s highest point.
· Free tea and coffee on board
· Interpretation handouts are available (English only).
· Wheelchair access available
· Personal baggage is carried free on the ferries - max. two bags per person (one stowed and one small carry-on). Additional baggage is by prior arrangement.
· Vehicle parking available at Bluff (extra cost - reservations recommended)
FERRY TO STEWART ISLAND
Depart Bluff
All year 9:30am
Sep-May 5:00pm
Oct –Apr 11:00am
Jun –Aug 4:30pm
Late Dec –mid Jan8:00am

FERRY TO BLUFF
Depart Stewart Island
All year 8:00am
Sep –May 3:30pm
Oct –Mar 6:00pm
Apr 5:00pm
Jun-Aug 3:00pm
Late Dec –mid Jan 9:30am

Other departures as locally advertised
Duration 1hr
Check-in 30 minutes prior to the scheduled departure time. (Check-in and boarding gates are closed 10 minutes prior to times stated above.)


______50______on Return Ferry Services
Buy 2 or more different excursions and SAVE 20% off all lower priced!
Kids Go FREE on selected departures during NZ School Holidays!
Kids Go FREE for travel 20 April - 5 May 2013.
50. If leaving a car at Bluff, a traveler had better _____.
A. refer to the handouts first
B. use wheelchair access
C. make a reservation
D. park it 30 minutes before departure time
51.John, who went to Stewart Island on Dec. 28th, got to the ferry dock at 7:55am. When did he most probably leave Bluff?
A. At 8:00a.m.. B. At 9:30a.m.. C. At 11:00a.m.. D. At 3:00p.m..
52. Which of the following is false about the ferry services?
A. Tea and coffee are free for passengers.
B. Children go free for travel for about 15 days.
C. Travelers are sure to see some seabirds during the crossing.
D. Passengers have to pay extra cost for extra pieces of luggage.
【答案】50. C 51. B 52. D
【解析】
本文是应用文。介绍了到Stewart Island的轮渡服务的具体细节和各种信息。
【50题详解】
细节理解题。根据Vehicle parking available at Bluff (extra cost - reservations recommended)可知如果需要停车，要事先预约。故C正确。
【51题详解】
推理判断题。根据FERRY TO STEWART ISLAND列举的时间Depart Bluff: All year 9:30am, Sep-May 5:00pm, Oct –Apr 11:00am, Jun –Aug 4:30pm, Late Dec –mid Jan8:00am和注意事项Check-in 30 minutes prior to the scheduled departure time. (Check-in and boarding gates are closed 10 minutes prior to times stated above.)可知如果John在12月28日上午 7:55到达渡船码头，结合提前30分钟办理登船手续，办理登船手续及登船门于上述时间前10分钟关闭。由此推断他乘坐9点30的渡船最合适。故B正确。
【52题详解】
细节理解题。根据Personal baggage is carried free on the ferries - max. two bags per person (one stowed and one small carry-on). Additional baggage is by prior arrangement.可知渡船免费运送个人行李，并没有说要额外收费。故D项错误。
（C）
Like every dog, every disease now seems to have its day. World Tuberculosis (infections disease in which growths appear on the lungs) Day is on Saturday March 24th.
Tuberculosis was once terribly fashionable. Dying of “consumption” seems to have been a favorite activity of garret-dwelling 19th-century artists, has, however, been neglected of late. Researchers in the field never tire of pointing out that TB kills a lot of people. According to figures released earlier this week by the World Health Organization, 1.6 million people died of the disease in 2005, compared with about 3m for AIDS and 1m for malaria. But it receives only a fraction of the research budget devoted to AIDS. America’s National Institutes of Health, for example, spends 20 times as much on AIDS as on TB. Nevertheless, everyone seems to getting in on the TB-day act this year.
The Global Fund an international organization responsible fur fighting all three diseases but best known for its work on AIDS, has used the occasion to trumpet its tuberculosis projects. The fund claims that its anti-TB activities since it opened for business in 2002 have saved the lives of over 1m people. The World Health Organization has issued a report that contains some good news. Although the number of TB cases is still rising, the rate of illness seems to have stabilized; the caseload, in other words, is growing only because the population itself is going up.
Even drug companies are involved. In the run-up to the day itself, Eli Lilly announced a $ 50m boost to its MDRTB Global Partnership. MDR stands for multi-drug resistance, and it is one of the reasons why TB is back in the limelight. Careless treatment has caused drug-resistant strains to evolve all over the world. The course of drugs needed to clear the disease completely takes six mouths, anti persuading people to stay that course once their symptoms have gone is hard. Unfortunately, those infected with MDR have to be treated with less effective, more poisonous and more costly drugs. Naturally, these provoke still more. non-compliance and thus still more evolution.
The other reason TB is back is its relationship to AIDS. The (global Fund’s joint responsibility for the diseases is no coincidence. AIDS does not kill directly. Rather, HIV, the virus that causes it, weakens the body’s immune system and exposes the sufferer to secondary infections. Of these, TB is one of the most serious. It kills 200 000 AIDS patients a year. However, some anti-TB drugs interfere with the effect of some anti-HIV drugs. Conversely, in about 20% of cases where a patient has both diseases, anti-HIV drugs make the tuberculosis worse. The upshot is that 125 years after human beings worked out what caused TB, it is still a serious threat.
53. The first sentence “Like every dog, every disease now seems to have its day.” means _______.
A. every dog enjoys good luck or success sooner or later
B. human beings can deal with problems caused by disease
C. Tuberculosis becomes a serious infection disease
D. people attach importance to Tuberculosis recently
54. By referring to AIDS in Paragraph 2, the author intends to show _______.
A. the US government is reluctant to spend millions of dollars on Tuberculosis
B. the death rate of AIDS is higher than that of Tuberculosis
C. the officials didn’t pay much attention to the research of Tuberculosis in the past
D. compared with AIDS, Tuberculosis can be cured effectively
55 Which of the following is best defines the word “upshot” (Para 5)?
A. Outcome. B. Uphold.
C. Achievement. D. Project.
56. Which of the following proverbs is closest in meaning to the message the passage tries to convey?
A. Forgive and forget.
B. Forgotten, but not gone.
C. When the wound is healed, the pain is forgotten.
D. Every dog is brave at his own door.
【答案】53. D 54. D 55. A 56. B
【解析】
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文，介绍了结核病卷土重来的两个原因——被人们忽视以及它和艾滋病间的关系（抗艾滋病药物会使结核病恶化）。
【53题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第一段中的“World Tuberculosis (infections disease in which growths appear on the lungs) Day is on Saturday March 24th.”可知，3月24日星期六是世界结核病日，这说明人们对这种病足够重视才专门把一天定为结核病日，由此可知这句话的意思是：近年来，结核病越来越受到人们的重视，故D项正确。
【54题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Tuberculosis was once terribly fashionable…however, been neglected of late. Researchers in the field never tire of pointing out that TB kills a lot of people. According to figures released earlier this week by the World Health Organization, 1.6 million people died of the disease in 2005, compared with about 3m for AIDS and 1m for malaria. But it receives only a fraction of the research budget devoted to AIDS.”可知，肺结核原来很流行，但现在被人忽视，死亡人数比艾滋病少，研究经费也远远少于艾滋病，这说明结核病比艾滋病更容易有效地治愈，由此可知第二段中提到艾滋病是为了说明与艾滋病相比，肺结核是可以有效治愈的，故D项正确。
【55题详解】
词义猜测题。根据画线词前的“Conversely, in about 20% of cases where a patient has both diseases, anti-HIV drugs make the tuberculosis worse.”可知，相反，在大约20%的患者同时患有两种疾病的情况下，抗艾滋病毒药物会使结核病恶化，因此此处是说结果是，在人类找出结核病的病因125年后，它仍然是一个严重的威胁，由此可知画线词词义为“结果”，故A项正确。
【56题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章内容，特别是第二段中的“Tuberculosis was once terribly fashionable. …has, however, been neglected of late.”及最后一段中的“The other reason TB is back is its relationship to AIDS.”可知，本文主要介绍的是结核病卷土重来的两个原因——被人们忽视以及它和艾滋病间的关系（抗艾滋病药物会使结核病恶化），因此本文主要是想告诉我们结核病只是被人们忽视了，它还是人类健康的一大威胁，故B项正确。
【点睛】本篇第4题难度较大，抓住文章主题是关键，根据文章内容，特别是第二段中的“Tuberculosis was once terribly fashionable. …has, however, been neglected of late.”及最后一段中的“The other reason TB is back is its relationship to AIDS.”可知，本文主要介绍的是结核病卷土重来的两个原因——被人们忽视以及它和艾滋病间的关系（抗艾滋病药物会使结核病恶化），因此本文主要是想告诉我们结核病只是被人们忽视了，它还是人类健康的一大威胁，故B项（只是被遗忘，并未离去）符合文章主旨。
Section C
Adolescents refer to boys and girls at high-school level-more specifically the second, third and forth years of high schools. In dealing with students at this level, we must bear in mind that to some degree they are at the difficult stage, generally called adolescence.
Students at this level are likely to be confused mentally. They usually find it hard to concentrate on what they intend to do and often have romantic dreams. ___57___ They lack frankness and are usually very easily affected by their own emotions but hate to admit it. They are driven either by greater ambition, probably beyond their capability, or by extreme laziness caused by the fear of not succeeding or achieving objectives. ___58___ They are willing to work, but they hate to work without obtaining the result they think they should obtain.
Regarding school issues, although they seldom say so, they really want to be consulted and given an opportunity to direct their own affairs, but they need a good amount of guidance. They seldom admit that they need this guidance and they frequently rebel against it. But if it its intelligently offered they accept it with enthusiasm. As to personal beliefs, most of adolescents are trying to form political ideals and they have a tendency to be sometimes extremely idealistic, and at other times conventional, blindly accepting what their fathers and grandfathers believed in. ___59___ On the one hand they are too modest and on the other hand unreasonably boastful. They tend to be influenced more by a strong character than by great intelligence.
___60___ Having a better understanding of the characteristics and needs of young people at this age is a task that falls both on educators and other people involved. It may also help the young go through this difficult and critical stage of life in a more constructive manner.
A. The critical abilities are beginning.
B. Their view on life usually falls on two extremes.
C. Of all periods of life, this is what may best be called the“plastic age”.
D. They are basically timid or self-conscious.
E. Despite that, it is also in this periods that strong ties between teachers and students develop.
F. Fundamentally they want to be kept busy but they refuse to admit it.
【答案】57. D 58. F 59. B 60. C
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文，介绍了处于青春期的少男少女的行为表现和性格特点。
【57题详解】
空前说他们通常发现很难集中精力做他们想做的事，而且经常做浪漫的梦，空后又说他们缺乏坦率，通常很容易受到自己情绪的影响，但不愿承认，因此此处讲的还是他们的表现，故D项（他们基本上是胆小或害羞的）符合语境。
【58题详解】
空后说他们愿意学习，但他们讨厌学习得不到他们认为应该得到的结果，此处需要一个转折句（他们想/愿意……，但不想/愿意……），与下一句在句式上保持一致，故F项（从根本上说，他们想让自己忙碌起来，但他们拒绝承认这一点）符合语境。
【59题详解】
空后说一方面他们太谦虚，另一方面又无理地自夸，这属于两个极端，因此此处要提到他们想法或行为上的两个极端，故B项（他们的人生观通常有两个极端）符合语境。
【60题详解】
空后说更好地了解这个年龄段年轻人的特点和需要，是教育工作者和其他相关人员的任务，因此此处要总结这个时期的青少年的性格特点，C项（在生命的所有阶段中，这可能是最适合称为可塑性时期）符合语境。
IV. Summary Writing
61.Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
The Voice in the Box
When I was quite young, my family had one of the first telephones in our neighborhood. I remember well the polished the wooden case fastened to the wall on the lower stair landing. But my first personal experience with this genie-in-the-receiver came one day while my mother was visiting a neighbor. Amusing myself at the tool bench, I hurt my finger with a hammer. The pain was terrible, but there didn’t seem to be much use crying, because there was no one home to offer sympathy. I walked around the house, and finally arriving at the stairway. The telephone! Quickly I ran for the footstool and dragged it to the landing. Climbing up, I unhooked the receiver and held it to my ear. “Information Please,” I said into the mouthpiece just above my head.
A click or two, and a small, clear voice spoke into my ear, “Information.”
“I hurt my finger…” I cried into the phone. The tears came readily enough, now that I had an audience.
“Isn’t your mother home?” came the question.
“Nobody’s home but me.” I sobbed.
“Are you bleeding?”
“No,” I replied. “I hit my finger with the hammer and it hurts.”
“Can you open your icebox?” she asked. I said I could. “Then break off a little piece of ice and hold it on your finger. That will stop the hurt. Be careful when you use the icepick(冰锥),” she said, “And don’t cry. You’ll be all right.”
After that, I called Information Please for everything. I asked her for help with my geography and she told me where Philadelphia was, and the Orinoco, the romantic river that I was going to explore when I grew up. She helped me with my arithmetic, and she told me that my pet chipmunk----I had caught him in the park just the day before----would eat fruit and nuts.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】There used to be a telephone in the author’s house. One day, the author’s finger was hurt but no one was available to comfort him. Accidently, he dialed the telephone and the answer told him what to do. From then on, he would ask the telephone for help whenever he had difficulties.
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇记叙文。作者的家里有一个电话，电话的里面有一个无所不知的Information Please，她给作者很多帮助，也给了他很多安慰，作者和她之间有了很深的友谊。
【详解】这是一篇记叙文，首先分析篇章结构：
第一段介绍事件发生的背景①家里有电话②作者手指受伤，没人哭诉。
第二至八段介绍作者与电话里的人第一次交流的全过程：对方教他如何处理受伤的手指。
第九段介绍从此作者几乎什么问题都拨打电话请求Information Please帮忙。
我们将事件发生的背景、原因、经过、结果用分别用一句话表述出来，就可以写成一篇概要。
【点睛】本文总结详略得当，要点全。使用了高级词汇和高级句子。如：第一句话中使用了情态动词used to be，介绍了时间发生的背景；第二句话使用被动语态与并列句表述了时间发生的原因，其中be available to do使用的比较好；第三句话使用了疑问词加不定式的结构；第四句话使用了过去将来时与whenever引导的时间状语从句，其中ask… for help使用的恰到好处。
V. Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
62. 正是那位作家对他说的一番话鼓励了他投身于写作。（It）
63. 这个国家经常陷入战乱，这就是它极度贫困的原因。（account）
64. 一个刚从大学毕业的没有实践经验的年轻人是很难找到一个高薪职位的。（difficulty）
65. 这位年轻人非常激动，他都不知道如何表达对这些援救人员给予他的无私帮助的感激之情。（So）
【答案】62. It was that writer’s words that encouraged him to be devoted to writing.
63. The country is always plunged into wars, which accounts for its extreme poverty.
64. A newly-graduating young man without practical experience will have difficulty finding a well paid position.
65. So excited was the young man that he didn’t know how to express his gratitude to those rescue workers for their selfless help.
【解析】
【62题详解】
考查强调句。由汉语句子中的“正是”以及提示词it可知，这句话考查强调句，并且强调的是主语。强调句的基本句型是：It is/was+被强调部分+that…。将被强调的部分放在前面，其它部分置于that之后。根据句意，这句话应用一般过去时。故可翻译为：It was that writer's words that encouraged him to be devoted to writing.
【63题详解】
考查定语从句与动词短语。有汉语句子中的“这就是”以及这指代的是前边一个分句可知，这句话可使用非限制性定语从句。“解释、说明某事”可翻译为“account for”。所以这句话可翻译为：The country is always plunged into wars, which accounts for its extreme poverty.
【64题详解】
考查动词短语。“很难做……”就是“在做……方面有困难”，可翻译为have difficulty in doing sth.。所以这句话可翻译为：A newly-graduating young man without practical experience will have difficulty finding a well-paid position.
【65题详解】
考查结果状语从句与倒装句式。“非常……以至于……”可使用so…that…句式表达。这个句式中，so与作表语的形容词放于句首时， 主句呈现全部倒装的形式，that后语序不变。所以原句可翻译为：So excited was the young man that he didn't know how to express his gratitude to those rescue workers for their selfless help.